To understand the mineral elements in different varieties of tea （ Camellia sinensis）, 17 mineral elements in eight tea varieties including Yunnan Dayezhong, No. 43 Longjing and No. 6 Zaobaijian, were measured. The ...To understand the mineral elements in different varieties of tea （ Camellia sinensis）, 17 mineral elements in eight tea varieties including Yunnan Dayezhong, No. 43 Longjing and No. 6 Zaobaijian, were measured. The results showed that nine elements, such as P, K, Ba, Mn, Cu, were significantly different among varieties, others did not. Black tea varieties usually contain high contents of Cu and K. As a conclusion, mineral elements should be extensively considered in breeding tea varieties.展开更多
Gossypium hirsutum L. and G. barbadense L. are the two cultivated tetraploid species of cotton. The first is characterized by a high yield and wide adaptation, and the second by its super fiber property. Substit...Gossypium hirsutum L. and G. barbadense L. are the two cultivated tetraploid species of cotton. The first is characterized by a high yield and wide adaptation, and the second by its super fiber property. Substitution line in which a pair of intact chromosomes of TM_1 ( G. hirsutum ) were replaced by a pair of homozygous chromosomes of 3_79 ( G. barbadense ) is an excellent material for genetic research and molecular tagging. In this study, substitution line 16 (Sub 16) was used to evaluate the performance of the 16th chromosome in G. barbadense in TM_1 background. The genetic analysis using the major gene plus polygene mixed inheritance model in F 2∶3 family revealed that there might exist 2 QTLs respectively for boll size, lint percentage, lint index, fiber length and the first fruit branch node, 1 QTL for fiber elongation and flowering date, and no QTL for seed index, fiber strength and Micronaire in chromosome 16. However, 9 QTLs (LOD (logarithm of odds)≥3.0) controlling 6 quantitative traits were significantly identified in linkage group of chromosome 16 constructed in (TM_1×3_79) F 2by interval mapping. Among them, 1 QTL for boll size, fiber length, flowering date and fiber elongation could explain 15.2%, 19.7%, 12.1%, and 11.7% phenotypic variance respectively, 2 QTLs for lint index could explain 11.6% and 41.9%, and 3 QTLs for lint percentage could explain 8.7%, 9.6% and 29.2% phenotypic variance respectively. One unlinked SSR marker was associated with one QTL respectively for boll size and flowering date and they could explain 1.60% and 4.63% phenotypic variance. The traits associated significantly with chromosome 16 from Sub 16 were boll weight, lint percentage, lint index, fiber length, fiber elongation and flowering days.展开更多
In this study, we established a comprehensive method for simultaneous identification and quantification of tetrodotoxin （TTX） in fresh pufferfish tissues and pufferfish-based products using liquid chromatography/qua...In this study, we established a comprehensive method for simultaneous identification and quantification of tetrodotoxin （TTX） in fresh pufferfish tissues and pufferfish-based products using liquid chromatography/quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry （LC-QqLIT-MS）. TTX was extracted by 1% acetic acid-methanol, and most of the lipids were then removed by freezing lipid precipitation, followed by purification and concentration using immunoaffinity columns （IACs）. Matrix effects were substantially reduced due to the high specificity of the IACs, and thus, background interference was avoided. Quantitation analysis was therefore performed using an external calibration curve with standards prepared in mobile phase. The method was evaluated by fortifying samples at 1, 10, and 100 ng/g, respectively, and the recoveries ranged from 75.8%--107%, with a relative standard deviation of less than 15%. The TTX calibration curves were linear over the range of 1-1 000 ~tg/L, with a detection limit of 0.3 ng/g and a quantification limit of 1 ng/g. Using this method, samples can be further analyzed using an information- dependent acquisition （IDA） experiment, in the positive mode, from a single liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry injection, which can provide an extra level of confirmation by matching the full product ion spectra acquired for a standard sample with those from an enhanced product ion （EPI） library. The scheduled multiple reaction monitoring method enabled TTX to be screened for, and TTX was positively identified using the IDA and EPI spectra. This method was successfully applied to analyze a total of 206 samples of fresh pufferfish tissues and pufferfish-based products. The results from this study show that the proposed method can be used to quantify and identify TTX in a single run with excellent sensitivity and reproducibility, and is suitable for the analysis of complex matrix pufferfish samples.展开更多
The kinetics of hydrolysis of cationic reactive disperse dyes containing quaternary group and chemical shift（13CNMR） of the adjacent carbon atoms with pyridine-acetylamino were discussed. The results show pyridine-a...The kinetics of hydrolysis of cationic reactive disperse dyes containing quaternary group and chemical shift（13CNMR） of the adjacent carbon atoms with pyridine-acetylamino were discussed. The results show pyridine-acetylamino reactive group had higher reactivity than chloroacetylamino and chemical shift（13 CNMR） of the adjacent carbon atoms with pyridine-acetylamino moved 18.77 ppm.展开更多
