By analyzing the relationship among government, market driving forces, distribution orientation of banking industry, service opportunity equality and spatial patterns, this paper proposes that it is distribution orien...By analyzing the relationship among government, market driving forces, distribution orientation of banking industry, service opportunity equality and spatial patterns, this paper proposes that it is distribution orientation that lead to the formation and evolution of spatial pattern of banking industry. The difference of the distribution orientation leads to the separation of the spatial pattern of banking industry, and the change of the distribution orientation leads to the change of spatial pattern. The degree of spatial pattern change is subject to the degree of change of distribution orientation, and the scale of bank resources in the regions, which supports the distribution orientation variation. Based on these theoretical frameworks, some indicators were designed to analyze the pattern change of China′s banking industry and its effects since 1995 under the change of the distribution orientation. This paper finds that the orientation of economic benefit maximization driven by market causes the banking industry to concentrate in economically developed regions.The government, which does not follow the orientation of economic benefit maximization, plays a role of stabilizer. Since the bank branches in the regions with the greatest change in bank branch distribution are too few, and regions with the greatest change in bank loan allocation are the regions with lots of loans, the pattern change of the banking industry in physical form is not as notable as that in economic form.展开更多
SMEs in the national economy is an imporl^nt part of maintaining market stability, and it has a very important role for the operation to ensure a rational pricing mechanism and to ensure thll employment and promote su...SMEs in the national economy is an imporl^nt part of maintaining market stability, and it has a very important role for the operation to ensure a rational pricing mechanism and to ensure thll employment and promote sustained and healthy develop, and it ensures social stability. However, the presence of SMEs in the financial control is weak; problems of accounting information distortion and other issues limit itself to develop, and we do some research on the current problems and countermeasures of SME financial management.展开更多
In the process of smart city construction, Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and some other cities are facing many problems, among which the most essential one is the government' s leading role cannot give a better play du...In the process of smart city construction, Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and some other cities are facing many problems, among which the most essential one is the government' s leading role cannot give a better play due to the constraints of the traditional government functions. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a reasonable position for the government functions in the construction of smart city. This paper issues that the government should reflect functions in the construction of smart city, such as the planning function of top-level design and unified planning; the organizational function of providing funds and talent protection; the coordinating function of promoting multiple-subject cooperation; the controlling function of establishing technical standards and legal norms.展开更多
This document in order to solve the problem of the supply imbalance of the home nursing service, it is necessary to make use of the decisive role of the price mechanism in the optimal allocation of resources in view o...This document in order to solve the problem of the supply imbalance of the home nursing service, it is necessary to make use of the decisive role of the price mechanism in the optimal allocation of resources in view of the shortage of the supply of old-age service in China, the low quality and the low supply of effective supply. Based on the economic attributes of public goods and personal belongings, this paper divides the old-age service into the old-age service of private property and the properties of public goods (pure public goods and quasi-public goods) according to the family status, economic status and health status of the clients. This paper explores the theoretical basis of price decision mechanism and effective supply of these two kinds of old-age services, and finally puts forward the concrete measures of the reform of the old-age service price in the light of the actual situation of the current pension service in our country.展开更多
As the largest developing country in the world, China has not be involved in the obligation of emissions reduction in the (〈Kyoto Protocol)) . But it has become the largest CO2 emissions countries in the world. Th...As the largest developing country in the world, China has not be involved in the obligation of emissions reduction in the (〈Kyoto Protocol)) . But it has become the largest CO2 emissions countries in the world. This makes China confronted with more pressure of carbon emissions reduction in the post-Kyoto era, and face great challenges in response to climate change issues. On one hand, China' s economic growth stage has decided that the situation of more energy consumption and increased carbon emissions is diffficult to reverse in the short term; On the other hand, the traditional policy under the control of total amount of carbon emission has largely restricted economic development. If a developing country in economic transition is carried out compulsory absolute amount of carbon reduction policies, its economic activity and social consumption will be imposed additional constraints inevitably, which will eventually lead to lower economic competitiveness and decline in social standards of living. Ultimately it will affect the good effects of carbon emissions reduction, so the policy can not achieve a satisfactory result. This paper introduces the financial mechanism into the carbon market model, extends the time of model from one phase to multi-phase. And this paper tries to establish a cross-time carbon credits trade system, and the current strength of the traditional carbon emission market trade model is extended. The paper designs two type of option mechanism model--call options trade carbon emissions model and put options carbon emissions model. Models' results show that choosing options tool to extend our traditional carbon market model can bring following impacts on carbon market development: trade costs have fallen, the carbon intensity also has descended, and has realized the flow of carbon intensity in diffident time; it enables manufacturers to effectively avoid the risk of carbon emissions trade; it increases the flexibility and maneuverability of the carbon trade market. Finally, the policy recommendations in the financial mechanisms carbon market trade are put forward.展开更多
