“地道”一词的词义研究

现如今对“地道”一词的研究,多为“地道”和“道地”的对比研究,还没有专门对“地道”一词进行研究的文章。本文通过对“地道”一词词义的梳理,从词义引申、构词法、隐喻这三个方面,研究其从名词词义向形容词词义引申的原因,以帮助大家更深入全面的去认识和理解这个词。

论“道地”的意义系统及其与“地道”的同义竞争

在汉语词汇发展史上,“道”和“地”实现了三次复合,形成“修行的境界、方法”“疏通关系、传递信息的中间人”“(某一)区域”三个义项。在“(某一)区域”这一意义基点上引申出“佳好”等义,唐代“道”制对这一过程存在语义影响,但并非直接来源。这一义项此后与逆序形式“地道”构成了同义竞争关系,主要表现在:使用频率上存在古代与现代的差异、使用范围上存在南方与北方的差异。这一语用习惯变化是由“道”“地”的语音变化、“道地”构词理据模糊以及社会制度变革共同导致的。

从“地道”英语到“自然”英语:“超语”视角

本文从全球化背景下的"超语"视角探讨了英语"地道性"的颠覆,以及从"地道"英语到"自然"英语的转变,最后立足"超语"视角,从使用"自然"英语出发,提出了具有一定前瞻意义的能反哺外语教学的启示。

张谷若的翻译观:“地道的译文”——兼评其在张译《德伯家的苔丝》中的体现

“地道的译文”是张谷若先生提出的翻译观。作者对何为“地道的译文”进行了界定。并从“地道的译文”的四个方面即意义的准确性,译文语言的表达力,原文意境的再现以及异归均衡的体现,对张谷若先生译著《德伯家的苔丝》进行了具体分析。

试论张谷若的翻译观——“地道的译文”

简介翻译家张谷若其人,分析他的翻译观———“地道的译文”的产生背景、内涵及其在他的译著中的具体体现。

捷克证券市场中的“地道行为”及其启示

哈佛大学的经济学家Shleifer及其合作者指出,“地道行为”是一个世界范围的普遍现象,而不仅仅存在于发展中国家的股票市场;“地道行为”既可以是违法进行,更多的是利用各种制度缺陷合法地进行。

不同的“地道”

丁丁：东东，你看过《地道战》这部影片吗？

Research progress on the water vapor channel within the Yarlung Zsangbo Grand Canyon, China

The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program tasked a research team with the“Investigation of the water vapor channel of the Yarlung Zsangbo Grand Canyon(INVC)”in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau(TP).This paper summarizes the scientific achievements obtained from the data collected by the INVC observation network and highlights the progress in investigating the development of heavy rainfall events associated with water vapor changes.The rain gauge network of the INVC can represent the impacts of the Yarlung Zsangbo Grand Canyon(YGC)topography on precipitation at the hourly scale.The microphysical characteristics of the precipitation in the YGC are different than those in the lowland area.The GPM-IMERG(Integrated MultisatellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement)satellite precipitation data for the YGC region should be calibrated before they are used.The meridional water vapor flux through the YGC is more important than the zonal flux for the precipitation over the southeastern TP.The decreased precipitation around the YGC region is partly due to the decreased meridional water vapor flux passing through the YGC.High-resolution numerical models can benefit precipitation forecasting in this region by using a combination of specific schemes that capture the valley wind and water vapor flux along the valley floor.

