“土改”叙事中的道义问题——就《太阳照在桑干河上》、《暴风骤雨》的评价与刘再复等先生商榷

作为实质上的"除霸复仇"故事,《暴风骤雨》第一部和《太阳照在桑干河上》所写农民报复性的情感与行为不应受到指责,因为他们报复的对象韩老六或钱文贵主要是被作为"恶霸"而非普通地主形象来塑造的。而且《太阳照在桑干河上》对非"恶霸"的地主还有隐约的同情,对农民干部内部的霸道行为也有所批判。真正涉及道义问题的是《暴风骤雨》第二部。"除霸复仇"的情节模式使文本具有了叙事张力,而失去这种张力的《暴风骤雨》第二部也在某种程度上失去了艺术吸引力。

论1990年代以来乡村“土改”小说的叙事策略

20世纪90年代以来的乡村'土改'题材小说以其独特的叙事艺术达到以往同类题材无法企及的深度和广度,充满诱惑的叙事力量,给人独特的审美感受。这主要体现在三个方面:淡化宏大的叙事模式;弱化空间场景中的暴力叙事;情感修辞策略的话语变换。在这三重话语的叙述中,作家还侧重挖掘老一代农民与土地之间深厚的情感关系。

“土改”政策回眸

２００４年８月３１日，一个不能再普通的日子，因为７１号文件要求各地协议出让土地中的历史遗留问题必须在此日期之前处理完毕，变成了业界著名的“土地大限日”。它令一些开发商谈之惶惶，专家学者论之不倦，众多媒体炒之不厌。其实，“８·３１”之于中国的“新土改”还远远不是终点，充其量只是其中一个节点。在本期刊物出版时，此“大限”已成往事了，只有土地还是房地产业关心的永恒主题。本期专题特邀几位专家，围绕“土地”这个主题，对土地的市场管理、使用制度发表各家之言，对“８·３１”之后的房地产形势和对策进行分析，以飨读者。

公产征收与国家政权建设——“土改”至合作化时期绩溪县磡头村公产的处置

安徽省绩溪县磡头村自清末至建国初期,都是基层政权机构的所在地,但民国时期乡区政权机构的设置尚不完善,而自"土改"至合作化时期,基层政权逐步征收了磡头村的祠堂、庙宇等村庄公产,设立基层政权机构和医院、学校、供销社、邮电所等公共事业机构,而这些机构都具有了国家权力的属性,甚至直接成为"党的事业",政治、经济、社会高度一体化的革命后社会初步形成。

农地流转与基层社会治理机制:成都例证

基于既充分保障农民的土地承包经营权,又充分发挥土地资源的潜能、增加农民的收入,成都市温江区在政府的引导、规制和市场的主导下,推动了以农地流转为核心的温江"土改"。农地流转使农户家庭收入、劳动力流动、农村社会结构、社区公共需求等发生了变化,这些变化将引发人们对这一模式以及由此带来的基层社会治理机制和城乡一体化发展路径的思考。

Optimal intensity measures for longitudinal seismic response of tunnels

To study the ground motion intensity measures(IMs)suitable for the design of seismic performance with a focus on longitudinal resistance in tunnel structures,21 different seismic intensity parameters are selected for nonlinear calculation and analysis of tunnel structures,in order to determine the optimal IM for the longitudinal seismic performance of tunnel structures under different site conditions.An improved nonlinear beam-spring model is developed to calculate the longitudinal seismic response of tunnels.The PQ-Fiber model is used to simulate the longitudinal nonlinear behavior of tunnel structures and the tangential interactions between the tunnel and the soil is realized by load in the form of moment.Five different site types are considered and 21 IMs is evaluated against four criteria:effectiveness,practicality,usefulness,and sufficiency.The results indicate that the optimal IMs are significantly influenced by the site conditions.Specifically,sustained maximum velocity(V_(SM))emerges as the optimal IM for circular tunnels in soft soil conditions(CaseⅠsites),peak ground velocity(V PG)is best suited for CaseⅡsites,sustained maximum acceleration(A_(SM))is ideal for both CaseⅢand CaseⅤsites,and peak ground acceleration(A PG)for CaseⅣsites.As site conditions transition from CaseⅠto CaseⅤ,from soft to hard,the applicability of acceleration-type intensity parameters gradually decreases,while the applicability of velocity-type intensity parameters gradually increases.

