鲁迅笔下的助词“的”

鲁迅不仅是伟大的文学家,而且是出色的翻译家和语言学家。他在翻译过程中,大胆吸收具有丰富形态变化的印欧语系的某些词法与句法,尤其是借鉴印欧语系通过词尾变化显示词类与句法功能的特点,创造性地采用"底的"、"地的"、"的地"、"底地"等复合助词。尽管有些助词由于其书面形式与口语不一致而没能通行开来,但鲁迅这种大胆吸收外来文化与力图丰富与发展汉语语法的胆识与魄力是值得肯定与赞扬的。此外,对助词"的"的频用、叠用,以及将"的"字用于数量词之后和"的"字与中心语组合等等,无疑都显示了鲁迅语言的独特风味。

结构助词“的”与“地”的分合问题

结构助词"的"与"地"可以统一写作"的",因为:(1)二者在句法和语义上具有同一性;(2)二者的划分是人为的,而且一直有混用现象;统一写作"的"在语境中不会出现歧义,不会影响阅读和理解速度;(3)有方言和历史的印证;(4)结构助词"的"、"地"与标记所释外语单词的词性时所用的"的外"、"地外"不是一回事,后者用法不能进入汉语结构系统。

The Study on Tourist Destination Tourism Image Perception and Evaluation in Xi'an City

[Objective] The aim was to explore the tourist destination image measurement method, and have an empirical study on Xi＇an City. [Method] With combination of non-structural and structured approach to design questionnaires, tourism image of Xi＇an was explored using the SPSS software from both the qualitative and quantitative analyses. [Result] Xi＇an tourism images serve a heritage historical monuments atmosphere with the Terracotta Warriors, City Wall, Big Wild Goose Pagoda,Huaqing Hot Springs, presenting a positive feeling among tourists in general. In the dissemination of travel, tourism infrastructure construction, tourism transportation,travel services have negative effects on the image of Xi＇an tourism. [Conclusion]The evaluation on the tourism resources is highly spoken of by tourists than the scenic spot, indicating that despite high visibility of tourism resources in Xi＇an, it has not formed strong core competitiveness and a complete tourism industrial chain. It is necessary to take the right marketing strategies to enhance tourist familiarity to Xi＇an. Tourists demands, therefore, should be well considered in developing Xi＇an scenic spots and new tourism products and projects be focused on to improve tourists＇ satisfaction.

Combined model of trip mode and destination

This paper analyzes the characteristics of the destination distribution of trips and proposes a stratified sampling strategy for travel mode choice.The stratified sampling strategy can reduce the size of the alternative set;thus,the computation burden of simulation is decreased.Using the stratified sampling strategy,a combined choice model of the trip mode and destination is developed based on the Bayesian theory.Simulations are carried out to verify the proposed model.The results show that the combined choice model of the trip mode and destination can efficiently simulate travelers＇ choice behaviors.Furthermore,the forecasting accuracy of the combined choice model is higher than the one of the gravity model.Therefore,the proposed model is a powerful tool with which to analyze travelers＇ behaviors in selecting the trip mode.

从编校视角辨析“的、地、得”的用法

"的、地、得"在文稿中出现的频率很高,但许多人尚不能完全准确地使用它们。究其原因,主要是对"的、地、得"的词性不清楚、语法特点不熟悉和用法缺乏了解。因此,作者和编辑必须高度重视用词的规范性,加强汉语语法学习,以避免误用。

也议“的”、“地”、“得”的分合——从电视媒体和外国学习者的角度

本文通过随机的方式,对电视字幕中"的"、"地"、"得"的使用情况进行了考察,发现字幕中"的"、"地"、"得"混用情况非常严重。文章还考察了外国学习者"的"、"地"、"得"的使用情况,指出他们使用这三个词语的时候,混用情况也很严重。有鉴于此,作者建议"的"、"地"、"得"应该合并为一个,没有必要区分为三个。

Application of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System in Land Use and Land Cover Change

The integration and application of remote sensing （RS） and geographic in-formation system （GIS） in the study of the Land Use and Land Cover Change （LUCC） were summarized, as wel as researches on the monitoring dynamic changes in LUCC, driving force and application examples of the integration and the application of RS and GIS in simulation research. The methods and technical ap-proaches of RS and GIS in LUCC research were discussed. Views on the existing problems of the integration and the application of RS and GIS were put forward, and the future developing direction of LUCC technology was forecasted.