Optimal intensity measures for longitudinal seismic response of tunnels

To study the ground motion intensity measures(IMs)suitable for the design of seismic performance with a focus on longitudinal resistance in tunnel structures,21 different seismic intensity parameters are selected for nonlinear calculation and analysis of tunnel structures,in order to determine the optimal IM for the longitudinal seismic performance of tunnel structures under different site conditions.An improved nonlinear beam-spring model is developed to calculate the longitudinal seismic response of tunnels.The PQ-Fiber model is used to simulate the longitudinal nonlinear behavior of tunnel structures and the tangential interactions between the tunnel and the soil is realized by load in the form of moment.Five different site types are considered and 21 IMs is evaluated against four criteria:effectiveness,practicality,usefulness,and sufficiency.The results indicate that the optimal IMs are significantly influenced by the site conditions.Specifically,sustained maximum velocity(V_(SM))emerges as the optimal IM for circular tunnels in soft soil conditions(CaseⅠsites),peak ground velocity(V PG)is best suited for CaseⅡsites,sustained maximum acceleration(A_(SM))is ideal for both CaseⅢand CaseⅤsites,and peak ground acceleration(A PG)for CaseⅣsites.As site conditions transition from CaseⅠto CaseⅤ,from soft to hard,the applicability of acceleration-type intensity parameters gradually decreases,while the applicability of velocity-type intensity parameters gradually increases.

Acoustic location echo signal extraction of buried non-metallic pipelines based on EMD and wavelet threshold joint denoising

In the acoustic detection process of buried non-metallic pipelines,the echo signal is often interfered by a large amount of noise,which makes it extremely difficult to effectively extract useful signals.An denoising algorithm based on empirical mode decomposition(EMD)and wavelet thresholding was proposed.This method fully considered the nonlinear and non-stationary characteristics of the echo signal,making the denoising effect more significant.Its feasibility and effectiveness were verified through numerical simulation.When the input SNR(SNRin)is between-10 dB and 10 dB,the output SNR(SNRout)of the combined denoising algorithm increases by 12.0%-34.1%compared to the wavelet thresholding method and by 19.60%-56.8%compared to the EMD denoising method.Additionally,the RMSE of the combined denoising algorithm decreases by 18.1%-48.0%compared to the wavelet thresholding method and by 22.1%-48.8%compared to the EMD denoising method.These results indicated that this joint denoising algorithm could not only effectively reduce noise interference,but also significantly improve the positioning accuracy of acoustic detection.The research results could provide technical support for denoising the echo signals of buried non-metallic pipelines,which was conducive to improving the acoustic detection and positioning accuracy of underground non-metallic pipelines.

Imaging simulation and analysis of attitude jitter effect on topographic mapping for lunar orbiter stereo optical cameras

The geometric accuracy of topographic mapping with high-resolution remote sensing images is inevita-bly affected by the orbiter attitude jitter.Therefore,it is necessary to conduct preliminary research on the stereo mapping camera equipped on lunar orbiter before launching.In this work,an imaging simulation method consid-ering the attitude jitter is presented.The impact analysis of different attitude jitter on terrain undulation is conduct-ed by simulating jitter at three attitude angles,respectively.The proposed simulation method is based on the rigor-ous sensor model,using the lunar digital elevation model(DEM)and orthoimage as reference data.The orbit and attitude of the lunar stereo mapping camera are simulated while considering the attitude jitter.Two-dimensional simulated stereo images are generated according to the position and attitude of the orbiter in a given orbit.Experi-mental analyses were conducted by the DEM with the simulated stereo image.The simulation imaging results demonstrate that the proposed method can ensure imaging efficiency without losing the accuracy of topographic mapping.The effect of attitude jitter on the stereo mapping accuracy of the simulated images was analyzed through a DEM comparison.

Support design method for deep soft-rock tunnels in non-hydrostatic high in-situ stress field

Due to the long-term plate tectonic movements in southwestern China,the in-situ stress field in deep formations is complex.When passing through deep soft-rock mass under non-hydrostatic high in-situ stress field,tunnels will suffer serious asymmetric deformation.There is no available support design method for tunnels under such a situation in existing studies to clarify the support time and support stiffness.This study first analyzed the mechanical behavior of tunnels in non-hydrostatic in-situ stress field and derived the theoretical equations of the ground squeezing curve(GSC)and ground loosening curve(GLC).Then,based on the convergence confinement theory,the support design method of deep soft-rock tunnels under non-hydrostatic high in-situ stress field was established considering both squeezing and loosening pressures.In addition,this method can provide the clear support time and support stiffness of the second layer of initial support.The proposed design method was applied to the Wanhe tunnel of the China-Laos railway in China.Monitoring data indicated that the optimal support scheme had a good effect on controlling the tunnel deformation in non-hydrostatic high in-situ stress field.Field applications showed that the secondary lining could be constructed properly.