Effect of amendments on growth and metal uptake of giant reed(Arundo donax L.) grown on soil contaminated by arsenic,cadmium and lead

The effects of five amendments such as acetic acid（AA）, citric acid （CA）, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid （EDTA）, sepiolite and phosphogypsum on growth and metal uptake of giant reed （Arundo donax L.） grown on soil contaminated by arsenic （As）, cadmium （Cd） and lead （Pb） were studied. The results showed that the shoot biomass of giant reed was enhanced by 24.8% and 15.0%, while superoxide mutase and catalase activities slightly varied when adding 5.0 mmol/kg CA and 2.5 mol/kg EDTA to soil as compared to the control, respectively. The concentrations of As, Cd and Pb in shoots were remarkably increased by the addition of 2.5 mmol/kg AA and CA, 5.0 mmol/kg EDTA, and 4.0 g/kg sepiolite as compared to the control. The accumulations of As and Cd were also significantly enhanced in the above condition, while the shoot Pb accumulation was noticeably enhanced by amending with 4.0 g/kg sepiolite and 8.0 g/kg phosphogysum, respectively. The results suggested that AA, CA and sepiolite could be used as optimum soil amendments for giant reed remediation system.

Effects of peat and weathered coal on the growth of Pinus sylvestrisvar. mongolica seedlings on aeolian sandy soil

The experiment was conducted at the Ganqika Sandy Land Ecological Station in Ke抏rqinzuoyihouqi County, Inner Mongolia, in a growing season from April 28 to October 28, 2001. Peat and weathered coal were added to the aeolian sandy soil in different ratios. Two-year-old Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica seedlings and plastic pots were used in the experiment. The experimental results indicated that: 1) the peat and weathered coal could significantly improve the physical and chemical prop-erties of aeolian sandy soil, and thus promoted the growth of seedlings; 2) the effect of peat on seedling growth, including height, base diameter, root length and biomass, presented an order of 8%>10%>5%>2%>0 in terms of peat contents, and the effect of weathered coal on seedling growth presented an order of 5%>8%>10%>2%>0 in terms of weathered coal contents for height and basal diameter, 5%>8%>2% >10%>0 for root length, and 5%>2%>8% >10%>0 for biomass; 3) the effects of peat were generally greater than that of weathered coal. Meanwhile, 8% peat was the best treatment to promote the growth of P. sylvestris var. mongolica seedlings.

Effects of Biochar on Tobacco-planting Soil Improvement and Tobacco Quality in Mudanjiang Area

This study was conducted to study the feasibility of biochar in soil im- provement and tobacco quality. The black soil in NinganCountry of Mudanjiang was used as the material in this study, and the effects of biochar on tobacco-planting soil C/N, soil microorganisms, the development of tobacco, and chemical compo- nents and neutral aroma components in flue-cured tobacco werestudied. The results showed that the application of biochar at a rate of 1 800 kg/hm2 could increase soil C/N by 31.79%, and the quantity of actinomycetes in the soil was 3.8 times as much as that in control. The growth wasobviously better after biochar application, plant height and effective leaf number were significantly higher than those ofcontrol, but total sugar and nicotine were not significantly different. The application of biochar at a rate of 1 200 kg/hm2 increased the potassium content by 11%, the application of biochar at a rate of 2 400 kg/hm2 improved total sugar content by 5.40%, and the application of biochar at a rate of 1 800 kg/hm2 made the tobacco solanone content 1.97 times as that of control. Comprehensive studies showed that the application of biochar 1 200-1 800 kg/hm2 could improvesoilenvironment, and promote tobacco growth and quality.

Transformation and assessment of Chinese pine pure plantations for soil and water conservation in western Liaoning Province,P. R. China

