中西诗学的“象”与禅观的意义

文章简要论述了中西方立"象"、取"象"的渊源和发展,对中西方关于"象"的认识论与美学范畴和命题,特别是对中西方关于言、意、象关系进行了认识比较,剖析了中西方在立"象"、取"象"上所追求的不同,提出了中西诗学对"象"的关注的最大不同在于前者侧重立象以写意,后者则侧重求象以写实,由此发展了求真、求实、求经验实证的真实再现的艺术风格和艺术追求,而中国诗学立象的终极目的和理想是得道、明道,立言明道不足则立象。

On the loss of cultural images in translation

In cultural translation the loss of cultural images often occurs. In most cases translators do so in order to make the target text understood more easily by the readers of the target language. But the result is worse quite often, because it usually affects correct transmission of the source text as a whole, what＇s even worse, it will affect the correct grasp of the artistic conception and figures of the source text. And in other cases it is impossible to make source cultural images reappear in the target text. This paper provides some sound examples and reviews of the above.

TYPICAL WEATHER CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH AIR POLLUTION IN HONG KONG AREA

With the hourly data of Air Pollution Index （AP1） by Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department （HKEPD） during the 6 years of 2000 - 2005 and NCEP / NCAR reanalysis data of 2.5°× 2.5° wind and pressure fields, the characteristics of API in Hong Kong area and the impacts of typical weather characteristics on the air pollution in Hong Kong have been studied. The results are shown as follows. （1） The API exhibits obvious seasonal variability as the number of air pollution days increases by the year. For most of the local monitoring stations, it is the most from January to March, a little less from July to September and the least from April to June. （2） There are four typical types of weather situations that are responsible for the air pollution in Hong Kong： tropical cyclones, continental cold highs, transformed highs that have moved out to sea and low pressure troughs.

Simulating Hydrologic Changes with Climate Change Scenarios in the Haihe River Basin

Climate change scenarios, predicted using the regional climate modeling system of PRECIS (providing regional cli-mates for impacts studies), were used to derive three-layer variable infiltration capacity (VIC-3L) land surface model forthe simulation of hydrologic processes at a spatial resolution of 0.25° × 0.25° in the Haihe River Basin. Three climatescenarios were considered in this study: recent climate (1961-1990), future climate A2 (1991-2100) and future climateB2 (1991-2100) with A2 and B2 being two storylines of future emissions developed with the Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change (IPCC) special report on emissions scenarios. Overall, under future climate scenarios A2 and B2, theHaihe River Basin would experience warmer climate with increased precipitation, evaporation and runoff production ascompared with recent climate, but would be still likely prone to water shortages in the period of 2031-2070. In addition,under future climate A2 and B2, an increase in runoff during the wet season was noticed, indicating a future rise in theflood occurrence possibility in the Haihe River Basin.

Impacts of Park Landscape Structure on Thermal Environment Using QuickBird and Landsat Images

Urban parks composed mostly of vegetation and water bodies can effectively mitigate the urban heat island effect. Many studies have investigated the cooling effects of urban parks; however, little attention has been given to park landscape structure. Based on landscape metrics, this study has explored the influences of the park landscape structure on its inner thermal environment, taking heavily urbanized Beijing Municipality in China as the study area. Three indices, including the percentage of landscape （PLAND）, landscape shape index （LSI） and aggregation index （AI）, were used to measure the composition and configuration characteristics of the landscape components inside the parks. The indices were calculated for five landscape types being interpreted from Quickbird images. Urban thermal conditions were measured using the land surface temperature （LST） derived from Landsat TM images. The results showed that the park LST had a negative relationship with the park size, but no significant relationship was found with park shape. For the park＇s interior landscape, however, the configuration and composition characteristics of the landscape components inside the park explained 70% of the park LST variance. The area percentage of water bodies and the aggregation index of woodland were identified as the key influencing characteristics. In addition, when the composition and configuration characteristics of the park landscape components were separately considered, the configuration characteristics （LSI and A1） explained approximately 54% of the variance in park LST, which was comparable with that explained by the composition characteristics （PLAND）. Thus, this study suggested that an effective and practical way for urban cooling park design is the optimization of spatial configuration of landscape components inside the park.

