城乡一体化背景下的“农保”转“城保”——来自江苏省苏州市的个案研究

本文以2009年江苏省苏州市新型农村社会养老保险制度发展现状的调查资料为基础,详细剖析了农村社会养老保险制度(即"农保")向城镇企业职工养老保险制度(即"城保")的转移接轨这一新生事物,并提出了完善农保转城保制度的对策建议。在农保转城保制度的具体实施方面,主要分析了失地农民、农村企业职工和纯农人员这三类人群的转移接轨。针对苏州农保转城保制度实施过程中存在的问题,本文提出了相应的对策建议。

我国城镇职工基本养老保险缴费基数与费率的制度演变及逻辑阐释

新中国成立75年来,中国共产党成功开辟了一条具有中国特色社会主义的“城职保”缴费基数和费率建设改革之路。本文通过全面梳理与分析我国“城职保”缴费基数和费率制度演变过程,并从政府和市场两个维度分析其制度变迁的动因。研究发现,我国“城职保”缴费制度改革经历了初期试点、统一完善、深化改革三个阶段,实现了改革路径、制度架构、缴纳主体及征收主体的创新突破。针对“城职保”缴费制度发展形势,未来改革应加快统一全国缴费基数和费率,优化调整制度参数;明确各级政府和部门的职能边界,健全责任分担机制;加强“城职保”的审计与监督,保障基金安全稳健;适当、适时实施延迟法定退休年龄政策,提升基金可持续性。

城乡居民医疗保险面临的问题及对策思考

城乡居民基本医疗保险是由政府组织、引导、支持的,城乡居民自愿参加,中央、省、市、县四级财政补贴,以保障城乡居民基本医疗需求为主的互助共济制度。近年来,通过大力推广与发展,基本实现了参保对象的全面覆盖以及医疗保险制度的无缝对接,得到了广大城乡居民的衷心拥护;但是,医疗保险制度并非尽善尽美,其中,"城居医保"和"新农合"问题,是不容忽视的基本问题。

城镇居民社会养老保险经办管理机制存在的主要问题及其改善之径

目前,我国城镇居民社会养老保险(简称"城居保")在经办管理环节存在的主要问题是:政府作为单一实施主体,缺乏有效监管;县级政府管理成本高,压力大;基层经办机构力量薄弱,管理专业化水平低;基金统筹层次低,保值增值困难;个人账户管理缺乏规范。要解决这些问题,必须打破政府单一实施主体局面,允许其他机构参与制度实施与监管;完善经办管理体制,改善服务质量;加强对基金的管理,实现基金省级统筹,提高保值增值能力;完善社会化的管理服务;完善信息管理系统建设,加快发展金保工程。

“城居保”基金管理运营探究

为促进"城居保"基金保值增值目标的实现,通过对"城居保"基金管理和运营情况进行分析,发现"城居保"在基金管理和运营上存在着统筹层次低、保值增值困难、管理体制不健全等问题,在此基础上提出了基金运营中应该遵循的原则,进而提出了"城居保"基金进行科学管理和运营的途径包括在基金管理方式上进行创新、提高基金保值增值能力、改进基金管理体制等。

完善政府在“城居保”制度中的监管责任探究

城镇居民社会养老保险制度的实施对于保障城镇非从业居民老有所养发挥了重要的作用,但是政府监管责任的缺位影响了制度的进一步实施。监管责任的缺位主要体现在基金保值增值困难、统筹层次低、监管体制不健全等方面,建议从完善监管体制、建立垂直经办体系等方面着力提高。

我国“城居保”制度中存在的问题及其完善对策探究

我国城镇居民养老保险制度是为解决城镇非从业居民的养老问题而制定和实施的,实施两年多取得了突出成就的同时也暴露出许多问题,本文重点分析了其中的问题并提出了相应的解决策略。

完善我国“城居保”制度中的政府责任探析

完善"城居保"制度相关法律体系;提高基础养老金设置标准,增强制度激励;提高政府财政补贴水平,完善政府间财政转移支付制度;提高基金保值增值能力和统筹层次,完善监管机制。

关于“城职保”基金可持续性的研究

城镇职工基本养老保险制度作为社会保障体系的一部分,关系着每一位退休职工的切身利益,要实现制度的长远发展,“城职保”基金作为制度的基础,其财务的可持续性不可忽视。在如今人口老龄化背景下,我国“城职保”基金收支形势日趋恶化,基金对财政补助的依赖程度也在不断提高,但“城职保”基金的可持续不可能完全依赖政府财政补助,追求基金的自我平衡才是其可持续性的根本所在。