Western Liaoning Province is characterized by huge areas of lowly-efficient Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.) pure plantations. How to transform these plantations has become an increasingly significant management problem. In this study, the authors summarized the approaches, which are based on close-to-nature silvicultural system, to transform the pure pine plantations. Native broadleaved trees were planted in three methods: 1) after strip clearcutting, 2) after patch clearcutting; 3) on the open forestland and the forest edge. The transformation targets and the selection of tree species were expatiated in this paper. The key techniques and their application conditions for each method were analyzed and discussed. Through investigation and contrastive analysis, the assessment was made to the stands transformed by strip method. Results showed that the mixed stands at 16 years after transformation had an obvious layered structure and the species richness of understorey vegetation increased by 23.5%–52.9%. Soil enzyme activities of urease, phosphatase and sucrase increased by 6%–142%, 46%–99% and 31%–200%, respetively. Moreover, the transformed stands could effectively control the occurrence of pine caterpillars in plantations. Consequently the transformations enhanced the function of soil and water conservation. Keywords Pinus tabulaeformis - Monoculture - Transformation - Principles and methods - Assessment CLC number S791.254 - S727.22 Document code A Foundation item: This research was supported by grants from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX3-SW-418), National Natural Science Foundation of China (30100144), and National Key Technologies R & D Program of China (96-007-01-06).Biography: ZENG De-hui (1965-), male, Ph.D. professor in the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. ChinaResponsible editor: Zhu Hong

Effects of Soil Amendment on Growth,Yield and Output of Flue-cured Tobacco in South Anhui Province

[Objective] The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil amend- ment composed of biochar and inorganic mineral material on growth and develop- ment, yield and output value of flue-cured tobacco in South Anhui Province. [Method] A field plot experiment was conducted. The agronomic traits, yield and output value, as well as appearance quality and flavor of flue-cured tobacco were evaluated. [Re- suit] The soil amendments composed of biochars and inorganic mineral materials could significantly increase plant height, stem diameter, leaf size, yield and output of flue-cured tobacco, as well as proportion of first-grade tobacco leaves at the middle and late growth period. The yield in the X3 treatment group （70% T20 ＋ 30% ZC） was highest, and it was higher than that in the control group by 398 kg/hm2. Com- pared with that in the control group, the output of flue-cured tobacco in the X3 treatment group was increased by 10 290 yuan/hm2. In terms of appearance quality and flavor, the flue-cured tobacco leaves in the soil amendment treatment groups were all better than those in the control group. [Conclusion] The application of soil amendment composed of biochar and inorganic mineral material is an effective mea- sure to improve tobacco-growing soil, promote tobacco growth and development, im- prove tobacco yield and output and improve tobacco leaf quality in South Anhui re- gion.

Summary and Improvement Measures for Soil Compaction Caused by Machinery

As agricultural mechanization is becoming more and more popular, soil compaction, on basis of agricultural machinery, has become a serious problem that can not be ignored. Soil compaction, which is caused by frequent til age and large load in the field, may have different effects on various properties of soil. Soil com-paction may result in different conditions, such as increased soil density and the mechanical resistance, and decreased soil ventilation and the capacity of water holding and storage, but uptaking capacity of chemical elements is restricted. There-fore, soil compaction has some negative impacts on soil properties, physical y, chemical y, or biological y, as wel as plant growth. This research analyzed the cause and the harm of soil compaction in recent years, and some effective mea-sures were proposed to improve soil compaction, in order to reduce the extent of soil compaction caused by agricultural machinery.

论改革开放进程中农地政策的演变

党的十一届三中全会以来的农地政策对促进农业发展、农民增收、农村稳定起了基石的作用。文章认为,现行的农地政策是农村经济体制改革创新的主要成果,改革开放以来农村发展的实践充分证明,这一政策有利于推动农村生产力发展。在社会主义初级阶段的中国,基本国情决定着农地政策的导向及成本,不仅具有经济性,还包括社会性、政治性、生态性和人本性。但随着工业化、城市化、市场化、信息化的推进,随着现代农业的发展,现行的农地政策也要与时俱进、不断完善。

Remediation of in-situ Leach Mining Contaminated Soil by Amendment-plant Synergism

This study aimed to remediate in-situ leach mining contaminated soil by amendment-plant synergism. The results showed that plant species exhibited ex-tremely significant effects on the concentration of nitrate nitrogen; to be specific, the concentration of nitrate nitrogen in soil planted with wheat was reduced from 692.19 mg/kg to lower than 100 mg/kg; when the mass ratio of amendment to soil reached 3：50 and the amendment particle size was 1-2 mm, the concentration of nitrate ni-trogen in soil planted with wheat was reduced to 43 mg/kg. The amendment type exhibited extremely significant effects on the concentration of ammonium nitrogen; to be specific, when the mass ratio of amendment to soil reached 10：50, the concen-tration of ammonium nitrogen in soil added with 2-3 mm zeolite was reduced from 23 593.75 to 3 300 mg/kg on day 15. Amendments and plants mainly exhibited desorption performance for sulfate radical in soil, and the amendment type extreme-ly significantly affected the concentration of sulfate radical; to be specific, the con-centration of sulfate radical in soil added with limestone increased from 370 mg/kg to 900 mg/kg on day 7.