Guo Moruo, born in Sichuan province, is one of the greatest translators m Chinese literature translation. He has ncn literary works and translation works in his life. Combing with writing experience and a wealth of tr...Guo Moruo, born in Sichuan province, is one of the greatest translators m Chinese literature translation. He has ncn literary works and translation works in his life. Combing with writing experience and a wealth of translation practice, he has summarized and extracted the great translation theory including the meaning of translation, the translator＇s cultivation, translation principles and methods, especially the ＂matchmaker＂ and the ＂virgin＂ theory, flavor translation, resonance theory, translation criticism view, translating verse as verse theory, retranslation view. His translation works and translation theories have special contribution to the？translation cause of China, and all his translation theories are worth of learning.展开更多
Many of people have tried to obtain the structure of Baer-invariant of groups exactly. Recently, B. Mashayekhy and M. Parvizi determine Baer-invariant of finitely generated Abelian groups. Also, it is done for some no...Many of people have tried to obtain the structure of Baer-invariant of groups exactly. Recently, B. Mashayekhy and M. Parvizi determine Baer-invariant of finitely generated Abelian groups. Also, it is done for some non-Abelian groups, such the dihedral and the quaternion groups directly, and sometimes with the softwares of Gap and Magma. But nobody works on non finitely generated Abelian groups. In 1979, M.R.R. Moghaddarn showed that the structure of Baer-invariant of group commutes with the direct limit of a directed system, in some sense. The authors have used these results and proved that the Baer-invariant of C is always trivial and also Baer-invariant of Abelian groups Q/z and Z （p∞）, with respect to the varieties of outer commutators and so polynilpotent, nilpotent are trivial. One can see immediately that the covering groups of these groups are themselves. Then after computing the Baer-invariant of Zn with respect to Burnside variety, we have concluded for Q/z and Z（P∞） Burnside variety. In the future, they try to survey the commutativity of the Baer-invariant variety with the other useful varieties in order to attain similar results for another non finitely generated Abelian groups.展开更多
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau （QTP） is well known for being of great importance in the evolution of montane species due to its unique geological history and landform configuration, climate complexity, and diversified ha...The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau （QTP） is well known for being of great importance in the evolution of montane species due to its unique geological history and landform configuration, climate complexity, and diversified habitats. The effect of environmental changes since the Quaternary on species diversification, population genetic structure, and demography under environmental change can be studied using phylogenetic and phylogeographieal approaches. Birds are the most well-studied group of all terrestrial vertebrates with regard to their response to climatic changes over time. Herein, we briefly review the species diversification of birds in response to the uplift of the QTP, focusing on summarizing the different phylogeographical patterns of birds on the Plateau, its southeastern margin, and the Eastern Himalayas and the reasons underlying these patterns. Speciation was found to be closely related to the uplift of the QTP, with different patterns of intraspecific processes： （1） no divergence within a single refuge was identified in a restricted semi-continuous area of the eastern margin of the Plateau; （2） two divergent lineages with separated refugia were located at the south-eastern and north-eastern margins of the plateau; and （3） multiple divergent lineages within subregions were found in the Eastern Himalayas. Glacial movements and induced climate change are considered to be key factors in shaping these different patterns. The species distributed mainly in the heavily ice-covered platform regions of the Plateau experienced population expansion following the retreat of the extensive glaciations, whereas the species distributed on the ice-free edges of the plateau maintained their population size at a stable level. Demographic stresses on the edge species might have been mitigated by the milder climate in comparison to their platform-distributed counterparts. Various behavioral and ecological characteristics, including dispersal capacity, habitat preference, and elevation specificity, along with evolutionary history might have helped to shape these different phylogeographical patterns [Current Zoology 60 （2）： 149-161, 2014].展开更多
基金Supported by Applied Basic Research Development Program of Si-chuanKey Scientific and Technological Project of Tea Breeding Pro-ject in Sichuan Province during Eleventh Five-year Plan~~
文摘To understand the mineral elements in different varieties of tea （ Camellia sinensis）, 17 mineral elements in eight tea varieties including Yunnan Dayezhong, No. 43 Longjing and No. 6 Zaobaijian, were measured. The results showed that nine elements, such as P, K, Ba, Mn, Cu, were significantly different among varieties, others did not. Black tea varieties usually contain high contents of Cu and K. As a conclusion, mineral elements should be extensively considered in breeding tea varieties.