In the present study, we aimed to establish the 8th National Standard of Endotoxin using three batches of proposed National Standard of Endotoxin. We co-calibrated the potency of the proposed preparations against the ...In the present study, we aimed to establish the 8th National Standard of Endotoxin using three batches of proposed National Standard of Endotoxin. We co-calibrated the potency of the proposed preparations against the 3rd International Standard (10/178) using the gel-clot method, kinetic-turbidimetric test and kinetic-chromogenic test. A total of 14 laboratories participated in this collaborative study. By comparing precision of three approved candidates' calibration results and analyzing the differences among the three results from different methods, we ultimately selected one of candidates as 8th National Standard of Endotoxin, and its potency is 9000 EU/ampoule and lot is 150801-201601.展开更多
Investigating source parameters of small and moderate earthquakes plays an important role in seismology research. For small and moderate earthquakes, the mechanisms are usually obtained by first motion of P-Wave, surf...Investigating source parameters of small and moderate earthquakes plays an important role in seismology research. For small and moderate earthquakes, the mechanisms are usually obtained by first motion of P-Wave, surface wave spectra method in frequency-domain or the waveform inversion in time-domain, based on the regional waveform records. We applied the wavelet domain inversion method to determine mechanism of regional earthquake. Using the wavelet coefficients of different scales can give more information to constrain the inversion. We determined the mechanisms of three earthquakes occurred in California, the United States. They are consistent with the previous results (Harvard Centroid Moment Tensor and United States Geological Service). This proves that the wavelet domain inversion method is an efficient method to determine the source parameters of small and moderate earthquakes, especially the strong aftershocks after a large, disastrous earthquake.展开更多
Objective: In order to promote the construction of scientific research institutions of TCM in the world and to raise the vitality of the institutions, a prospective study has been done on the establishment of the inte...Objective: In order to promote the construction of scientific research institutions of TCM in the world and to raise the vitality of the institutions, a prospective study has been done on the establishment of the international standards for the research institutions and quality management, namely, Good Research Practice - Institution of Chinese Medicine (GRP-ICM) and Good Quality Practice - Institution of Chinese Medicine (GQP-ICM). Methods: The document analysis, questionnaire, and experts' consultation were adopted to solicit the opinions on the establishment ofinternational standards for the research institutions and quality management. A total of 74 experts from 22 countries and regions (including China) participated in the questionnaire survey, and 30 experts from 11 countries and regions received the consultations and interviews. Results: In the survey, 85.14% of the experts (63/74 experts)considered that it is necessary to establish the unified international standards; 90.00% appraised GRP-ICM excellent and 80.00% appraised GQP-ICM goods; and 93.10% thought that these two standards can be implemented or can be implemented after revision. Conclusion: This is a prospective study on the establishment ofinternational standards for the research institutions and quality management, with a preliminary understanding of the basic framework, main contents and formulating principles. It lays a solid foundation for the establishment and implementation of the unified international standards for the research institutions and quality management.展开更多
Temperature and pressure on seafloor of the northern slope in the South China Sea are suitable for gas hydrate formation, but bottom simulation reflector (BSR), an indication of gas hydrate occurrence, only occurred i...Temperature and pressure on seafloor of the northern slope in the South China Sea are suitable for gas hydrate formation, but bottom simulation reflector (BSR), an indication of gas hydrate occurrence, only occurred in limited areas of the slope. Drillings in the BSR-distributed area (the District S) on the northern slope of the South China Sea suggested that gas hydrate only occurred at Sites SH2, SH3, and SH7 with high saturation (up to 20%-40%), and there is no hydrate at Sites SH1 and SH5 although the distance between SH1 to SH3 is only 500m. In this paper, we investigated seafloor gradient, fault development, temperature, and pressure in the District S on the northern slope of the South China Sea to understand the possible factors con- trolling BSR distribution and gas hydrate occurrence. The District S is a structurally fractured continental slope zone and its seafloor gradient varied greatly. The BSR-occurred areas have an average gradient of 19.89×10 2 whereas the BSR-free zone has the average gradient of 10.57×10 2 . The calculated relative structural intensities from fault densities and displacements show that the BSR-distributed areas tend to occur in the areas with a moderately high structural intensity, where faults frequently developed close to the seafloor that are possibly favored for lateral migration of gases. On the basis of temperatures and pressures at drilling sites, hydrate-occurred Sites SH2, SH3, and SH7 are located within the thermodynamically stable area for methane hydrate, and hydrate-absent Sites SH1 and SH5 are out of the thermodynamically stable area for methane hydrate formation, suggesting that both BSR and the thermodynamic stability are necessary for hydrate occurrence in the subsurface.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40830741)
