基于“科技金融”视角的“园区保”金融服务模式获客渠道优化分析

资金是企业生存与发展的基础,只有资金充足且稳定流动,才能保证企业的经济效益和健康发展。近年来,融资担保体系在服务小微企业及实体经济方面产生了巨大作用,省级再担保机构带头推出了“园区保”这一综合金融服务模式,提高了地方实体经济的服务水平。“园区保”是服务园区、服务实体经济、服务产业衍生出的全新载体,结合产业资本和金融资本,提供企业“白名单”并构建风险资金池,按照园区与企业的需求提供综合金融服务,并运用多方合作风险分担机制保证服务稳定性。本文以“科技金融”为背景,探讨了“园区保”综合金融服务模式及其在获客渠道方面存在的问题,并提出了获客渠道优化的有关对策。

Protection and Utilization of Cultural Landscape in a Forest Park in Ethnic Minority Region ——With a Case of Zhangjiajie

Presently, more and more attention is paid to cultural landscapes by peo-ple at travel ing, especial y for folk culture in ethnic minority regions where rich hu-man landscapes could be ful y made use of to improve landscape quality. In the research, cultural landscapes in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park were surveyed and evaluated to analyze characters of cultural utilization, as wel as problems existing in the Park. In addition, highlights were given to protection on cultural landscapes in a forest park construction, presentation of ethnic minority culture, and ful development of tourism products.

The Localization of UK Experience in Environmental Education in Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen, China

In China, the environmental education （EE） is a brief new but popular topic in recent several years as a method to cope with the gap between nature and children. EE was started in UK with a long-term development and the useful experience can be utilized for the Chinese EE development. As a case study, the experiences of UK organizations were summarized and applied in the EE system in Fairy Lake Botanical Garden in Shenzhen （SZBG）, China. The localization of UK’s experience in the EE development in SZBG in terms of EE program, course content and resource was summarized in this paper. There are also discussions for the future update of EE in SZBG and for other local organizations like botanical gardens, wetland parks, nature reserve etc.

Ecotourism Potentials for Financing Parks and Protected Areas＂ A Perspective From Iran＇s Parks

Ecotourism has been considered as the impetus and economic investment for management of natural resources. The current research uses data mining from the recreation values of Iran＇s parks and separating influential factors on visitors＇ willingness to pay （WTP）. This study delves into the main findings of 31 researches applied to assess the recreation value of 33 different parks across Iran from 2004 to 2011. Those researches collected 9,216 questionnaires in total. It was conducted using R software and Rattle user interface to analyze gathered data and information. Results showed that 69% of respondents were male. The averages of age and academic years were 34.4 and 13.7 respectively. The majority of the visitors were willing to pay money to visit the parks. Variables of education levels, household size, marital status, age, and bid amount had an effect on visitors＇ rate of WTP for visiting, and variables of gender, education levels, and marital status affected the general amount of WTP. The average amount of WTP per person was estimated at US $1.4, and the average annual recreation value for each hectare of parks was calculated at US $2,313. This study provides justification for the decision to support the quality of Iran＇s parks.

Recreational potential as an indicator of accessibility control in protected mountain forest areas

The article presents research findings related to recreational use of forests located in protected mountainous areas with forestage of over 80%. The study was designed to identify recreational potential of the Carpathian national parks （Bieszczady National Park, Bahia G6ra National Park, Goree National Park and Magura National Park; southern Poland） and to compare these findings with the actual number of visitors. The information received on the recreational potential of parks is important from the point of view of protection of natural resources and the financial situation of the parks. The calculated ratio may be an effective tool of management for park administration, that allows to reconcile statutory social and protective functions of national parks. The study determined the recreational potential of the forests with the use of recreational valorisation method designed for areas with varied terrain, and the evaluated factors included the stands of trees with their habitat and land relief. The permissible number of national park visitors, expressed as man- hour/ha/year ranges from 19.31 in Bieszczady National Park （BG： 19~ 35＇ E, 49~ 35＇ N） to 32.06 in in Bieszczady National Park （B： 22~ 40＇ E, 49~ lo＇ N）. In 3 out of 4 investigated parks, Magura National Park （M： 21025＇ E, 49~ 30＇ N）, Gorce National Park （G： 20~ lo＇ E, 49~ 35＇ N）, B） recreation carrying capacity was not exceeded, whether or not the strictly protected area is taken into account. Only in BG was the recreation carrying capacity exceeded by nearly 24%, or by 85% if the strictly protected area isexcluded from tourism-related exploitation. The presented procedure for monitoring access to mountain forests in national parks, from the viewpoint of natural resources conservation, can be applied in other mountainous areas covered with forests and exposed to tourist and recreational traffic, and in forests facing particular risk of recreational damage, e.g. in urban and suburban forests growing in areas with varied orography.

Brown Bear-Human Conflict Management at Brooks River, Katmai National Park and Preserve

From 1989-2009, 1,430 bear management report forms collected at Brooks Camp, KNP （Katmai National Park）, were placed in 1 of 9 categories representing bear-human interactions of concern. Using non-parametrical statistics the categories identified dominance interactions, fish-related dominance interactions, food obtained, food-related incidents, fish stolen, property damage, and use of deterrents either decreasing or exhibiting no significant trends over time. Aggressive behavior by bears towards park staff in bear management situations increased. An elevated walkway and platform at Brooks Falls and an electric fence at the campground marked significant decrease in bear-human interactions in these areas. Changes in fishing regulations in 1998 marked significant decreases in number of fish stolen. Changes in minimum distance regulations in 2003 marked no change in number of dominance interactions or bluff charges. Efforts to facilitate visitor traffic in areas around the floating bridge have marked significant increases in number of bear-human interactions. Management and policy efforts have been successful in minimizing bear-human interactions. Habituation of bears to human activity has likely contributed to both minimizing general interactions and increased aggressive bear behavior towards management staff. This study provides examples of successful adaptive management tactics for bears and humans in a visitor oriented setting.

Protection Methods to Reduce Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses from Sloping Citrus Land in the Three Gorges Area of China

The increased application of chemical fertilizers in citrus orchards and the non-point source nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P)diffusion threaten the fresh water quality of the Three Gorges Reservoir area of China. A 10-year field trial on sloping citrus lands was conducted to evaluate five protection methods for reducing N and P losses: 1) intercropping with perennial white clover(CW); 2) straw mulching of the soil surface(CS); 3) intercropping with yellow daylily contour hedgerows(CH); 4) an impermeable membrane buried in the soil along the contour lines(CM); and 5) intercropping with a rotation of wheat and peanut(CWP). An area of conventional citrus management was also maintained as the control(CK). The results showed that CM and CH were the most effective methods for reducing surface runoff. The sediment yield were reduced at the highest rate by CW and CH and was also significantly reduced by CS. Reduced runoff volume and sediment yield were the crucial mechanism for the reductions in N and P losses. Compared with the control, CW, CS, CH, and CM reduced annual runoff by 9%, 13%, 25%, and 30%, sediment yield by 77%, 55%, 71%, and 28%,N loss by 10%, 23% 36%, and 37%, and P loss by 39%, 31%, 27%, and 25%, respectively. CW, CS, CH, and CM were effective in reducing N and P losses from the sloping citrus land. However, over the long-term, surface soil nutrient accumulation in CW, CS, and CH diminished the benefit of those methods in reducing N and P losses. In addition, CWP increased soil erosion and nutrient loss,which showed that citrus intercropping with other crops was an unsuitable method for citrus sloping land in the Three Gorges area.