A Study on China＇s Marine Rights and Interests and Their Maintenance

Marine rights and interests is an important part of national sovereignty, it is also an important part of national interests. At present, the maritime economy and coastline security of China is facing some new situation and challenges. In view of the strategic significance and maritime situation of ocean development, it needs to work out a feasible ocean strategy of China from the need of safeguarding the interests of the whole country urgently. We must establish the maintenance strategies of China＇s marine rights and interests in order to realize the sustainable development of marine fights and interests.

International Disorder and China's Strategic Thoughts

Since the 2008 international financial crisis, international political and economic disorder has become obvious. Major reasons are the decline of US-led Western developed economies' global influence; US and other Western countries inaction or ineffective actions; power diffusion allowing non-state actors to intervene; a global governance short of needed rules; and mainstream economic theory's overemphasis on market roles. International disorder is a long-term process posing a potential threat to China's national interests. The situation challenges China to create an international economic and trade order, thereby shaping itself as prophet of global free trade, shaper of international economic and trade rules, and trendsetter for globalization.

Isotropic Double Index for Quantum Errors in One Qubit

This article describes a proposal for a double index to estimate the isotropic components of unitary errors in a quantum computation circuit. In the context of this work the error is considered isotropic if it has spherical symmetry about the state of interest. The theoretical definition is given, as well the numerical approximation for practical purposes. The index is tested in some simple examples and the geometric distortion of the propagated error is studied for an inaccurate Shor 9-qubits correcting code.

E-government Implementation Factors： A Conceptual Framework

This paper provides an insight into the concept of e-government and its implementation factors. Attempts have been made to review and analyse existing literatures and theories of e-government and to develop a conceptual framework for evaluating factors influencing e-government implementing in both developing and developed countries. This is necessary to build trust amongst stakeholders, to encourage collaborative working, and to ensure that transparent and generally acceptable systems are in place. It is expected that the proposed conceptual model would be validated by researchers and academicians in future, since it would be relevant for analysing those wider social and economic factors that have an impact on e-government and other information and communication technologies （ICTs）.

The Efficiency of Public Health Expenditure in Turkey Between 2003 and 2013

Turkey launched a project in 2003 known as ＂Health Transformation Programme＂ （HTP）, which enabled Turkey to make considerable progress and radical changes to the health care system. The programme in 2003 included the effectiveness and the efficiency factors within the process by setting them as the primary objectives to increase the health status of the population （effectiveness） and to use resources in the best possible manner and at the lowest possible cost （efficiency）. Accessing services according to the need of patients and state benefits according to their ability to pay would be viable under these objectives. In this study, initially, Turkish National Health System will be articulated on a literature-study basis approach to measure the efficiency of public expenditure on health. Then, the measured level of the efficiency will be analysed in Turkey, The paper serves a purpose to analyse the efficiency based on the outcomes of heath service such as satisfaction with public health services over the period of 2003-2013. A simple linear regression was employed to test the degree of statistical relation between public health expenditure and satisfaction with public health care services.

Risk and Intellectual Property in Technical Standard Competition： A Game Theory Perspective

Technical standard is typically characterized by network effect.The key point for a technical standard is the consumers' choice,which is based on consumers' maximum benefits.When a technical standard becomes a national standard,its interests have been integrated into the national interests.National interests are divided into economic profits and security factors.From the perspective of consumers' choice,this paper deals with the main factors which affect the result of technical standard competition- the risk and profits of intellectual property based on the assumption of bounded rationality and dynamic game theory.

The ‘Freedom of Navigation’ Issue in Sino-US Relations

The ‘Freedom of Navigation' issue has been volatile and often influenced by Sino-US relations in recent years. This problem was rooted in different interpretation of the UNCLOS by China and the US. It has also reflected their different national Interests and maritime strategies. This issue has caused frequent frictions between the two sides and may lead to their future contest for sea power. At the same time, it also urges the both sides to set up new mechanism for confidence building that may help them to manage it in a more rational way.

Proposed Flexibility to USA Nuclear Waste Management Strategy

USA nuclear waste management program has stalled due to its continued insistence upon using Yucca Mountain for its disposal of DOE （Department of Energy） and commercial power plants NSF （nuclear spent fuel）. Increased flexibility and significant changes in DOE program are proposed. They include a private waste company to manage it; the construction and operation of ICS （interim centralized storage） facilities for NSF; the search for an AGR （alternate geological repository）; the use of a different methodology involving key local and state participants; a new ＂as safe as practical＂ strategy with defined benefits to the involved locations and states. Assured removal of NSF from ICS and providing limited Price Anderson indemnity for the program will enhance its acceptance. Minimum politics, regular information meetings, compromises, good cost projections and meeting schedules will be necessary to increase the chances of the proposed nuclear waste management program.