Prediction of rockburst classification using Random Forest

The method of Random Forest （RF） was used to classify whether rockburst will happen and the intensity of rockburst in the underground rock projects. Some main control factors of rockburst, such as the values of in-situ stresses, uniaxial compressive strength and tensile strength of rock, and the elastic energy index of rock, were selected in the analysis. The traditional indicators were summarized and divided into indexes I and 1I. Random Forest model and criterion were obtained through training 36 sets of rockburst samples which come from underground rock projects in domestic and abroad. Another 10 samples were tested and evaluated with the model. The evaluated results agree well with the practical records. Comparing the results of support vector machine （SVM） method, and artificial neural network （ANN） method with random forest method, the corresponding misjudgment ratios are 10%, 20%, and 0, respectively. The misjudgment ratio using index I is smaller than that using index II. It is suggested that using the index I and RF model can accurately classify rockburst grade.

Interpolation of near offset using surface-related multiples

In this research, we present a seismic trace interpolation method which uses seismic data with surface-related multiples. It is different from conventional seismic data interpolation using information transformation or extrapolation of adjacent channels for reconstruction of missing seismic data. In this method there are two steps, first, we construct pseudo-primaries by cross-correlation of surface multiple data to extract the missing near- offset information in multiples, which are not displayed in the acquired seismic record. Second, we correct the pseudo-primaries by applying a Least-squares Matching Filter （LMF） and RMS amplitude correction method in time and space sliding windows. Then the corrected pseudo-primaries can be used to fill the data gaps. The method is easy to implement, without the need to separate multiples and primaries. It extracts the seismic information contained by multiples for filling missing traces. The method is suitable for seismic data with surfacerelated multiples.

On simulation of precise orbit determination of HY-2 with centimeter precision based on satellite-borne GPS technique

The HY-2 satellite carrying a satellite-borne GPS receiver is the first Chinese radar altimeter satellite, whose radial orbit determination precision must reach the centimeter level. Now HY-2 is in the test phase so that the observations are not openly released. In order to study the precise orbit determination precision and procedure for HY-2 based on the satellite- borne GPS technique, the satellite-borne GPS data are simulated in this paper. The HY-2 satellite-borne GPS antenna can receive at least seven GPS satellites each epoch, which can validate the GPS receiver and antenna design. What＇s more, the precise orbit determination processing flow is given and precise orbit determination experiments are conducted using the HY-2-borne GPS data with both the reduced-dynamic method and the kinematic geometry method. With the 1 and 3 mm phase data random errors, the radial orbit determination precision can achieve the centimeter level using these two methods and the kinematic orbit accuracy is slightly lower than that of the reduced-dynamic orbit. The earth gravity field model is an important factor which seriously affects the precise orbit determination of altimeter satellites. The reduced-dynamic orbit determination experiments are made with different earth gravity field models, such as EIGEN2, EGM96, TEG4, and GEMT3. Using a large number of high precision satellite-bome GPS data, the HY-2 precise orbit determination can reach the centimeter level with commonly used earth gravity field models up to above 50 degrees and orders.