文摘By analyzing the relationship among government, market driving forces, distribution orientation of banking industry, service opportunity equality and spatial patterns, this paper proposes that it is distribution orientation that lead to the formation and evolution of spatial pattern of banking industry. The difference of the distribution orientation leads to the separation of the spatial pattern of banking industry, and the change of the distribution orientation leads to the change of spatial pattern. The degree of spatial pattern change is subject to the degree of change of distribution orientation, and the scale of bank resources in the regions, which supports the distribution orientation variation. Based on these theoretical frameworks, some indicators were designed to analyze the pattern change of China′s banking industry and its effects since 1995 under the change of the distribution orientation. This paper finds that the orientation of economic benefit maximization driven by market causes the banking industry to concentrate in economically developed regions.The government, which does not follow the orientation of economic benefit maximization, plays a role of stabilizer. Since the bank branches in the regions with the greatest change in bank branch distribution are too few, and regions with the greatest change in bank loan allocation are the regions with lots of loans, the pattern change of the banking industry in physical form is not as notable as that in economic form.
文摘SMEs in the national economy is an imporl^nt part of maintaining market stability, and it has a very important role for the operation to ensure a rational pricing mechanism and to ensure thll employment and promote sustained and healthy develop, and it ensures social stability. However, the presence of SMEs in the financial control is weak; problems of accounting information distortion and other issues limit itself to develop, and we do some research on the current problems and countermeasures of SME financial management.
文摘In the process of smart city construction, Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and some other cities are facing many problems, among which the most essential one is the government' s leading role cannot give a better play due to the constraints of the traditional government functions. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a reasonable position for the government functions in the construction of smart city. This paper issues that the government should reflect functions in the construction of smart city, such as the planning function of top-level design and unified planning; the organizational function of providing funds and talent protection; the coordinating function of promoting multiple-subject cooperation; the controlling function of establishing technical standards and legal norms.
文摘This document in order to solve the problem of the supply imbalance of the home nursing service, it is necessary to make use of the decisive role of the price mechanism in the optimal allocation of resources in view of the shortage of the supply of old-age service in China, the low quality and the low supply of effective supply. Based on the economic attributes of public goods and personal belongings, this paper divides the old-age service into the old-age service of private property and the properties of public goods (pure public goods and quasi-public goods) according to the family status, economic status and health status of the clients. This paper explores the theoretical basis of price decision mechanism and effective supply of these two kinds of old-age services, and finally puts forward the concrete measures of the reform of the old-age service price in the light of the actual situation of the current pension service in our country.
文摘As the largest developing country in the world, China has not be involved in the obligation of emissions reduction in the (〈Kyoto Protocol)) . But it has become the largest CO2 emissions countries in the world. This makes China confronted with more pressure of carbon emissions reduction in the post-Kyoto era, and face great challenges in response to climate change issues. On one hand, China' s economic growth stage has decided that the situation of more energy consumption and increased carbon emissions is diffficult to reverse in the short term; On the other hand, the traditional policy under the control of total amount of carbon emission has largely restricted economic development. If a developing country in economic transition is carried out compulsory absolute amount of carbon reduction policies, its economic activity and social consumption will be imposed additional constraints inevitably, which will eventually lead to lower economic competitiveness and decline in social standards of living. Ultimately it will affect the good effects of carbon emissions reduction, so the policy can not achieve a satisfactory result. This paper introduces the financial mechanism into the carbon market model, extends the time of model from one phase to multi-phase. And this paper tries to establish a cross-time carbon credits trade system, and the current strength of the traditional carbon emission market trade model is extended. The paper designs two type of option mechanism model--call options trade carbon emissions model and put options carbon emissions model. Models' results show that choosing options tool to extend our traditional carbon market model can bring following impacts on carbon market development: trade costs have fallen, the carbon intensity also has descended, and has realized the flow of carbon intensity in diffident time; it enables manufacturers to effectively avoid the risk of carbon emissions trade; it increases the flexibility and maneuverability of the carbon trade market. Finally, the policy recommendations in the financial mechanisms carbon market trade are put forward.