Media Stakeholders＇ Perspectives and Policy Integrity

Objectivity in media practice is the journalist＇s ability to give every segment of the audience an equal right to be heard and seen, to read or to react. Disappointingly, that objectivity does not extend to the policies that regulate that practice. This concern is demonstrated in the incoherence and lack of judgment that exist in media policy domains where journalism is confined to a deal between only the journalist and his or her audience. This linear process conspicuously excludes those crucial stakeholders whose interests tremendously affect the destiny of journalists and their audience. The development has adversely affected policy rationality in some developing countries as media policies lack interactive planning, robust policy discourses and stakeholder dialogue, thereby undermining policy integrity. This paper attempts to argue that for a media policy to be truly in public interest, formulators have to expand their horizon beyond government, journalists and their audience to other stakeholders. Newsmakers, who fall into a category of such stakeholders, can make the journalist＇s pen run dry if they go on strike! Others include media users, media owners and media scholars. The paper recommends the process of harnessing the perspectives of these stakeholders in a manner that can make analysts consider drafting a fresh all-encompassing media policy for developing countries, especially those of Africa.

A Hurdle Negative Binomial Regression Model for Non-Marital Fertility in Namibia

The rise of non-marital fertility, which seems to defy the Bongaarts model by decoupling marriage from fertility, has become a subject of interest in both the developed and developing world. Consequences of non-marital fertility are mostly negative particularly in developing countries. In Namibia, although premarital childbearing has been reported to be high and increasing, no studies have explicitly analyzed factors influencing non-marital fertility. This paper uses data from the 2006/7 Namibia DHS to establish the determinants of non-marital fertility among women by applying a two-part model, with one part to describe the presence of non-marital birth and the other part to explain its intensity （number of children born）. Using the number of children ever born as an outcome, we explored various count data models. Based on the Voung statistics model comparison, we settled for the Hurdle logit Negative Binomial regression to model the number of non-marital births. Non-marital fertility in Namibia is associated with the age, with young women likely to have lower fertility compared to older women. Women with secondary or higher education had lower fertility compared those with no formal education. Findings also show that rural women higher fertility propensity compared to their urban counterparts even though there was no significant difference in fertility intensity. With regard to socio-economic status, fertility intensity decreased as the women got richer. Intervention efforts should focus on promoting education among girls and women especially in rural areas to improve their socio-economic status, reduce teenage pregnancy and non-marital fertility.

Embedding Economic Excellence： A Transformational Definition of ＂Corporate Governance＂ for Malaysia

The Malaysian government has carefully crafted policies to ensure that the nation achieves its aspirational goal to become a developed nation by 2020. Crucial for which is the success of the Securities Commission＇s ＂Corporate Governance Blueprint 2011＂ and ＂Capital Market Master Plan 2＂ designed to provide a business environment which attracts investment and talent. Somewhat overlooked in these otherwise robust policy shifts has been a critical critique of the definition, nature, and purpose of corporate governance itself. Recognizing this oversight, Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin, Malaysia＇s Deputy Prime Minister, has directed that the definition of corporate governance be rejuvenated for the 21st century. This paper looks to answer that challenge by recommending the following transformational definition for corporate governance： ＂the proactive implementation of accountable ethical processes, procedures, and policies that inspires innovative aspirational economic activity to produce sustainable wealth and prosperity for shareholders, stakeholders, and society＂.

NGO Accountability and Sustainable Development in Nigeria

This paper empirically investigates the type of and for whom NGO Accountability is practised in Nigeria with a view to enhancing sustainable development in the country. In-depth interviews on accountability related issues were conducted with managers of an international and a national NGO from Lagos State of Nigeria. The interview was supported by content review of accounts and reports of the selected NGOs. The findings of this study represent a hierarchical conception of accountability privileging a narrow range of stakeholders, which is short-term in focus and not strategic. The findings are situated in the context of what the literature says about NGO Accountability. This work could enhance the frontier of knowledge in NGO Accountability especially in a developing country like Nigeria.

