敦化岗子至宁安复兴楼遗址遗迹的调查与思考

2016年4月,在吉林省敦化市官地镇首次发现岗子遗址以来,先后在地表采集到石刀、石斧、石锄、石镞、石网坠等石器,陶豆、陶罐、陶甑、陶弹丸、陶纺轮等陶器,玉璧、五铢钱、青铜车軎,铁钁、铁刀、铁镞、铁车輨等铁器,累计多达上千件。之后,又在岗子、凤凰店至黑龙江省宁安市复兴楼和东山头等地发现诸多“土龙”等遗迹,其分布有序,较有规律;在这些“石格子堆”中发现有土石坑,还采集到小型两面器和用黑曜岩打制的石叶石核、刮削器、石片等。这些“土龙”疑为挹娄和靺鞨白山部故地遗迹,当属“凿穴以居”之所。而岗子一带的山城,或与大祚荣“据东牟山,筑城以居之”“阻奥娄河,树壁自固”的“旧国”有关。

Effects of Boron, Zinc, and Iron on the Gentiopicroside Content and Yield of Gentian

A field experiment of 2-year-old gentian （Gentiana manshurica Kitag.） with application of boron （B）, zinc （Zn）, and iron （Fe） in Taikang County, Heilongjiang Province, was conducted to study the effects of the three microelements on gentiopicroside content in the roots of gentian, uptake of these elements, and root dry weight as well as the ratio of root dry weight to fresh weight. Zinc sulfate, ferrous sulfate, and borax were split sprinkled on 2-year-old gentian on June 26, July 18, and August 25, 2002, with sprinkling water taken as a control. Compared with the control, applying B significantly increased （P 〈 0.05） the gentiopicroside content by 7.9%, and there was a highly significant increase of 22.4% （P 〈 0.01） in the root dry weight. Meanwhile, B content in the shoots of gentian gradually increased from the vegetative to the harvesting period, while Fe decreased at first and then increased. Fc treatment increased the gentiopicroside content only by 4.0% and the content was slightly decreased by the Zn treatment （3.1%） as compared to the control. The three microelements had different effects on the gentiopicroside content and appropriate microelement application could increase active ingredient content of gentian.

Effect of Reclamation on Soil Environment in Sanjiang Plain

Soil environment in Sanjiang Plain has changed greatly because of the reclamation on a large scale.The physical and chemical properties of soil have changed, and soil erosion, soil saline-alkalization and soil pollution occurred in some areas. These problems have obstructed the sustainable development of agriculture. For the sustainable use of soils in Sanjiang Plain, in this paper we raise some suggestions and countermeasures which might be references for experts and departments concerned.

Changes of Soil Labile Organic Carbon in Different Land Uses in Sanjiang Plain, Heilongjiang Province

In the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China,the natural wetland is undergoing a rapid conversion into agricultural land,which has resulted in drastic ecological changes in the region. To investigate the effects of different land uses on soil labile organic carbon,soils of Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland,Carex lasiocarpa wetland,dry farmland,paddy field,forest land and abandoned cultivated land were collected for measuring the contents of soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC),dissolved organic carbon (DOC),readily oxidizable carbon (ROC) and carbohydrate carbon (CHC). The results show that soil organic carbon contents follow the order: Carex lasiocarpa wetland>Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland>forest land>paddy field>dry farmland. The contents of MBC and DOC in Calamagrostis angustifolia and Carex lasiocarpa wetlands are significantly higher than those in other land use types. The contents of CHC and ROC are the highest in Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland and the lowest in dry farmland. The contents of all the labile organic carbon increase along with the years of abandonment of cultivated land. The ratios of MBC,DOC and ROC to SOC also follow the order: Carex lasiocarpa wetland>Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland>forest land>paddy field>dry farmland,while the ratio of CHC to SOC is paddy field>forest field>Carex lasiocarpa wetland>Carex lasiocarpa wetland>dry farmland. When natural wetlands were cultivated,the activity of soil organic carbon tends to reduce in some extent due to the disappearance of heterotrophic environment and the reduction of vegetation residue. Thus,the abandonment of cultivated land is an effective way for restoring soil organic carbon.

Sedimentary environment of Late Carboniferous Tangjiatun Formation in Acheng of Heilongjiang

According to the lithological assemblages and elemental geochemistry of the measured profile,the authors studied the sedimentary and tectonic environment of the Late Carboniferous Tangjiatun Formation in Acheng. The results show that the trace elements of mudstone samples from Tangjiatun Formation have the characteristics of high Th,V and Cu,but low Ba,Nb and Sr. The rare earth elements are characterized by significantly light and heavy rare earth elements differentiation,relative enrichment of light rare earth elements,and a negative anomaly of δEu. The Tangjiatun Formation belongs to a marine and delta sedimentary environment,and its tectonic setting is considered as a continental island arc environment.