Bioinformatic Analysis of an Aquaporin Gene from Upland Cotton

[Objective] The aim of this study was to identify the roles of an aquaporin gene GhNIP5.1 in upland cotton （Gossypium hirsutum） by bioinformatics method, so as to provide theoretical basis for further research on aquaporins in upland cotton. [Method] In silico molecular cloning was adopted to obtain an ORF sequence of GhNIP5.1 gene, which was then analyzed by the methods of bioinformatics. The coding region of GhNIP5.1 gene was obtained by analyzing the cotton genome se-quence published in NCBI. [Result] This cDNA sequence had a complete open reading frame of 897 bp and encoded 298 amino acid residues, including the con-served domain NPA （Asn-Pro-Ala） of MIP superfamily. The similarities of GhNIP5.1 deduced amino acid sequences from upland cotton with grape and Arabidopsis, were up to 89.3% and 83.2%, respectively. GhNIP5.1 was most similar in homology and 3-D structure of proteins to AtNIP5.1 among the nine members of NIP family in Arabidopsis. The coding region length of GhNIP5.1 gene was 2 067 bp, and it con-tained three introns and four exons. Al the exon-intron junctions of the gene con-tained the consensus splicing site pair GT-AG. [Conclusion] GhNIP5.1 gene probably has similar physiological functions with Arabidopsis AtNIP5.1.

Treatment of Domestic Sewage by Channels Constructed Wetland in New Countryside

[Objection] The aim was to study application of channels constructed wetland in treatment of domestic sewages in new countryside. [Method] Supported by construction of new rural areas project in China, we surveyed on new rural areas in Gannan, Jiangxi Province, summarized source, characteristics and treatment of domestic sewage in countryside, and designed channels constructed wetland for sewage treatment. [Result] The technique is proven effective in sewage treatment. After the technique was conducted for a trial run for four months, removal rates of COD, TP and TN averaged 73.07%, 73.25% and 72.36%, respectively. After contin- uous sampling for six times, effluent COD was analyzed 20-35 mg/L, TP was 0.60- 1.19 mg/L and TN was 6.88-11.21 mg/L, better than that of Standard 1B ruled by Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant. [Conclusion] Thanks for low investment, channels constructed wetland can be built by trans- formation of bottom land, proving a good way for treatment of diffuse pollution source and control of water non-point pollution.

Effect of conceptual fluency on English oral communication

Recent research has found that L2 learners of high grammatical proficiency will not necessarily show concomitant pragmatic skills. On the basis of Danesi＇s Conceptual Fluency theory and actual learners＇ oral abilities, this research conducted two types of tests： a discourse-completion test and a dialogue-interpretation test. The research has found that L2 learners are often influenced by L1 conceptual system, and speeches are not necessarily appropriate and native-like.

从地理角度分析项羽失败的战略原因

项羽作为国君和统帅,在确定战略方针时未能考虑地理因素的重要影响,以致出现了一系列决策失误。例如选择资源匮乏、无险可守的"梁楚九郡"做根据地,建都彭城,而没有占据形势完固、物产丰饶的关中,结果其后方屡次被汉军攻破摧毁。他将主攻方向放在狭窄的豫西通道,无法展开兵力,发挥擅长野战的优势,致使刘邦得以集中人马成功地对其实施阻击。项羽对关东的韩、赵、魏、燕、齐等地区未予足够关注,没能实行有效的控制并征发那里的人力、资源来补充自己。尤其是对号称"东秦"的齐地举措失当,导致上述各地被刘邦轻易占领和利用,使楚汉双方的实力对比发生了逆转,造成了项羽的最后失败。

Distribution characteristics of respiratory aerosols in enclosed environments

This paper studies the spatial concentration distribution and temporal evolution of exhaled and sneezed/coughed droplets within the range of 1.0 to 10.0 μm in an office room with three air distribution methods,including mixing ventilation（MV）,displacement ventilation（DV）,and under-floor air distribution（UFAD）.The simulation results indicate that exhaled droplets with diameters up to 10.0 μm from normal respiration process are uniformly distributed in MV.However,they become trapped at the breathing height by thermal stratifications in DV and UFAD,resulting in a high droplet concentration and an increased exposure risk to other occupants.Sneezed/coughed droplets are more slowly diluted in DV/UFAD than in MV.Low air speed in the breathing zone in DV/UFAD can lead to prolonged human exposure to droplets in the breathing zone.