英国第一个“城市村”的塑造(1884—1914)——基于汤因比馆的社会组织分析

19世纪末,英国严重的阶级分化以及工人“公民”身份的确立使贫民治理不仅是一个社会问题也是一个政治问题。慈善机构作为当时的应对主力军,从乡村获得灵感,希望通过复兴传统乡村共同体的方式解决城市危机,由此催生了第一个“城市村”汤因比馆。它首先在伦敦东区建造了一个空间上的“城市村”,并通过教育和娱乐塑造共同体价值。然而,工业城市与传统乡村截然不同的社会环境决定了“城市村”的理想无法实现,但公民纽带对土地利益纽带的取代使“城市村”逐渐演变为地理上的基于公民服务的现代社区中心。这一进程并不局限于一地,汤因比馆模式还传播到欧美其他国家,从而使其具有了世界意义。可见,乡村在城乡发展中并非完全是一个被动的存在,睦邻慈善组织则是其发挥影响的重要媒介。

基于规划实施评估的“城市型”历史文化名村公共空间营造策略研究

随着城镇化速度的加快,城市边缘区成为城市空间扩张的主要区域,越来越多具有历史价值的村落沦为“城中村”。在城市本位主义思想影响下,原本复杂的城中村问题在加入了历史文化保护的因素后,使得原先作为休憩、交流的公共空间在使用功能和利用特征等方面变得更为复杂。文章以“城市型”历史文化名村为研究对象,基于“实施效果评估-实施过程评估-改善策略”的整体框架,通过整合“建成环境-居民活动-社会经济”的定性综合评价,结合多源数据定量分析,从历史文化传承、生活环境提升、城乡融合发展三个方面探讨了公共空间在城市扩张蔓延和村落历史文化保护双重作用之下的发展策略,延续村落中的历史文化传统,激发公共空间的活力,实现城乡之间的融合共生发展,为“城市型”古村落公共空间营造起到借鉴和启示作用。

城市化进程中的“城中村”改造

城市是经济、政治、科技、文化、教育的中心,城市建设和发展关系到经济社会发展的全局。近年来,我国的城市建设和发展取得了巨大的成就,城市的规模不断扩大,越来越多的郊区农村被纳入城区而成为“城中村”,由此产生了城乡矛盾,尤其是城市建设和发展与“城中村”的之间的矛盾也随之产生,严重阻碍了城市化的进程。因此,要在政府政策保障下对“城中村”进行改造,从而促进城市化的发展。

城市意象与诗意栖居

城市意象所体现的是人与城的关系,它不仅是城市的某种标志性建筑或符号,更应该体现的是人的一种"诗意的栖居"的追求。所以,打破"城市—乡村"的二元结构思维模式,倡导城市意象的营构与体验,或许可成为现代城市摆脱经济效益、技术理性至上的一条自我救赎之道。

Hollow Villages and Rural Restructuring in Major Rural Regions of China: A Case Study of Yucheng City, Shandong Province

The agricultural land resources of China are relatively limited because of its large population.Therefore,balancing the land use for industrialization,urbanization,and food security is a big challenge.In recent years,rural hollowing in China has resulted in numerous of abandoned rural houses,and the areas with abandoned houses need to be restored into agricultural land with effective land consolidation techniques.This study used the method of benefit-cost analysis and the data collected through field surveys conducted in Yucheng City in the northwest of Shandong Province in March 2009,to examine how hollow villages (HVs) to be created and how to solve the problem.The qualitative and quantitative analyses indicate following results.1) The situation of HVs is becoming increasingly severe under rapid industrialization and urbanization in Yucheng City.2) Poor infrastructure in rural areas and incomplete urbanization are the main factors that have led to the rural hollowing in many major rural regions of China.3) In order to resolve the problem caused by HVs and increase agricultural land,reconstructing rural communities in the countryside is necessary.4) A new mechanism in the provision of compensation funds by developed regions to the villages in less-developed regions must be established.

Characterization of Soil Quality Under Vegetable Production Along an Urban-Rural Gradient

Human activity and urbanization result in urban-rural environmental gradients. Understanding effect of the gradients on soil properties is necessary for management of the soils around urban areas. In this study, soil quality of some vegetable fields was characterized along an urban-rural gradient in Shaoxing County, Zhejiang Province. Fifteen soil physical and chemical properties were evaluated by using principal component analysis.Results showed that there was a great variation in the soil quality along the gradient. From rural to urban zones, soil organic matter, water-stable aggregates, cation exchangeable capacity (CEC), total N and P, and available K increased, whereas soil pH value decreased. In addition, Pb, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn and Cr in the soils tended to be accumulated toward the urban zone. Sequential chemical extraction showed that mobility of all the heavy metals in the soils tended to increase from the rural to the urban zones. The variation of soil properties accounted for by the first principal component was significantly explained by the difference in application rates of municipal wastes.