场离子显微镜在析出强化微合金钢中的应用

将实验V-Nb-Mo微合金钢在1200℃固溶处理,在500℃回火不同时间,用场离子显微镜(FIM)研究实验钢中碳化物的析出过程。结果表明:回火0.5 h的样品中,碳化物处于形核长大时期,与基体的{110}呈共格关系;随着回火时间的延长,碳化物形成独立的晶体结构,与基体{110}之间呈半共格关系;回火100 h后,碳化物粗化长大,与基体呈非共格关系;形状系数随着回火时间的延长先变大再变小,析出相尺寸从1.6 nm逐渐增大至15 nm。500℃回火30 h的实验钢力学性能最佳,表明碳化物的析出强化效果最明显,相应的碳化物尺寸约为4 nm。

Effects of Topography and Land Use Change on Gully Development in Typical Mollisol Region of Northeast China

Due to high intensity agricultural exploitation since the middle of the 20 th century, farmland gullies have become a pervasive form of water erosion in Northeast China. Yet few researches are concentrated on how topography and land use affect long-term gully development in this region. In this study, gully distribution in a village with an area of 24.2 km^2 in the central Mollisols area of Northeast China in different times were compared by Aerial photography(1968), Quickbird image(2009) and field survey, and factors affecting gully development including land use and topography were analyzed. The results showed that the total gully number decreased from 104 to 69, while occupying area rose from 34.8 ha to 78.4 ha from 1968 to 2009. Fundamental gully distribution had been formed by 1968 as most of 2009′s gullies were evolved from 1968′s gullies′ merge and width expansion process, and new gullies those initiated after 1968 occupied only 7% of total gully area in 2009. Gully area increasing ratio in grassland was the highest and that in forestland was the lowest. The threshold catchment area between simple and complex gully development was around 15 ha to 25 ha. This threshold value sets apart catchment areas that will develop simple or complex gullies in areas with similar environmental conditions. Gully control measurements were urgent because if appropriate gully control implements would not be applied, present gully erosion crisis could be doubled within 50 years.

Changes of hydrochemical composition and heavy metals concentration in shallow groundwater from karst hilly areas in Guiyang region,China

The quality changes of shallow groundwater from karst hilly areas in Guiyang region of China impacted by the urbanization were investigated. The results show that the major ions in shallow groundwater from the karst hilly areas are mainly composed of HCO3^-, SO4^2-, Ca^2＋ and Mg^2＋, and the concentrations scopes of NO3^-, Cl^-, K^＋ and Na^＋ of the groundwater in agricultural, residential and industrial areas are 4.5-9.6, 2.8-7.1, 3.9-6.3 and 2.5-4.9 times higher than those in the forest areas, respectively. The concentrations of As, Pb and Cd of shallow groundwater in the industrial areas are also significantly enhanced, followed by those in the residential areas and the agricultural areas. The concentrations of NO3^-, SO4^2- , As, Pb and Cd of the groundwater in the industrial areas and those of NO3^- , SO4^2-, As and Cd of shallow groundwater in the residential areas reach grade Ⅲ of the Groundwater Quality Standard of China （GB/T 14848-93）, while the concentration of NO3^- in the groundwater from the industrial areas exceeds grade V. With the process of urbanization, NO3^- is the key factor to influence the groundwater quality in karst hilly areas, followed by SO4^2-, As, Pb and Cd.

Simulation and Analysis of Fiber Motion in Condensing Zone of Compact Spinning with Lattice Apron

To get fiber motion in condensing zone of compact spinning,velocity of this area is achieved by simulation,and then a bead-elastic rod fiber model is established.Based on simulation and dynamic analysis on this zone,governing equations are constructed and Runge-Kutta approach is used.Lastly,trajectories of fibers are calculated by specially designed Matlab procedure according to the principles mentioned above.Results show that fiber motions at different initial positions are different;X-axis velocity component makes fibers gathering on sides of suction slot;Y-axis airflow gets fibers gradually close and then stick to the surface of lattice apron.Fiber motions also reflect that the compact spinning process in condensing zone can be divided into three parts:fast convergence zone,adjustment convergence zone,and steady convergence zone.

A CADASTRAL SPATIAL DATA STORAGE STRUCTURE BASED ON RELATIONAL DATABASE

This paper presents a cadastral spatial data storage structure based on relational database,the method and the procedure to realize it.The paper consists of three parts.In the first part,some existing problems in some developed cadastral management systems are discussed.These problems are the following four.1) The security of cadastral spatial data is difficult to be assured.2) It is difficult to varify cadastral data and the integrality of cadastral data is difficult to be kept.3) To transmit and share cadastral data is difficult.4) The efficiency of data access is low.In the second part,the feasibility of using relational database to store spatial data is analyzed and a new cadastral spatial data storage structure is presented.At the same time,the related table structures and field descriptions are given,and then the merits and demerits of this storage structure are analyzed in detail.In the last part,through a real example,the detailed methods to make the new storage structure a reality are given.Moreover,some involving key techniques of the new storage structure are discussed.These techniques are:1) the application of database transaction,2) the application of database trigger,3) and the application of secure recovery of database.