转型时期失地农民养老保险模式的选择

在转型期,随着我国城市化和工业化进程的加快,大量农民因土地被征用,而成为"种田无地、就业无岗、低保无份"的新的城市边缘弱势群体。当农民从土地中转移出来,而相关的社会保障制度和征地补偿制度没有配套的时候,他们的养老保障权益将受到不同程度的侵害,养老不确定因素将随之增加,养老风险日益加剧。如何有效保障失地农民合法的养老保障权益,解决这一特殊人群面临的养老难题成为当务之急。本文从考察失地农民养老保障缺失的现状、原因,进一步比较各种不同的社会保障模式如"城保"、"农保"、"商业保险"的利弊,提出构建我国养老保险模式和相关配套措施的建议。

The Scale of Constructing Mountainous Cities in Yunnan Province based on “Benchmark” Farmlands

In 2011, Yunnan provincial committee and government proposed the strat- egy of constructing mountainous cities in order to protect farmlands and guarantee crop safety, which makes full use of hills and gentle-slopes and transforms land use pattern. However, social and economic development performs unevenly in Yun- nan, supplemented by varied geographical conditions, so that constructing mountain- ous cities should proceed as per local conditions. The research proposed the con- trol of constructing mountainous cities provided crop safety under the principle of farmland protection and measured the quantities of demanded construction lands ac- cording to science of population prediction and ekistics, based on which the control scales of constructing mountainous cities were determined by multiplying basic farm- land coefficient and the area of newly increased construction lands. The research is of significance for guiding the construction of mountainous cities and avoiding the occupation of construction lands on farmlands.

Changes of Urban Wetland Landscape Pattern and Impacts of Urbanization on Wetland in Wuhan City

In this study,remote sensing data of Wuhan City,Hubei Province,China in 1996-2001 were selected to ex-tract wetland landscape information.Several landscape indices were used to evaluate the changes of landscape pattern within the five years,including patch number,patch density,patch fractal dimension,landscape diversity,dominance,evenness,and fragmentation indexes.Then,transformation probabilities of wetland landscapes into non-wetland land-scapes were calculated based on Markov Model,and on these grounds the relationship between changes of wetland landscape pattern and urban construction was analyzed.The results showed that fragmentation degree of all wetland types increased,lake area declined,and dominance of natural wetland decreased.The reasons for these results were mainly because of urban construction.According to the features of abundant wetland in Wuhan City,we suggested that protection of wetland landscape should cooperate with urban construction,which means wetland should become im-portant part of urban landscape.

Urban revitalization in historic urban residential quarter

The traditional urban form in historic Ningbo has undergone many radicaltransformations over the past two decades. The relatively homogeneous traditional fabric of the cityhas been damaged and remodeled following modernized urban models. This paperaims at synthesizingurban renewal and conservation through examining the revitalization of a particular traditionalurban area. The case of the West Yuehu area of Ningbo is selected to show the planning approachesand proposals, constraints and contradictions regarding revitalization under this social transition.The methodology used in the research is divided into two parts: literature review and field study.The theoretical part of the research regarding urban conservation in China is based on literaturereview. The field study is conducted by the authors and groups of students from SoutheastUniversity. The complete methodology attempts to illustrate the dimensions of urban renewal byexamining the processes, conflicts and results of revitalizationof historic urban areas, consideringthe present changing socio-economic context.

Exploration and preservation of Petra

Petra is a famous ancient city in Jordan. It was in ancient times the communication fortress among the Arab countries. Nowadays it is one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world. It was declared a world heritage site by UNESCO （United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization） in 1985. The historical and the cultural values of the city are briefly elaborated. The locality plans to the culture site protections are introduced, especially the restoration of the Great Temple, which gives us an opportunity to comprehend the protection of ancient cities in different countries. The Jordanian government has taken very seriously their commitment to preserving this valuable historical site, which is considered by many Jordanians to be a priceless national treasure. One would assume that a gradual reversal, from neglect to serious efforts of preserving the site and its beauty, would have taken place.

Changing Concepts of City and Urban Planning Practices in Guangzhou(1949–2010): An Approach to Sustainable Urban Development

By focusing on Guangzhou, this paper examines how different concepts of city in terms of urban-rural relationships are shaped in transforming China since 1949, and explores how they influence the way in which urban planning are practiced. In the pre-reform era, the city was defined as a productive space under the system of urban-rural segregation established for securing rapid industrialization. Urban planning was thus only concerned with the development of urban areas. In the 1980 s and 1990 s after the reform, institutional change and economic transformation mobilized the urban-rural linkages. The development of suburban areas was then considered by urban planning, but this consideration was a passive response to urban problems such as population explosion and water resources protection. Since the new millennium, the agenda for sustainable development and problems of uneven urban-rural development have called for the development of urban-rural integration. In this context, the city is conceptualized as a complex of mountain, city, river, farmland and sea, reconstructing the ideology of urban-rural division in defining urban development. Urban planning has therefore sought in an active way to develop a sustainable city embracing rural and natural elements, and to balance economic growth and environmental protection. It is argued that developing the concept of city as a complex of urban and rural elements contributes to the urban planning for sustainable urban development, while this conceptualization relies on the recognition of the integrated urban-rural relationship.

