近代欧洲政治话语的创新——“国家理性”观析微

在西方政治话语中,"国家理性"是关于国家行为的一套特殊规则,诞生于文艺复兴这个近代民族国家兴起的时期。在具体的实践层面上,"国家理性"从道德自觉转向利益自觉,成为"现实政治"的核心要素,进而演化为现代国家利益观的重要组成部分。诸如"国家理性"这样的政治话语的变迁折射出不同时代的政治文化的内涵和意蕴。

Liquid film falling behaviour on horizontal circular cylinder

The flow pattern behaviour of falling liquid film over three horizontal cylinders was evaluated.These flows can take three forms:discrete droplets,individual jets,and continuous sheet,and special attention is paid to the effects of the physical properties and geometrical parameters of the first two forms(droplets and jets) because these forms are more important in heat-transfer behaviour and less research has been published for these forms,The flow modes and experimental results were successfully compared with previous experimental literatures,and also the effects of liquid flow rate,tube diameter,and tube spacing on departure site spacing,in both drop and jet modes,were evaluated in the low Galileo number and high viscosity fluid(cooking oil),to help developing criteria for determining falling film modes and their transitions,and to understand the heat transfer characteristics associated with each mode.

Zooplankton community of Keibul Lamjao National Park (KLNP) Manipur, India in relation to the physico-chemical variables of the water

Keibul Lamjao National Park （KLNP）, a floating park in Loktak Lake, Manipur （India） was studied from Winter （WIN） to Post Monsoon （POM） for its zooplankton composition and some selected water parameters. The resultant data were subjected to multivariate techniques---Principal Component Analysis （PCA） and Canonical Correspondence Analysis （CCA）. Analyses of water parameters with PCA revealed that the first PC axis （PC 1） accounts for maximum variance in the seasonal data, explaining a variability of 91%. The PCA revealed that the seasonal variability in water parameters was due to the wet and dry cycle of seasons and the stations were distinguished on the basis of transparency and turbidity. Zooplankton abundance was dominated by copepods followed by cladocerans. Temporally, abundance of copepods reached a maximum during Post-monsoon （POM） （3 880 ind./L）. Spatially, $6 was found to be most abundant of the other stations in zooplankton. Copepodites and nauplii larvae were the major components of zooplankton. The Rotifera were the least abundant among the three zooplankton groups. Brachionus formed the major component of Rotifera zooplankton at all the stations during the study period. In the Cladocera, Macrothrix was present during all the four seasons, while Pleuroxus, Oxyurella, Kurzia and, Diaphanosoma were rare. The CCA shows that maximal temporal variability in zooplankton abundance was explained by temperature and rainfall. ANOVA revealed no significant difference in mean zooplankton abundance among the seasons, but there was a statistically significant difference among the sites.

Management of transport of dangerous goods based on networking technology

Networking is the core area of national strategic emerging industry development of information industry; it will play an important role in national economic development. Currently, it is hot issue of global research at home and abroad regardless of the mention of its development of a national strategic level, it is called the third wave of the world information industry following the computer, and internet.

Global Governance and State Governance: Two Strategic Considerations in Contemporary China

Governance is a kind of holistic governance and the notion of governing holistically should be established. The holisticity of governance is reflected in the unity and coordination between value rationality and instrumental rationality, normative appeal and practical appeal as well as global governance and state governance. Global and state governances are two strategic considerations in contemporary China. Actively participating in global governance and rationally promoting state governance is the rational choice of contemporary China, which plays a unique and significant role in realizing the social transformation and national rejuvenation and modernization of contemporary China. Deepening state governance with the help of global governance and promoting global governance with the support of state governance is the basic idea and dimension of understanding and grasping the interaction, coordination and overall planning between the two. The restrictions and effects of global governance on state governance are mainly reflected in such considerations as objects, mechanisms, concepts and interests of governance, and modernization of state governance system and improvement of governance capacity can promote and deepen global governance in a more effective way.

A National Governance Perspective on the Transformation of Rural Property Rights： The Chinese Experience

Property rights have multiple attributes, and these are correlated with national governance. In the West, property rights have the economic function of maximizing efficiency and the political function of rights protection, but in China, they also have a strong social character. With the modernization of national governance, these functions interact with and transform each other. When the state＇s ability to supply public goods is relatively weak, property rights take on more of a social character, meeting public demand for welfare at the grassroots level. When the state is better able to provide public goods, the social function of property rights lessens as their economic function grows. The social character of property rights was the institutional foundation for China, as a huge agrarian state, to realize ＂governance through inaction,＂ and at the same time was the secret key that could break the code to the millennial continuity of Chinese agrarian civilization. Reforms including the collectivization of rural property rights after 1949, the ＂separation of two rights＂ （to collective ownership and household contracted land, with a focus on the latter）, and the ＂separation of three rights,＂ （to collective ownership, household contracts and revitalized land management）. These changes constitute a process in which the economic function of property rights has been growing while their social character has lessened under conditions of national governance modernization.