文摘In the present study, we aimed to establish the 8th National Standard of Endotoxin using three batches of proposed National Standard of Endotoxin. We co-calibrated the potency of the proposed preparations against the 3rd International Standard (10/178) using the gel-clot method, kinetic-turbidimetric test and kinetic-chromogenic test. A total of 14 laboratories participated in this collaborative study. By comparing precision of three approved candidates' calibration results and analyzing the differences among the three results from different methods, we ultimately selected one of candidates as 8th National Standard of Endotoxin, and its potency is 9000 EU/ampoule and lot is 150801-201601.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40974028 and 41030319)National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2008CB425701)
文摘Investigating source parameters of small and moderate earthquakes plays an important role in seismology research. For small and moderate earthquakes, the mechanisms are usually obtained by first motion of P-Wave, surface wave spectra method in frequency-domain or the waveform inversion in time-domain, based on the regional waveform records. We applied the wavelet domain inversion method to determine mechanism of regional earthquake. Using the wavelet coefficients of different scales can give more information to constrain the inversion. We determined the mechanisms of three earthquakes occurred in California, the United States. They are consistent with the previous results (Harvard Centroid Moment Tensor and United States Geological Service). This proves that the wavelet domain inversion method is an efficient method to determine the source parameters of small and moderate earthquakes, especially the strong aftershocks after a large, disastrous earthquake.
基金supported by a grant from National TCM Project Application in the 11th Five-Year Period (No.2006BAI21B00)
文摘Objective: In order to promote the construction of scientific research institutions of TCM in the world and to raise the vitality of the institutions, a prospective study has been done on the establishment of the international standards for the research institutions and quality management, namely, Good Research Practice - Institution of Chinese Medicine (GRP-ICM) and Good Quality Practice - Institution of Chinese Medicine (GQP-ICM). Methods: The document analysis, questionnaire, and experts' consultation were adopted to solicit the opinions on the establishment ofinternational standards for the research institutions and quality management. A total of 74 experts from 22 countries and regions (including China) participated in the questionnaire survey, and 30 experts from 11 countries and regions received the consultations and interviews. Results: In the survey, 85.14% of the experts (63/74 experts)considered that it is necessary to establish the unified international standards; 90.00% appraised GRP-ICM excellent and 80.00% appraised GQP-ICM goods; and 93.10% thought that these two standards can be implemented or can be implemented after revision. Conclusion: This is a prospective study on the establishment ofinternational standards for the research institutions and quality management, with a preliminary understanding of the basic framework, main contents and formulating principles. It lays a solid foundation for the establishment and implementation of the unified international standards for the research institutions and quality management.
基金supported by National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No. 2009CB219508)Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.KZCX2-YW-GJ03)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No. 91228206)
文摘Temperature and pressure on seafloor of the northern slope in the South China Sea are suitable for gas hydrate formation, but bottom simulation reflector (BSR), an indication of gas hydrate occurrence, only occurred in limited areas of the slope. Drillings in the BSR-distributed area (the District S) on the northern slope of the South China Sea suggested that gas hydrate only occurred at Sites SH2, SH3, and SH7 with high saturation (up to 20%-40%), and there is no hydrate at Sites SH1 and SH5 although the distance between SH1 to SH3 is only 500m. In this paper, we investigated seafloor gradient, fault development, temperature, and pressure in the District S on the northern slope of the South China Sea to understand the possible factors con- trolling BSR distribution and gas hydrate occurrence. The District S is a structurally fractured continental slope zone and its seafloor gradient varied greatly. The BSR-occurred areas have an average gradient of 19.89×10 2 whereas the BSR-free zone has the average gradient of 10.57×10 2 . The calculated relative structural intensities from fault densities and displacements show that the BSR-distributed areas tend to occur in the areas with a moderately high structural intensity, where faults frequently developed close to the seafloor that are possibly favored for lateral migration of gases. On the basis of temperatures and pressures at drilling sites, hydrate-occurred Sites SH2, SH3, and SH7 are located within the thermodynamically stable area for methane hydrate, and hydrate-absent Sites SH1 and SH5 are out of the thermodynamically stable area for methane hydrate formation, suggesting that both BSR and the thermodynamic stability are necessary for hydrate occurrence in the subsurface.