The eco-environmental guarantee for China's urbanization process

Studying the change of resources consumption and eco-environmental carrying capacity are of importance to the sustainable development of urbanization.Based on the China's economic and social statistical data from 1950 to 2006,the ecological footprint,eco-logical footprint intensity,ecological deficit and surplus,and eco-environment quality com-prehensive index are calculated,the correlation between urbanization and eco-environmental change is analyzed and the eco-environmental guarantee for China's urbanization in 2030 is forecasted.The major results could be summarized as follows:(1) there is a positive linear relation between urbanization and ecological footprint,negative linear relation between ur-banization and ecological footprint intensity,ecological deficit and surplus and the negative exponential relation between urbanization and eco-environment quality comprehensive index.(2) By 2030,the urbanization level will reach 61.32%,the ecological deficit will increase to 42.2866×108 hm2 and the eco-environment quality comprehensive index will drop to 0.3016 on the condition that the total quantity ecological footprint achieves 55.9348×108 hm2.(3) Under the existing urban development pattern,the ecological overload will be more serious in the next 24 years.Constructing the reasonable industrial structure and establishing the intensive resources utilization system to alleviate the eco-environmental pressure are the tough challenges in China's urbanization process.

Historical Memory and Cultural Nostalgia of Longtang＇s Rebuilt in Shanghai

Most cities in China have experienced dramatic changes during the systematic progress of modernization and commercialization. Rebuilding residential space into heritage preservation is popular in Chinese urban planning. Yearning for modernity generates a policy of cultural protection which is transformed by the public spaces within which people carry out daily lives. However, heritage preservation in these cities is in a dilemma. On side, with the opening up, Chinese society toward modernization has been accompanied by large-scale urbanization, rapid commercialization and a booming consumerism. The Chinese capital has forced people to face the challenge of urban environment management and adaptation to a new city. The traditional streets in big cities are destroyed first and then rebuilt to turn the capital into an international metropolis. On the other side, heritage protection needs its historical roots as the authentic cultural features. To some extent, the process of urban landscaping stimulates people＇s nostalgia tie. Although it seems to be individual, it is also a link of one＇s historical memory of sentiment with the development of social construction. Hence, collective urban nostalgia that emerged through the rebuilding of heritage in urban China can promote nationalism from the governmental perspective. Further, it can also lead people face the life itself but neglect the social tensions around them. Meanwhile, rebuilding mode of Longtang also elaborates the power structure existing among state, capital, intellectuals.

Research on Thermal Insulation and Energy Saving of External Wall in City High-rise Building of Cold Area

This paper applies the method of numerical simulation and field detection, and studied energy-saving insulation characteristics on the external wails of high-rise buildings in cold area, analyze and recommend the best arrangement of building and the most generous exterior wall insulation system suitable for cold area, and the degree of insulation materials were studied. The results show that： the mode preferred cold area is exterior insulation, insulation material made of extruded polystyrene board, frame structure filling wall preferred ceramsite hollow block.

Revitalizing and Preparing Drainage Operation and Maintenance to Anticipate Climate Change in Semarang Heritage City

Semarang urban coastal areas are experiencing tidal flood. In addition, land subsidence of 5 to 10 centimetres per year is taking place. The climate change phenomenon provokes land areas that are lower than sea water level from time to time. This makes the situation with respect to flooding increasingly risky. Semarang Old City （heritage） as part of principal Semarang area is suffering also from regular flooding and pollution that hamper the revitalisation of the old city. These areas used to be productive lands, but flooding make the existing public infrastructure does no longer function, and residential areas have changed into unhealthy slams. To overcome these problems, the Government of Semarang chooses a polder drainage system to address the flooding in Semarang. In the framework of the cooperation between Indonesia and the Netherlands, these activities consist of research and workshops on Urban Heritage. The scope consists basically of five components： experiences with urban drainage and flood protection in Semarang with a focus on Semarang Old City, field visit to relevant places with respect to urban drainage and flood protection of Semarang Old City, lectures on the relevant aspects of urban drainage and flood protection, exercises to get an insight in the processes that can take place under normal and extreme conditions, formulation of a preliminary plan to improve the situation with respect to urban drainage and flood protection of Semarang Old City. In this paper, the various relevant points are described, such as scenarios analysis as well as the findings and recommendations for improvement of the urban drainage system and flood protection of Semarang Heritage City.

Primary stage of solar energy use in architecture-Shadow control

In architecture and urban design,solar energy plays an important role to save fossil energy and preserve environment.Passive or active use of this energy needs especial consideration in the preliminary stage of design to the probable shadows.This work will answer two questions:1) How is it possible to distinguish shadow need periods during a year in a specific climate-2) How is it possible to produce shadow in hot periods without being deprived of pleasant sunshine in cold periods-In this regard,it will introduce the usage process and opportunities of "shading mask" of Olgyay as an easy and useful graphical method in six steps.At the end,different ways of using this method in design will be discussed.Several research projects that have been done in past 30 years will support the argument as examples of this method.