The process of endowment insurance system plan as a whole is an important step of old-age insurance system reform in our country. At present, the process of endowment insurance system plan as a whole＇s process etxcou...The process of endowment insurance system plan as a whole is an important step of old-age insurance system reform in our country. At present, the process of endowment insurance system plan as a whole＇s process etxcountered bottlenecks. Come to the conclusion after analysis, the basic old-age insurance system across the country plan as a whole facing same questions, such as the regional income is different, the regional replacement rate of endowment insurance system is different, the ＂fragmentation＂ phenomenon of regional endowment insurance system, impact both fairness and efficiency of the basic endowment insurance system.展开更多
The rural minimum living security system has the function ofguaranteeing the basic right of life, maintaining social stability and promoting social fairness. In the course of practice, the minimum living guarantee sys...The rural minimum living security system has the function ofguaranteeing the basic right of life, maintaining social stability and promoting social fairness. In the course of practice, the minimum living guarantee system has also created the problem that hinders its normal function, This paper, based on the rural subsistence allowances policy itself, the implementation of the main body, the object, the system of social environment and other aspects of the operation of rural subsistence allowances in recent years, the problems and causes of the study carried out, and on this basis, Rural low subsistence allowances research and development direction of the future, with a view to the rural minimum living system of further theoretical research, the specific practice to provide reference.展开更多
Irrational use of medicines is a major problem worldwide, and it is believed there would be positive correlation between the National Essential Medicines Policies(NEMPs) and the level of rational use of medicines(RUMs...Irrational use of medicines is a major problem worldwide, and it is believed there would be positive correlation between the National Essential Medicines Policies(NEMPs) and the level of rational use of medicines(RUMs). Though there is some early evidence on the NEMPs’ effects on RUMs in China, the evidence is scarce, and conclusions vary. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the impacts of the NEMPs of China on the RUMs in the primary health care institutions(PHCs). A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2010. A total of 201 PHCs from six provinces of China were selected, and 39 181 prescriptions were extracted from January to June, 2010. Six indicators were used and tested by independent-samples T test. We found that the average number of drugs per prescription in PHCs with NEMP implementation(the treatment group) was significantly higher than that of the group without NEMP implementation(the control group)(3.37 vs. 2.83, P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the average cost per prescription(81.43 vs. 75.02). The percentage of prescriptions, including an antibiotic(53.40% vs. 36.48%, P<0.01) or an injection(40.54% vs. 27.94%, P<0.01), was higher in the treatment group, and the percentage of drugs prescribed by general name was significantly lower(83.71% vs. 93.11%, P<0.01). For the percentage of drugs prescribed from essential medicines list, the treatment group exhibited the higher ratio(76.12% vs. 53.45%, P<0.01). From this study, the NEMPs were not likely to have a positive impact on RUMs. China still needed efforts to improve the selection, the absence of physicians’ active involvement, and the patients’ habits of irrational medication use.展开更多
On the basis of a description of the framework of China＇s urban and rural old-age security system and major security policies, this study examines the operation of the old-age security system currently in effect. Fro...On the basis of a description of the framework of China＇s urban and rural old-age security system and major security policies, this study examines the operation of the old-age security system currently in effect. From the point of view of setting up a system that would cover both urban and rural areas, we can see problems with the current system, including a development imbalance between urban and rural social security, wide gaps between different groups, the absence, fragmentation and artificial segmentation of the social security system, blurred government responsibility, etc. The paper goes on to propose establishing an old-age subsidy for urban and rural residents without income security, improving basic old-age insurance for enterprise employees in urban areas, reforming the superannuation schemes of government organizations and public institutions, and setting up rural oldage insurance.展开更多
For any society to progress, there must be sensitive leadership that is willing to stir the affairs of the country toward the right direction, the provision of a good life, security, opportunity to exist peacefully, a...For any society to progress, there must be sensitive leadership that is willing to stir the affairs of the country toward the right direction, the provision of a good life, security, opportunity to exist peacefully, a functioning legal system, responsive government, economic prosperity are all fundamental elements for sta- bility, and progress in any society. With a strong leadership in China, it has grown to become the newest and emerging super economic power bloc of the twenty-first century. Government adoption of philosophies such as the Mandate of Heaven, putting the people first, rule by virtue and deep economic reforms has not only bolstered it＇s authority to rule but has fortified the ruling party position as the only legitimate ruler of the greatest populated country in the world. This article develops a perception that stability of any society can only be achieved when it is deeply rooted in the philosophical ideology of that society and pursuing the core interests of the people. This work sets out to explain and examine the nature of the Chinese Communist Party dynamics in ensuring political stability in China over the decades of its inception into the political stream of the nation state.展开更多
文摘The process of endowment insurance system plan as a whole is an important step of old-age insurance system reform in our country. At present, the process of endowment insurance system plan as a whole＇s process etxcountered bottlenecks. Come to the conclusion after analysis, the basic old-age insurance system across the country plan as a whole facing same questions, such as the regional income is different, the regional replacement rate of endowment insurance system is different, the ＂fragmentation＂ phenomenon of regional endowment insurance system, impact both fairness and efficiency of the basic endowment insurance system.