不同助排方式改善蒸汽吞吐效果实验及数值模拟

由于稠油油藏的蒸汽吞吐开发属于降压式衰竭开采,导致吞吐后期油藏能量不足,蒸汽超覆严重,垂向扫油系数低,开采效果变差。注蒸汽的同时伴注一定量的气体及化学剂辅助蒸汽吞吐可改善流度比,有效改善稠油油藏的开发效果。利用室内单管实验研究了不同助排方式对蒸汽吞吐效果的影响,实验结果表明,与无助排相比,烟道气泡沫助排驱油效率可提高19%。在此基础上,利用数值模拟方法对比多种助排方式对蒸汽吞吐效果的影响,其结果与物理模拟实验结果吻合。综合多方面因素,烟道气泡沫助排效果最佳,其次为氮气泡沫助排,尤其是当地层的非均质性差以及原油粘度较高时,烟道气泡沫辅助蒸汽吞吐的开发效果更为明显。

CENOZOIC VOLCANISM AND GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES IN NORTHEAST CHINA

This paper is concentrated on Cenozoic volcanism and geothermal resources in Northeast China. There are a lot of Cenozoic volcanoes, a large area of volcanic rocks, a large number of active faults and rich geothermal resources in Northeast China. The time and space characteristics of Cenozoic volcanism and the space distribution characters of hot springs and high geothermal flux regions in Northeast China are described and discussed on the basis of geological, geothermal, drilling and volcanological data. It is revealed that the hot springs and high geothermal flux regions are related to the Cenozoic volcanism, rifting and faulting in Northeast China. It is especially emphasized that the hot springs and high geothermal anomaly areas are controlled by active deep faults. It is proposed that the Cenozoic volcanism regions, rift basins, active fault belts, activated plate suture zones and large earthquake occurrence points are the best areas for prospecting geothermal resources. The geothermal resources in younger volcanic zones are richer than those in older volcanic belts. The hot springs and active or activated faults might be a very good clue for looking for geothermal resources.

RESEARCH ON THE POPULATION CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE LAND RESOURCES IN THE ECONOMIC AREA OF ZHUJIANG DELTA

The authors once made a preliminary research on population carrying capacity of the land in the Economic Area of Zhujiang Delta (EAZD for short) in 1995, and reckoned that the ultimate population in this region will be 23 550 thousand by year of 2000. While the population in being in EAZD was 22.62 million in 1999.This accords with the prefigured result in the rough from the point of view of development. According to the data of plow land resources from the 2000 Statistical Yearbook of EAZD and the study on the population-foodstuff-plow land relationship, this paper calculates the productive potential of plow land and the population carrying capacity of land by year of 2010, and puts forward the countermeasures for improving the population carrying capacity of land in this region.

Effect of Ventilation Strategies on Particle Distribution in a Two-Zone Ventilated Room

A computational fluid dynamic （ CFD ） analysis of air movement and aerosol particle transport in a two-zone ventilated room with an inter-zonal opening is presented to study the impact of ventilation strategies and size of the opening on indoor particle dispersion and concentration distribution. The comparisons of average particle concentrations in both zones between the computations and the experiments from the literature are generally satisfactory and acceptable. The combined effects of sizes of the opening and the inlet and outlet locations （three different strategies） are simulated and discussed. The results show that ventilation strategy and size of the opening influence the particle removal rate in zone 1. The removal rate is decreased when the air supply system is changed from the tap-inlet to the bottom-inlet configuration. The top-inlet system obtains a better particle deposition in zone I than the bottom-inlet configuration. However, the particle concentration at breathing level is lower for bottomsupply system than for top-supply. Decreasing the size of interzonal opening increases the particle deposition rate in zone 1 only for the top.supply system, especially for coarse particles.

GEODESY AND DIGITAL CARTOGRAPHIC SURVEY IN FILDES PENINSULA,REY JORGE ISLAND,ANTARCTICA

The present paper summarizes a joint effort undertaken by the Instituto Geográfico Militar de Chile (IGM) and the Instituto Antártico Chileno (INACH) in order to obtain digital cartography of the Fildes Peninsula, Rey Jorge Island, Antarctica. This peninsula constitutes the prototype project area for the main IGM-INACH project No 153 “Cartographic Survey and Geographic Information System of the South Shetlands Islands” The Digital Cartography was implemented at the 1:5 000 scale, using geodetic GPS control points referenced to ITRF 92 and WGS 84 Data. The UTM Projection was used. All products were produced in compliance with the cartographic standards of the IGM. This cartography was designed in order to satisfy the requirements of a Geographic Information System developed by INACH. This geo-referenced database incorporates a variety of thematic information, enabling it to support scientific investigations, environmental and multi-disciplinary studies, and other applications. As a result of this project the Instituto Geográfico Militar de Chile produced a map at 1:5 000 scale in digital format, and also a 1:10 000 topographic map, in paper format, with two editions: first edition of two charts and a second edition with one chart covering the whole project area. Chile and other countries have a number of important permanent activities in this area. These maps are designed to support several and diverse geo-spatial studies related to these activities.