Rural-urban Migration, Rural Household Income and Local Geographical Contexts——A Case of Northwestern Guangxi, China

This paper aims to examine New Economics of Labor Migration (NELM) in the northwestern Guangxi, China and investigate the relationships among rural-urban migration, rural household income and local geographical contexts. Stratified sampling and typical case study were adopted and 236 questionnaires were collected from four vil- lages, Daxin, Lixin, Longhe and Yongchang. We analyzed the rural-urban migration rate, household income and local geographical factors, focusing on the ratio of remittance income to total household income. Data descriptions and sta- tistical methods, such as Pearson Chi-square test, Contingency coefficient, Eta, Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, multiple comparisons (LSD test, Tamhane T2, Dunnett T3 and Dunnet C test) were used. The results are as follows. Rural households’ income is diversified in survey villages so the motivation of rural-urban migration in the study area can be partly explained by NELM. The migration rate of households (the percentage of households with migrants in survey households) in survey villages varies from 50% to 86%, while the proportion of remittance income to house- hold income is in the range of 30% to 80%. In the village of Yongchang, with the least average arable land area per household, the remittance income plays a vital role in household income (80%). And the statistical findings show that the proportion is significantly and negatively correlated with arable land area per household. The conclusion is that di- rect effect of migration, i.e., the contribution of remittance to household income, is negatively correlated with the con- tribution of resources to local income.

On the Process of Peasant Workers' Transformation to Urban Residents

The unique two-stage "Chinese path" of China’s ru-ral-urban migration, which cannot be fully explained by classical theories of economic development, makes us to give peasant workers’ transformation to urban residents a top priority. On the basis of fully explaining peasant workers’ transformation to urban residents, a method for measuring its process has been advanced and then confirmed with the data of March in 2005 from surveys to peasant workers in Wuhan. Finally, the suggestions of acceler-ating peasant workers’ transformation to urban residents to pro-mote the construction of a harmonious society have been drawn from the analysis.

Urbanization effect on precipitation over the Pearl River Delta based on CMORPH data

Based on the satellite data from the Climate Prediction Center morphing(CMORPH) at very high spatial and temporal resolution, the effects of urbanization on precipitation were assessed over the Pearl River Delta(PRD) metropolitan regions of China. CMORPH data well estimates the precipitation features over the PRD. Compared to the surrounding rural areas, the PRD urban areas experience fewer and shorter precipitation events with a lower precipitation frequency(ratio of rainy hours, about 3 days per year less); however, short-duration heavy rain events play a more significant role over the PRD urban areas. Afternoon precipitation is much more pronounced over the PRD urban areas than the surrounding rural areas, which is probably because of the increase in short-duration heavy rain over urban areas.

Analyses on cancer incidence and mortality in Huai’an area,China,from 2009 to 2011

Objective： The aim of the study was to investigate the cancer incidence and mortality in Huai＇an area, China, from 2009 to 2011. Methods： The data about cancer incidence and mortality were provided by Huai＇an Cancer Registry, China. Incidence and mortality rates, and standardized rates were calculated by age, gender, areas （urban and rural areas of Huai＇an） and cancer sites. Results： The crude incidence rate for all cancer sites was 205.60/105 and the standardized incidence rate was 166.22/10. Both the crude and standardized rates were higher in urban area than in rural area for both sexes. The inci- dence rates increased in people aged 40 and over, and the peak ages of incidence were between 70-75 in both males and females. The crude mortality rate for all cancer sites was 153.88/105 and the standardized mortality rate was 122.14/105. Both the crude and standardized rates were similar in urban and rural areas for both men and women. The mortality rates were at low level under the age 50 in both sexes, but increased after the age 50, reaching the peak at the ages of 80-85 in both males and females. The top 10 most common cancer sites in rank were esophagus, stomach, lung, liver, colon-rectum, breast, pancreas, cervix uteri, brain and central nervous system, and leukemia, accounting for 87.56% of all cancers. The top 10 most leading causes of cancer death in order were cancers of esophagus, lung, liver, stomach, colon-rectum, pancreas, brain and central nervous system, leukemia, breast and lymphoma, accounting for 90.53% of all cancer deaths. Conclusion： Cancer is one kind of major diseases threatening people＇s health in Huai＇an area, China. Cancer prevention and control should be enhanced, especially for esophageal cancer.