The Implications of State Governance for Effective Global Governance

Since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC put forward the goal of modernizing the state governance system and state governance capacity, research on state governance theory and practice has taken off in the Chinese academic community. However, very little research has been undertaken on the relationship between state governance and global governance. In an interdependent world where domestic and international boundaries are becoming ever more blurred, state and global governance are not just mutually connected and consistent; they also influence and constrain each other. This paper looks into the influence of state governance on global governance in terms of the differences and internal linkages between state and global governance, arguing that enhancing governance capacity is an effective way for China to participate in global governance, promote the transformation of global governance system, wield its influence as a major power, and boost its right of discourse.

MODELING THE SPREAD OF HIV IN A STAGE STRUCTURED POPULATION： EFFECT OF AWARENESS

Human immunodeficiency virus （HIV） is a lenti-virus （a member of the retrovirus family） that causes acquired immunodeficieney syndrome （AIDS）, a critical condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunis- tic infections. Over the past few years HIV has been spreading rapidly in the popula- tion. Almost, everyday there are thousands of new human cases of HIV infection being recorded in the world and these occur in almost every country of the world. However, the spread of HIV is relatively faster in the developing countries as compared to developed countries because developing countries have limited resources. Worldwide, 70% of HIV infections in the adults have been transmitted through heterosexual contact and vertical transmission accounts for more than 90~ of global infection in infants and children. In this paper, we propose a nonlinear mathematical model to study the spread of HIV by considering transmission of disease by heterosexual contact and vertical transmission. A stage structured model is proposed and analyzed by considering the total population variable and dividing the whole population under consideration into three stages： chil- dren, adults and old. Also, in this paper it is assumed that the rates of recruitment are different in different groups of population. Equilibria of the model and their stability are also discussed. Using the stability theory of differential equations and computer simu- lation, it is shown that due to the increase in the awareness of the disease in the adult class the total infective population decreases in the region under consideration.

Physical characteristics of Chinese Hakka

Using standard and internationally validated methods,86 anthropologic characteristics were determined in 650 male(305 from urban areas and 345 from rural areas) and 704 female(331 from urban areas,373 from rural areas) Chinese Hakka adults living in Guangdong and Jiangxi.The data were used to calculate 24 anthropologic indices,which were analyzed statistically.The physical characteristics of Hakka subjects were analyzed and compared with reference ethnic data.There were four main findings of this study.First,a small proportion of Hakka adults had an eye fold on the upper eyelid,but a large proportion had a mongoloid fold.The eye slits were narrow in most adults,had a medium nasal root height and straight bridges,and most of the external angles were prominent.The nasal base was upturned in most men.The distributions of the three types of nasal base in women were similar.The proportions of subjects with middle and high alae nasi heights were high and similar.Males with a maximum nostril diameter were mostly classified as transverse and oblique,while many women were classified as transverse and had relatively wide alae nasi.The round lobe type was the most common.Upper lip skin height was mostly classified as medium.Lips were classified as thin.The hair was black,eyes were brown,and the skin was yellowish.Second,the head length was long in male Hakka.The minimum frontal breadth,face breadth,lip height,and interocular breadth were similar to those of North-Asian populations.Meanwhile,head breadth,morphological facial height,nose breadth,mouth breadth,and nose height were similar to those of South-Asian populations.Head length was long in female Hakka.The minimum frontal breadth,face breadth,lip height,and interocular breadth were similar to those of North-Asian populations.Head breadth,nose breadth,and mouth breadth were similar to those of South-Asian populations.Third,the stature of male and female Hakka in urban and rural areas was classified as medium.The proportions of male and female Hakka classified as mesocephaly(length-breadth index of the head),hypsicephalic type,metriocephalic type(breadth-height index of the head) mesorrhiny,long trunk,subbrachyskelic type,broad shoulder breadth,and narrow distance between iliac crests were higher than those of other types.Finally,principal component analyses showed that the physical characteristics of Hakka were between those of South-Asian and North-Asian ethnic populations,but were generally closer to those of North-Asian populations in China.

The Role of the Important Agricultural Heritage Systems in the Construction of China’s National Park System and the Optimisation of the Protected Area System

Conservation-compatible development of rural communities is an important part of nature conservation objectives.Understanding the role of agriculture,which is often practiced in or bordering the protected areas in rural China,is critical for managing conservation networks considering that limited spatial areas are available for enclosed protected areas.Important Agricultural Heritage Systems stand out for their multi-functionality,and some of their values are compatible with nature conservation.This paper examined the concept,management objectives and resource management characteristics of the Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(IAHS)by analysing their interactions with national parks in terms of community development.The results reveal that management strategies of dynamic conservation,integrated protection and adaptive management of the IAHS can contribute to those national park management objectives concerning conservation-compatible livelihood.However,the typology of the protected area system,including the traditional agricultural system as a new type,needs further consideration.