Two-step method for creating a gastric tube during laparoscopic-thoracoscopic Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy

AIM To introduce a two-step method for creating a gastric tube during laparoscopic-thoracoscopic Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy and assess its clinical application.METHODS One hundred and twenty-two patients with middle or lower esophageal cancer who underwent laparoscopicthoracoscopic Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy at Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute from March 2014 to March 2016 were included in this study,and divided into two groups based on the procedure used for creating a gastric tube. One group used a two-step method for creating a gastric tube,and the other group used the conventional method. The two groups were compared regarding the operating time,surgical complications,and number of stapler cartridges used.RESULTS The mean operating time was significantly shorter in the two-step method group than in the conventional method group [238(179-293) min vs 272(189-347) min,P < 0.01]. No postoperative death occurred in either group. There was no significant difference in the rate of complications [14(21.9%) vs 13(22.4%),P= 0.55] or mean number of stapler cartridges used [5(4-6) vs 5.2(5-6),P = 0.007] between the two groups.CONCLUSION The two-step method for creating a gastric tube during laparoscopic-thoracoscopic Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy has the advantages of simple operation,minimal damage to the tubular stomach,and reduced use of stapler cartridges.

Different techniques for harvesting grafts for living donor liver transplantation: A systematic review and meta-analysis

AIM To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on minimally vs conventional invasive techniques for harvesting grafts for living donor liver transplantation. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched comprehensively for studies comparing MILDH with conventional living donor hepatectomy (CLDH). Intraoperative and postoperative outcomes (operative time, estimated blood loss, postoperative liver function, length of hospital stay, analgesia use, complications, and survival rate) were analyzed in donors and recipients. Articles were included if they: (1) compared the outcomes of MILDH and CLDH; and (2) reported at least some of the above outcomes. RESULTS Of 937 articles identified, 13, containing 1592 patients, met our inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. For donors, operative time [weighted mean difference (WMD) = 20.68, 95% CI: -6.25-47.60, p = 0.13] and blood loss (WMD = -32.61, 95% CI: -80.44-5.21, p = 0.18) were comparable in the two groups. In contrast, analgesia use (WMD = -7.79, 95% CI: -14.06-1.87, p = 0.01), postoperative complications [odds ratio (OR) = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.44-0.89, p = 0.009], and length of hospital stay (WMD): -1.25, 95% CI: -2.35-0.14, p = 0.03) significantly favored MILDH. No differences were observed in recipient outcomes, including postoperative complications (OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.66-1.31, p = 0.68) and survival rate (hr = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.27-3.47, p = 0.95). Funnel plot and statistical methods showed a low probability of publication bias. CONCLUSION MILDH is safe, effective, and feasible for living donor liver resection with fewer donor postoperative complications, reduced length of hospital stay and analgesia requirement than CLDH.

New totally intracorporeal reconstructive approach after robotic total gastrectomy: Technical details and short-term outcomes

To show outcomes of our series of patients that underwent a total gastrectomy with a robotic approach and highlight the technical details of a proposed solution for the reconstruction phase.METHODSData of gastrectomies performed from May 2014 to October 2016, were extracted and analyzed. Basic characteristics of patients, surgical and clinical outcomes were reported. The technique for reconstruction (Parisi Technique) consists on a loop of bowel shifted up antecolic to directly perform the esophago-enteric anastomosis followed by a second loop, measured up to 40 cm starting from the esojejunostomy, fixed to the biliary limb to create an enteroenteric anastomosis. The continuity between the two anastomoses is interrupted just firing a linear stapler, so obtaining the Roux-en-Y by avoiding to interrupt the mesentery.RESULTSFifty-five patients were considered in the present analysis. Estimated blood loss was 126.55 ± 73 mL, no conversions to open surgery occurred, R0 resections were obtained in all cases. Hospital stay was 5 (3-17) d, no anastomotic leakage occurred. Overall, a fast functional recovery was shown with a median of 3 (3-6) d in starting a solid diet.CONCLUSIONRobotic surgery and the adoption of a tailored reconstruction technique have increased the feasibility and safety of a minimally invasive approach for total gastrectomy. The present series of patients shows its implementation in a western center with satisfying short-term outcomes.