Stormwater Surface Solution in the Urban Planning

The traditional methods of storm sewers design must be supplemented by a precise and systematic analysis of the consequences of urbanization. This will ensure the reduction of the negative effects of urbanization in the process of stormwater sewer system normal functioning. As the urbanization of rural areas has been in constant progress, there was a need for the development of infrastructure system of urban planning documents that accompany urbanization. Surface storage appears to be one of the solutions that can have positive effects on the consequences of rapid urbanization in terms of preserving water quality of recipients, as well as opportunities to reduce the diameter of drain pipes downstream of surface storage. The necessary investments do not exceed the values of conventional technologies and procedures that are used for this purpose. The restriction of application of these methods is reflected in the limited space, especially in the smaller urban areas, where urbanization was a sudden and uncontrolled process. Future planning documents must contain alternatives like these, while the reservation of required space must be included in the planning documents in which the treatment of further development of the city will be found.

Current Situation of Rural Eco-Tourism Development and Countermeasures

Rural tourism origins in France, its initial development is a spatial selection of holiday in Europe and America, in China, with the continuous economic development, urban construction, accelerating the speed to bring urban environmental issues, gave birth to the countryside in recent years the rise of Eco-tourism Rural Eco-tourism as a new direction of development of tourism in China has great development prospects and the market is developing rapidly, but it is undeniable that our rural Eco-tourism, while the rapid development there are also many problems. In this paper, by analyzing the current development of rural Eco-tourism, Eco-tourism and rural development from abroad classic case, to explore the promotion of Eco-tourism quality of rural suggestions, propose specific solutions.

Environmental Effects on Rural-to-Urban Migration in China

Abstract： Migration process has become increasingly important in recent research on population and the environment. A majority of the existing migration and environment literature has focused on the environmental causes and determinants of migration. With the largest rural-to-urban migration flow in world history, and growing concerns about the environmental problems accompanying its fast economic development, China provides a particularly important case for migration and environment research. This paper reviews major migration theories and recent research on environmental effects on migration, with specific attention to the influences of en- vironmental factors on rural-to-urban labor migration in China. A comprehensive multilevel conceptual framework is developed for studying the environmental causes of rural-to-urban migration in China. The effects of land resources on household labor migration decisions in rural China are explored to illustrate the application of this framework.

Welfare Balance of Different Interest Groups During Rural-urban Land Conversion

Rural-urban land conversion is currently a common social economic phenomenon during the process of economic development and rural urbanization in China. Rural-urban land conversion is positively effective as far as social and economic benefits are concerned (Yang, 2002), but its negative effect is also evident, resulting in such problems as low efficiency of rural land configuration and loss of social welfare. Consequently, farm-ers should also have an equal chance to enjoy the social welfare enhanced by land conversion. Based on the theories of welfare economy, this paper puts forward policy suggestions by discussing the welfare changes of various interest groups, builds the model of welfare distribution, and analyzes the conditions of maximizing social welfare. The absolute and opposite value of social welfare is closely related with the speed of rural-urban land conversion, and governments should give farmers and collectives fair compensa-tion to make up for the utility loss caused by land expropriation, which are conclusions drawn from this paper. This study aims to provide a theoretical basis for regulating targets and evaluation criteria, realizing the mechanism and implementation of public po-lices during rural-urban land conversion.

Costs and Strategies on Urbanization of Chinese Megacities’ Rural Areas Based on a Case Study of Beijing

As urbanization expands＇ into the suburbs of Chinese cities, the conversion of farmers into citizens with urban social protection is becoming an important issue facing Chinese megacities. Taking Beijing as an example, this paper has calculated the one-off urbanization cost of farmers in China and arrived at the results of 500, 000 yuan per person for urbanization of centralized target regions in the suburb and 200, 000 yuan per person for urbanization of scattered target regions in the exurb. This paper considers that a diversified cost sharing mechanism should be put into place for the step-by-step urbanization of farmers. In addition, policy recommendations are proposed regarding the functional transformation of collective economic organizations, eradication of the urban-rural divide, enhancement of land system innovation and policy improvements for urbanization of rural residents.