文摘The rural minimum living security system has the function ofguaranteeing the basic right of life, maintaining social stability and promoting social fairness. In the course of practice, the minimum living guarantee system has also created the problem that hinders its normal function, This paper, based on the rural subsistence allowances policy itself, the implementation of the main body, the object, the system of social environment and other aspects of the operation of rural subsistence allowances in recent years, the problems and causes of the study carried out, and on this basis, Rural low subsistence allowances research and development direction of the future, with a view to the rural minimum living system of further theoretical research, the specific practice to provide reference.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.71303011,71774005)
文摘Irrational use of medicines is a major problem worldwide, and it is believed there would be positive correlation between the National Essential Medicines Policies(NEMPs) and the level of rational use of medicines(RUMs). Though there is some early evidence on the NEMPs’ effects on RUMs in China, the evidence is scarce, and conclusions vary. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the impacts of the NEMPs of China on the RUMs in the primary health care institutions(PHCs). A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2010. A total of 201 PHCs from six provinces of China were selected, and 39 181 prescriptions were extracted from January to June, 2010. Six indicators were used and tested by independent-samples T test. We found that the average number of drugs per prescription in PHCs with NEMP implementation(the treatment group) was significantly higher than that of the group without NEMP implementation(the control group)(3.37 vs. 2.83, P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the average cost per prescription(81.43 vs. 75.02). The percentage of prescriptions, including an antibiotic(53.40% vs. 36.48%, P<0.01) or an injection(40.54% vs. 27.94%, P<0.01), was higher in the treatment group, and the percentage of drugs prescribed by general name was significantly lower(83.71% vs. 93.11%, P<0.01). For the percentage of drugs prescribed from essential medicines list, the treatment group exhibited the higher ratio(76.12% vs. 53.45%, P<0.01). From this study, the NEMPs were not likely to have a positive impact on RUMs. China still needed efforts to improve the selection, the absence of physicians’ active involvement, and the patients’ habits of irrational medication use.
文摘On the basis of a description of the framework of China＇s urban and rural old-age security system and major security policies, this study examines the operation of the old-age security system currently in effect. From the point of view of setting up a system that would cover both urban and rural areas, we can see problems with the current system, including a development imbalance between urban and rural social security, wide gaps between different groups, the absence, fragmentation and artificial segmentation of the social security system, blurred government responsibility, etc. The paper goes on to propose establishing an old-age subsidy for urban and rural residents without income security, improving basic old-age insurance for enterprise employees in urban areas, reforming the superannuation schemes of government organizations and public institutions, and setting up rural oldage insurance.
文摘For any society to progress, there must be sensitive leadership that is willing to stir the affairs of the country toward the right direction, the provision of a good life, security, opportunity to exist peacefully, a functioning legal system, responsive government, economic prosperity are all fundamental elements for sta- bility, and progress in any society. With a strong leadership in China, it has grown to become the newest and emerging super economic power bloc of the twenty-first century. Government adoption of philosophies such as the Mandate of Heaven, putting the people first, rule by virtue and deep economic reforms has not only bolstered it＇s authority to rule but has fortified the ruling party position as the only legitimate ruler of the greatest populated country in the world. This article develops a perception that stability of any society can only be achieved when it is deeply rooted in the philosophical ideology of that society and pursuing the core interests of the people. This work sets out to explain and examine the nature of the Chinese Communist Party dynamics in ensuring political stability in China over the decades of its inception into the political stream of the nation state.