Geo-environment in the Sustainable Development of Chinese Cities

Urban geo_environment mainly concerns those regards in and around a city,such as the movement of earth crust and earth surface,conditions of hydrology,geology,geography and meteorology.The relevant studies on geo_disaster reduction and the influences resulted from human activities on the geo_environment are included as well.It is stressed in the paper that geo_environmental protection and management are of significance to the sustainable development for Chinese cities.

ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER CONCEPT MODEL OF THE PEARL RIVER DELTA AND ITS APPLICATION

Based on the geographical circumstance, climate and the boundary layer meteorology features of the Pearl River Delta, a boundary layer concept model of the Pearl River Delta was built. The concept model consists of four fundamental factors that affect the boundary layer meteorology of the Pearl River Delta and can convincingly explain the reason of the air quality change in the Pearl River Delta. The model can be used to the diffusion capability analysis, the air pollution potential forecasting or haze forecasting, etc.

Influence of urbanization on the thermal environment of meteorological station:Satellite-observed evidence

In this paper, five national meteorological stations in Anhui province are taken as typical examples to explore the effects of local urbanization on their thermal environment by using Landsat data from 1990 to 2010. Satellite-based land use/land cover(LULC), land surface temperature(LST), normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) are used to investigate the effects. The study shows that LULC around meteorological stations changed significantly due to urban expansion. Fast urbanization is the main factor that affects the spatial-temporal distribution of thermal environment around meteorological stations. Moreover, the normalized LST and NDVI exhibit strong inverse correlations around meteorological stations, so the variability of LST can be monitored through evaluating the variability of NDVI. In addition, station-relocation plays an important role in improving representativeness of thermal environment. Notably, the environment representativeness was improved, but when using the data from the station to study climate change, the relocation-induced inhomogeneous data should be considered and adjusted. Consequently,controlling the scale and layout of the urban buildings and constructions around meteorological stations is an effective method to ameliorate observational thermal environment and to improve regional representativeness of station observation. The present work provides observational evidences that high resolution Landsat images can be used to evaluate the thermal environment of meteorological stations.

Variable refractive index in environment matte

Environment matting and compositing is a technique to extract a foreground object, including color, opacity, reflec- tive and refractive properties, from a real-world scene, and synthesize new images by placing it into new environments. The description of the captured object is named environment matte. Recent matting and compositing techniques can produce quite realistic images for objects with complex optical properties. This paper presents an approximate method to transform the matte by simulating variation of the foreground object’s refractive index. Our algorithms can deal with achromatous-and-transparent ob- jects and the experimental results are visually acceptable. Our idea and method can be applied to produce some special video effects, which could be very useful in film making, compared with the extreme difficulty of physically changing an object’s refractive index.

Environmental anomalies in the northeastern East China Sea during the last 3 000 years:implications for El Nio activity in the Holocene