文摘Gossypium hirsutum L. and G. barbadense L. are the two cultivated tetraploid species of cotton. The first is characterized by a high yield and wide adaptation, and the second by its super fiber property. Substitution line in which a pair of intact chromosomes of TM_1 ( G. hirsutum ) were replaced by a pair of homozygous chromosomes of 3_79 ( G. barbadense ) is an excellent material for genetic research and molecular tagging. In this study, substitution line 16 (Sub 16) was used to evaluate the performance of the 16th chromosome in G. barbadense in TM_1 background. The genetic analysis using the major gene plus polygene mixed inheritance model in F 2∶3 family revealed that there might exist 2 QTLs respectively for boll size, lint percentage, lint index, fiber length and the first fruit branch node, 1 QTL for fiber elongation and flowering date, and no QTL for seed index, fiber strength and Micronaire in chromosome 16. However, 9 QTLs (LOD (logarithm of odds)≥3.0) controlling 6 quantitative traits were significantly identified in linkage group of chromosome 16 constructed in (TM_1×3_79) F 2by interval mapping. Among them, 1 QTL for boll size, fiber length, flowering date and fiber elongation could explain 15.2%, 19.7%, 12.1%, and 11.7% phenotypic variance respectively, 2 QTLs for lint index could explain 11.6% and 41.9%, and 3 QTLs for lint percentage could explain 8.7%, 9.6% and 29.2% phenotypic variance respectively. One unlinked SSR marker was associated with one QTL respectively for boll size and flowering date and they could explain 1.60% and 4.63% phenotypic variance. The traits associated significantly with chromosome 16 from Sub 16 were boll weight, lint percentage, lint index, fiber length, fiber elongation and flowering days.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41106109)the China National Food Safety Standards Development Project(No.ZHENGHE-2015-356)
文摘In this study, we established a comprehensive method for simultaneous identification and quantification of tetrodotoxin （TTX） in fresh pufferfish tissues and pufferfish-based products using liquid chromatography/quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry （LC-QqLIT-MS）. TTX was extracted by 1% acetic acid-methanol, and most of the lipids were then removed by freezing lipid precipitation, followed by purification and concentration using immunoaffinity columns （IACs）. Matrix effects were substantially reduced due to the high specificity of the IACs, and thus, background interference was avoided. Quantitation analysis was therefore performed using an external calibration curve with standards prepared in mobile phase. The method was evaluated by fortifying samples at 1, 10, and 100 ng/g, respectively, and the recoveries ranged from 75.8%--107%, with a relative standard deviation of less than 15%. The TTX calibration curves were linear over the range of 1-1 000 ~tg/L, with a detection limit of 0.3 ng/g and a quantification limit of 1 ng/g. Using this method, samples can be further analyzed using an information- dependent acquisition （IDA） experiment, in the positive mode, from a single liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry injection, which can provide an extra level of confirmation by matching the full product ion spectra acquired for a standard sample with those from an enhanced product ion （EPI） library. The scheduled multiple reaction monitoring method enabled TTX to be screened for, and TTX was positively identified using the IDA and EPI spectra. This method was successfully applied to analyze a total of 206 samples of fresh pufferfish tissues and pufferfish-based products. The results from this study show that the proposed method can be used to quantify and identify TTX in a single run with excellent sensitivity and reproducibility, and is suitable for the analysis of complex matrix pufferfish samples.