Application of geophysical-geochemical method in verification of stream sediment anomaly in Baoxinggou area of Heilongjiang

Baoxinggou area is located in northern Daxing'anling. In this area,comprehensive use of geophysical and geochemical exploration methods plays an important role in the prospecting,and has yielded some application results so far. Based on the 1 /100 000 stream sediment anomaly survey,the methods of 1 /20 000 soil geochemical measurement,trenching engineering on the earth's surface and 1 /10 000 IP intermediate gradient survey were all used to verify and decompose drainage anomalies,as well as to find and locate ore bodies. In this way,an effective,economical and quick prospecting method was concluded,which focuses on the middle and lower mountain forest swamp landscape in the northern part of Daxing'anling,and provides reference for the prospecting in the area.

民国时期边地傣族土司的国家认同——《建设腾龙边区各土司地意见书》概说

民国时期,从刀安仁呈文到《建设腾龙边区各土司地意见书》,腾龙边区傣族土司多次提出边地建设计划,力图提高边疆在国家政治、经济、军事和国防中的地位,借以向中央及云南省政府表示归附与忠心,充分反映出腾龙边区傣族上层国家认同意识的加强与发展。而《建设腾龙边区各土司地意见书》是由时任土司代办、"国大代表"制定的边疆开发方案,其最终目的是在改革之下保留土司制度,立意并不高明,但书中的建设主张,仍多洞悉边情、娴熟于边疆治理的务实之论。

Biotic and abiotic factors determine species diversity-productivity relationships in mountain meadows

Aims Species diversity–productivity relationships in natural ecosystems have been well documented in the literature.However,biotic and abiotic factors that determine their relationships are still poorly understood,especially under future climate change scenarios.Methods Randomized block factorial experiments were performed in three meadows along an elevational gradient on Yulong Mountain,China,where open-top chambers and urea fertilizer manipulations were used to simulate warming and nitrogen addition,respectively.Besides species diversity,we measured functional diversity based on five traits:plant height,specific leaf area and leaf carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus contents.Several abiotic factors relating to climate(air temperature and precipitation)and soil chemistry(pH,organic carbon concentration,total nitrogen concentration and phosphorus concentration)were also measured.Generalized linear mixed-effect models were used to investigate the responses of species diversity and productivity to elevation,warming,nitrogen addition and their interactions.The effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the direction and magnitude of their relationship were also assessed.Important Findings Species diversity decreased with increasing elevation and declined under warming at mid-elevation,while productivity decreased with increasing elevation.Functional richness,maximum air temperature,soil pH and their interactions showed strong but negative influences on the species diversity–productivity relationship;the relationship shifted from positive to neutral and then to slightly negative as these sources of variation increased.Our study highlights the negative effects of short-term warming on species diversity and emphasizes the importance of both biotic and abiotic drivers of species diversity–productivity relationships in mountain meadow communities.

Soil Respiration in a Subtropical Mangrove Wetland in the Jiulong River Estuary, China

The diurnal and seasonal variations of soil respiration （SR） were studied at a subtropical mangrove wetland in the Jiulong River Estuary from May 2010 to April 2011. SR rates were measured continuously from 08：00 to 06：00 local time （24-h time system） on July 8-9 and October 3-4, 2010; and January 15-16 and April 11-12, 2011. Similar patterns in the diurnal variation of SR were observed on October 2-3 and April 11-12, with the maximum values at 14：00 and the minimum at 00：00. However, the diurnal dynamics of SR on July 8-9, 2010 and January 15-16, 2011 showed different patterns, with the maximum values at 08：00-10：00 on above sampling dates and the minimum at 22：00 on July 8 and at 04：00 on January 16. The daily mean values of SR approximated to the values measured at 08：00. SR fluctuated with distinct seasonal patterns. The seasonal variation was characterized by a mono-peak pattern, with the highest rate （6.18 ~mol CO2 m-2 s-1） in July and the lowest rate （0.36 ~tmol CO2 m-2 s-1） in December. The results showed that the variation of SR in mangrove wetland was mainly controlled by soil temperature, and there was no significant correlation between SR and soil water content. It also implied that the model of SR in mangrove wetland should not only consider the effect of soil temperature, but also incorporate other factors, such as water level, precipitation, microbial activity and photosynthesis, which also could affect SR.