Construction Technique Analysis and Improvement for Rammed Earth Wall of Rural Houses in Hanzhong

Rammed earth wall technique is one of the local widespread traditional construction methods, and it has superior physical property and ecological protection characteristic. When contemporary raw-soil building is replaced by industry building, the hometown building culture is perishing gradually. In order to inherit and develop the Hanzhong local building, rammed earth wall in Taiyangling and Cangshe hometown is investigated, and the characteristics and construction techniques of the local rammed earth wall are concluded. According to the construction problems, the improvement suggestions are put forward, which establishes the foundation to investigate rammed earth wall further, and guide Rural House construction.

Effects of a Complex Amendment on the Quality of Cucumber Fruit under Cd Contamination Stress

Pot experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of a complex amendment on the soil organic matter content, pH, microbial quantity, Cd uptake and nutritional quality of the fruit of cucumber （Cucumis sativus L.） planted in two levels （CdCl2·2.5H2O mg/kg and 4 mg/kg） of Cd-contaminated soil in which different concentrations of complex amendments （0, 600, 900, 1 200 mg/kg） were added. The results showed that when applying 1 200 mg/kg amendment, the organic mat-ter content, bacterial number and total microorganism amounts in 2 and 4 mg/kg Cd-contaminated soil increased by 23.17% and 32.89%, 87.61% and 96.02%, 59.95% and 55.81%, respectively. When 900 mg/kg amendment was applied, the fungi number in 2 and 4 mg/kg Cd-contaminated soil reached the maximum, in-creasing by 137.50% and 106.72% respectively. However, applying the amendment had no significant effect on the pH of soil. The security and nutritional quality of cu-cumber fruits were obviously improved comparing with control. The Cd content in cucumber fruits decreased by 31.40% and 24.35%, respectively, in 2 and 4 mg/kg Cd-contaminated soil. Furthermore, Vc, soluble sugar and soluble fixation content in cucumber fruits of 2 and 4 mg/kg Cd-contaminated soil went up by 25.00% and 91.42%, 37.03% and 27.06%, 14.29% and 58.80%, respectively. lt was indicated that the complex amendment can obviously improve the quality of cucumber fruit and thus can be used in the in situ_repair of Cd-contaminated soil.

“土地”只能紧缩为“地”吗?

金有景同志在《“土”与“地”》一文(见《汉语学习》1989年第5期)中说,《灵山城乡惜土为金》这标题不如改为《灵山城乡惜地如金》好。这意见我以为是对的,因为如作者指出的,“惜土如金”的“土”可能被误解为“挥金如土”的“土”和“一担土”的“土”。 但作者在文章开头说:“如果出于实际需要想把‘土地’加以紧缩,那只能紧缩为‘地’,不能紧缩为‘土’。”这话就不够全面了。举一个大家都熟悉的例子:“土地改革”这个短语就可以紧缩为“土改”,岂不是“土地”紧缩为“土”的现成例子吗?所以,“只能”“不能”的措词显然是有片面性的。

档案维护公理 侵权人白费心机

档案维护公理侵权人白费心机剑阁县普安镇江东村二组社员王在浩，早在土地改革前就曾接受过王兆熊送的一间房子，该房产权在“土改”时就填入了他的《土地房产所有权证》。这本应受到法律保护，是世人皆知的常识。４０年过去了。１９８９年底。人们意想不到，半路上杀出个...

不可乱用简略语

简称,是指较复杂名称的简化形式,如中国共产党简称“中共”,消费者协会简称“消协”,彩色电视机简称“彩电”;略语是由词组紧缩而成的合成词,如土地改革紧缩成“土改”,扫除文盲紧缩成“扫盲”,抗击日本侵略者紧缩成“抗日”.

Properties of Basic Soils in Different Types and Improvements and Uses in Burundi

SoiI in Africa is one of the most infertiIe soiIs on the earth. With soiIs in Burundi as study objects, the soiI-forming conditions, the properties of basic soiI types, and soiI improvement were discussed, which provides a reference for the decision maker and the rational deveIopment and utiIization of soiI in Burundi.