The World Benefits from China’s Poverty Reduction Achievements

STATE leaders from 189 countries that attended the Millennium Summit in 2000 adopted the UN Millennium Declaration,and so committed to helping achieve the eight millennium development goals.The first was to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.In an interview with Chinese media in 2011,UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said that China’s"remarkable progress"had"contributed to our global MDG results,"notably in helping the world to"lift at least half of the extremely poor people out of poverty."

＇OBOR＇ and South Asia： Can India and China Cope with the Emerging ＇New Normal＇ in the Region？

Ever since President Xi Jinping announced the ＇One Belt, One Road＇ project in 2013, more than 66 countries across the continent expressed their interest to be part of this grand project of the century. In South Asia, most of the countries embraced the idea except India. There is no doubt that OBOR is likely to have farreaching implications on South Asian politics, economy and security. China has been engaging in the region through various economic and development projects for last two decades. This has raised serious security and strategic concerns in India. China＇s growing bilateral trade investments and development-oriented connectivity projects in India＇s neighbourhood have been popularly dubbed as China＇s ＇String of Pearl Strategy＇ aimed to contract India＇s sphere of influence in the region. There is a deficit of trust between emerging India and rising China over their interests and intentions. Many observers, however, view OBOR as a game changer at least in South Asia, where this would necessitate re-alignment and re-balancing. But, how does India perceive this project is a matter of serious concern that would shape the nature of implications on South Asia？ In this context, this article examines the impact of OBOR on South Asia Region from sub-regional perspectives and it explores how China can play a constructive role by reconciling its grand strategy with national interests of South Asian countries in order to minimise the adverse impact of OBOR [especially China-Pakistan Economic Corridor （CPEC）] on the peace and security of the region through effective CBMs.

Mao Zedong's “Three Worlds” Theory:Political Considerations and Value for the Times

Mao Zedong＇s theory of ＂the differentiation of three worlds＂ originated in his idea of ＂one intermediate zone＂ in the 1940s and 1950s, took initial shape with the idea of ＂two intermediate zones＂ in the 1960s and was officially formulated in the early 1970s. Taking national interests and the pursuit of sovereignty as its logical starting point, the law of the unity of opposites as its philosophical basis, the background of the Cold War as its historical platform, and opposition to hegemony as its diplomatic strategy, Mao Zedong advanced the well-known ＂three worlds＂ theory. As a hallmark achievement of China＇s diplomatic strategy and international relations theory, Mao＇s ＂three worlds＂ theory has a very special value for the times, especially with regard to its philosophy and principles in areas such as the principles of international ethics and justice, discourse power and national image, security mechanisms and strategic partnerships, and interdependence and cultural transcendence, all of which are precious ideological resources that we should cherish.

China-Africa Relations ： Progress, Challenge, and Prospect

Although being far apart geographically, China and Africa have kept friendly contacts since ancient times, enjoyed an increasing friendship since 1949, and benefited more from economic exchanges in recent decades. As the development of China-Africa relations carries significant implications for the interests of direct and indirect nations, as well as for the world, this paper, based on a brief retrospection, focuses on examining the recent progress and the challenges of China-Africa relations. The author argues that to reach a ＂ harmonious all-win games＂ on the AfiScan continent, China first has to get a holistic, comprehensive, and objective picture of China-Africa relations under a multi--dimensional spectrum, and then do lots of concrete jobs.

The Role of Value in the U. S. Foreign Policy and Its Limitation

The U.S. has long been viewed as a nation ＂ founded on a creed. ＂ While some IR paradigms present values as a counter to the interestbased approaches in the formation of foreign policy, most scholars agree that the two are not mutually exclusive. Beginning with the definition and classification of values, this paper tries to analyze the functioning mechanism of values in the U. S. foreign policy making as well as the limitation of the role of values. On one hand, based on U. S. foreign diplomatic actions in history, values function not only as a goal and ideal for US foreign policy, but also as the means for implementing its foreign policy. On the other hand, the US value-oriented diplomacy is confined by national interest, power, and tempered by events and bureaucratic politics.

Fabricated Claims In the Sea

In a recent article entitled “South China Sea：How We Got to This Stage,”published in the U.S.-based National Interest on May 9,veteran diplomat Fu Ying and senior researcher Wu Shicun examined the evolution of the maritime disputes in the South China Sea between China and some neighboring countries.

The Economic Benefits of Science

Projects receiving China＇s national science and technology awards representsignificant economic,social gainsFor ages,male musk deer had been trapped and killed for their glandular secretion to be used in aroma and traditional Chinese medicine.As a medicine,