Surface Trace Gases at a Rural Site between the Megacities of Beijing and Tianjin

The North China Plain(NCP) has recently faced serious air quality problems as a result of enhanced gas pollutant emissions due to the process of urbanization and rapid economic growth.To explore regional air pollution in the NCP,measurements of surface ozone(O3),nitrogen oxides(NOx),and sulfur dioxide(SO2) were carried out from May to November 2013 at a rural site(Xianghe) between the twin megacities of Beijing and Tianjin.The highest hourly ozone average was close to 240 ppbv in May,followed by around 160 ppbv in June and July.High ozone episodes were more notable than in 2005 and were mainly associated with air parcels from the city cluster in the hinterland of the polluted NCP to the southwest of the site.For NOx,an important ozone precursor,the concentrations ranged from several ppbv to nearly 180 ppbv in the summer and over 400 ppbv in the fall.The occurrence of high NOx concentrations under calm conditions indicated that local emissions were dominant in Xianghe.The double-peak diurnal pattern found in NOxconcentrations and NO/NOx ratios was probably shaped by local emissions,photochemical removal,and dilution resulting from diurnal variations of surface wind speed and the boundary layer height.A pronounced SO2 daytime peak was noted and attributed to downward mixing from an SO2-rich layer above,while the SO2-polluted air mass transported from possible emission sources,which differed between the non-heating(September and October) and heating(November) periods,was thought to be responsible for night-time high concentrations.

A Study Into the Causes of the Dispute in China＇s Rural Areas

The process of urbanization and industrialization in China, has been instrumental in depriving villagers of land and their way of life. This has led to a series of conflicts between government and villagers over the land. This issue has become the core of the conflict. The present from-top-to-bottom rural planning does not meet villagers＇ needs. Within the rural area, there are close social and organizational relationships, the villagers strongly demand autonomy. This has led to conflict between the state and villagers rights of autonomy. The conflict is ongoing, it has never stopped. For the purpose of this paper, the rural area of Zhejiang Province was investigated. The method of the empirical study was employed in order to comprehensively analyze the developmental stage of urban-rural relations, planning systems, the conflict process, and difficulties in the process of urbanization. The study discovered that the conflict was led by different value orientations between the two stakeholders--the government and the villagers. This resulted in a series of conflicts over land and natural resources and added to the breakdown of relationships on both sides, this was an external manifestation of value orientation on both sides. In conclusion, the paper recommends conflict resolution proposals and measures to be employed at every stage of urbanization.

On The Rational Dimension of Eco-city Construction

Reasonable ＂eco-city＂in the external between urban and rural areas should make a complete ecological cycle of the system, so that the internal energy efficiency and low pollution, resource use environmentally clean, quiet comfortable life of the people, as well as other elements of the organic： unity of urban greening. So, ＂Eco-City＂, ＂urban ecology＂ are two heterogeneous areas should be treated differently. However, in rural and urban dualistic situation, China advocated ＂ecological city＂ ignored the rural ecological balance, resulting in ＂eco-city＂development directly into＂ urban ecology＂ construction within the city along with the waste of resources, water pollution, serious problems of air pollution, noise pollution, the deep ＂eco-city＂ into representation＂ urban ecology＂, in the standard does not cover up the sound, making the generation between rural and urban＂ material Rift ,＂after all ,can not be filled.

The Thinking about Prompting Gansu＇s New Urbanization

Gansu is occupying the crucial phase of prompting Gansu＇ s new urbanization. The economy continued to develop, the cities＇ function promotes fast, and the obviously superiority of policy superimposition all constitute the support condition of speeding up the new urbanization. Simultaneously, there also has the prominent questions on aspects as low quality of urbanization, the weak supporting ability of industries, ＂the population urbanization＂ falls into the difficult position, the urbanization and the uncoordinated development of agricultural countryside and so on. To speed up the new urbanization, we should handle the relations between speed and quality, cities and countryside, government guidance and participation of society properly. We should start from the most urgent problem, and make the thinking of long-term development clear. Then plan and prompt for it.

The Scramble for LandmSaving the Remains of Rural Space in Switzerland

In 2012 and 2013, the Swiss population voted on two separate yet related issues concerning spatial planning. In 2012 a restriction on second homes was introduced into the Constitution, in 2013 referendum the planning law was revised. Both issues wanted to restrict disproportionate building activities, and were accepted after a heated debate. This outcome mirrors a change in popular attitude towards constructions in the countryside and so-called ＂cold beds＂ （second homes used for a short time only）, but also towards the disfiguration of the （rural） landscape in general. At the same time it revealed two social rifts： between urban populations （that are increasingly migrating towards rural landscapes） and rural regions that want to obtain a similar level of living as the urban majority, and between lowland and mountain regions. The results of the referenda show that the population is very much concerned about the future of our landscape and environment. The paper discusses the two referenda and their implications for Switzerland in general and for regions that are considered marginal. Its focus lies on the political aspects of the two issues, which not only concern marginality but also are a challenge for national cohesion and direct democracy.