文摘The kinetics of hydrolysis of cationic reactive disperse dyes containing quaternary group and chemical shift（13CNMR） of the adjacent carbon atoms with pyridine-acetylamino were discussed. The results show pyridine-acetylamino reactive group had higher reactivity than chloroacetylamino and chemical shift（13 CNMR） of the adjacent carbon atoms with pyridine-acetylamino moved 18.77 ppm.
文摘Guo Moruo, born in Sichuan province, is one of the greatest translators m Chinese literature translation. He has ncn literary works and translation works in his life. Combing with writing experience and a wealth of translation practice, he has summarized and extracted the great translation theory including the meaning of translation, the translator＇s cultivation, translation principles and methods, especially the ＂matchmaker＂ and the ＂virgin＂ theory, flavor translation, resonance theory, translation criticism view, translating verse as verse theory, retranslation view. His translation works and translation theories have special contribution to the？translation cause of China, and all his translation theories are worth of learning.
文摘Many of people have tried to obtain the structure of Baer-invariant of groups exactly. Recently, B. Mashayekhy and M. Parvizi determine Baer-invariant of finitely generated Abelian groups. Also, it is done for some non-Abelian groups, such the dihedral and the quaternion groups directly, and sometimes with the softwares of Gap and Magma. But nobody works on non finitely generated Abelian groups. In 1979, M.R.R. Moghaddarn showed that the structure of Baer-invariant of group commutes with the direct limit of a directed system, in some sense. The authors have used these results and proved that the Baer-invariant of C is always trivial and also Baer-invariant of Abelian groups Q/z and Z （p∞）, with respect to the varieties of outer commutators and so polynilpotent, nilpotent are trivial. One can see immediately that the covering groups of these groups are themselves. Then after computing the Baer-invariant of Zn with respect to Burnside variety, we have concluded for Q/z and Z（P∞） Burnside variety. In the future, they try to survey the commutativity of the Baer-invariant variety with the other useful varieties in order to attain similar results for another non finitely generated Abelian groups.
文摘The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau （QTP） is well known for being of great importance in the evolution of montane species due to its unique geological history and landform configuration, climate complexity, and diversified habitats. The effect of environmental changes since the Quaternary on species diversification, population genetic structure, and demography under environmental change can be studied using phylogenetic and phylogeographieal approaches. Birds are the most well-studied group of all terrestrial vertebrates with regard to their response to climatic changes over time. Herein, we briefly review the species diversification of birds in response to the uplift of the QTP, focusing on summarizing the different phylogeographical patterns of birds on the Plateau, its southeastern margin, and the Eastern Himalayas and the reasons underlying these patterns. Speciation was found to be closely related to the uplift of the QTP, with different patterns of intraspecific processes： （1） no divergence within a single refuge was identified in a restricted semi-continuous area of the eastern margin of the Plateau; （2） two divergent lineages with separated refugia were located at the south-eastern and north-eastern margins of the plateau; and （3） multiple divergent lineages within subregions were found in the Eastern Himalayas. Glacial movements and induced climate change are considered to be key factors in shaping these different patterns. The species distributed mainly in the heavily ice-covered platform regions of the Plateau experienced population expansion following the retreat of the extensive glaciations, whereas the species distributed on the ice-free edges of the plateau maintained their population size at a stable level. Demographic stresses on the edge species might have been mitigated by the milder climate in comparison to their platform-distributed counterparts. Various behavioral and ecological characteristics, including dispersal capacity, habitat preference, and elevation specificity, along with evolutionary history might have helped to shape these different phylogeographical patterns [Current Zoology 60 （2）： 149-161, 2014].
