宋代文人生活美学观念探究——以“四雅”为例

在宋代经济、政治环境的影响下,宋代文人阶级的地位空前提高。以宋代文人阶层为研究对象,以宋代文人阶层所盛行的“四雅”活动为切入点,探究宋代文人的生活美学及审美观念。宋代文人在日常审美实践中,将“美”与“生活”相融合,并在审美实践中表现出雅俗兼备、安乐闲适、意与境会的特点。宋代文人的生活美学观念引领了宋代社会的审美风尚,对后世的审美产生了举足轻重的影响。

宋代“四雅”对当代生活的影响

北宋时期,统治阶级重文轻武,对“四雅”文化大力推崇,士大夫阶层通过自上而下的文化传播使民众整体的精神追求得到普遍提升,让美学融入日常生活,形成了宋人富有情调的生活方式。宋代的审美理想对后世的审美态度产生了重要影响,本文以宋代“四雅”,即焚香、点茶、插花、挂画为切入点,探寻宋人艺术化的生活方式,以及对当代生活产生的启示意义和价值。

浅析宋画中的“四雅”

宋代众多画作让我们体会到了宋代士大夫的闲适生活。这些画作的每一帧都把宋代娴静的生活细节描绘得淋漓尽致。宋画比文献记载似乎更有描述意义,它能直观地把文献记载中的文字转化成鲜活的画面展示在我们面前,带领我们尽赏宋代生活中的点滴风雅。最能体现宋代风雅的是“君子四雅”之事,“四雅”分别为点茶、焚香、插花和挂画。本文通过分析宋画的构图、绘画内容以及画家想表达的思想情感,进一步了解“四雅”中展现的文化内涵,体验宋人追求的生活之美和艺术之美。

Effect of Lead Toxicity on Germination and Enzymatic Activity of Durum Wheat Triticum durum Desf.

The aim of this work is to identify the effect of lead on germinal parameters and the antioxidant enzyme activities （lipase, peroxidase and catalase） in durum wheat Triticum durum Desf. cv （waha, vitron and gta） exposed to the concentrations of 0, 0.15, 0.25 and 0.3 g/L of Pb （NO3）2 during germination process. The obtained results showed that lead reduced the germination, root and aerial biomass. The concentration of 0.3 g/L inhibited completely the germination of the three varieties. It also slowed lipase activity, the degradation of lipids of the seed＇s reserves and disrupted the metabolism of peroxidase and catalase. Concerning the behavior of the three varieties studied, it appears that the Vitron is the best predisposed variety to stand against lead stress by its strong antioxidant defense system.