To reconstruct the productivity changes for the last 10 500 a in the northeastern East China Sea （ECS）, biogenic compounds （such as carbonate, organic carbon and opal）, marine micropaleontological fossils （planktonic foraminifera, benthic foraminifera, radiolarian and silicoflagellate） and the compositional characters of benthic foraminifera fauna analyses were carried out on a sediment core DOC082 obtained from the western slope of Okinawa Trough （29°13.93′N, 128°08.53′E; 1 128 m water depth）. The long-term changes of biogenic and micropaleontological proxies display some similarities through the last 10 500 a, which show three different phases： lower values are recorded during the early and middle ttolocene （before about 4 000 a BP）, followed by an abrupt and remarkable increase at about 4 000 a BP, the late Holocene （after about 3 000 a BP） is characterized by continuously high values. The multi-proxy data of paleoproductivity and percents of benthic foraminifera genera （Uvigerina and Bulimina） show that during the early and middle Holocene （10 500-4 000 a BP） productivity was relatively low with a sudden and distinct increase at about 4 000 a BP, and the late Holocene （3 400-0 a BP） is marked by significantly higher productivity. Also, the radiolarian-based sea surface temperature （SST） records reveal a distinct decline in SST in the late Holocene after 3 200 a BP, very different from the early and middle Holocene. For the last 3 000 a, the enhanced biological productivity and distinctly lower SST indicate a major change of oceanographic conditions in the northeastern ECS. These marine environmental anomalies are consistent with other paleoclimatic records for the late Holocene in the Chinese continent and its surrounding regions. After analyzing the mechanisms of modern productivity and SST changes in the northeastern ECS, and based on the climatic anomalies in the Chinese continent and variations in the Kuroshio Current during modern El Nino periods, we suggest that the anomalous environmental conditions in the northeastern ECS may imply intensified El Nino activity during the late Holocene.

Imagery perspective among young athletes: Differentiation between external and internal visual imagery

Purpose： This study aimed to investigate the construct of external visual imagery （EVI） vs. internal visual imagery （IV/） by comparing the athletes＇ imagery ability with their levels of skill and types of sports. Methods： Seventy-two young athletes in open （n = 45） or closed （n = 27） sports and with different skill levels completed 2 custom-designed tasks. The EVI task involved the subject generating and visualizing the rotated images of different body parts, whereas the IVI task involved the subject visualizing himself or herself performing specific movements. Results： The significant Skill-Level x Sport Type interactions for the EVI task revealed that participants who specialized in open sports and had higher skill-levels had a higher accuracy rate as compared to the other subgroups. For the IVI task, the differences between the groups were less clear： those with higher skill-levels or open sports had a higher accuracy rate than those with lower skill-levels or closed sports. Conclusion： EVI involves the visualization of others and the environment, and would be relevant to higher skill-level athletes who engage in open sports. IVI, in contrast, tends to be more self-oriented and would be relevant for utilization by higher skill-level athletes regardless of sport type.

The new basic theory on Quaternary environmental research

On the basis of extensive survey to the Quaternary paleosols, soils and weathering layers in the vast northern China and the Loess Plateau, we found some unusually special phenomena of chemical components such as unsuccessive illuvium, twin illuviums, unusually thick illuvium and multi-illuviums etc. According to the analysis on the content of CaCO 3 and the data of penetrating experiment, a new theory of illuvial depth or removal depth of CaCO 3 in weathering and leaching belt was constructed, which indicates that the time of CaCO 3 removing to the illuvial depth is very short, and the effect of time factor on illuvial depth can be ignored. The theory can be taken as a credible foundation for studying many geological and geographical problems in weathering and leaching belt. When the illuvial depth of CaCO 3 is bigger than the thickness of developing belt of soil or paleosol, it can be determined that the paleosol has turned into weathering crust. When the illuvial depth of CaCO 3 is bigger than the thickness of paleosol, paleosol is leaching moderately acid soil. When two, three layers or unusually thick CaCO 3 illuviums exist in the same weathering section or at the bottom of the same paleosol, there were two or more periods forming paleosol and corresponding climatic stages at that time. On the basis of the equation of relationship between mean annual rainfall (y) and illuvial depth of CaCO 3 (x) (y = 305.5x + 168.5) determined in the paper, mean annual precipitation during the development of paleosol can be calculated.

Effect of Leaf Removal on Grapes of Cabernet Sauvignon and Sangiovese Cultivated in Different Italian Environments

Leaf removal is a farming practice that can affect must and grape quality; it is closely related to the meteorological conditions of the year and the climate of the area. The present study aims to analyse the effects of different types of defoliation, all conducted at veraison and removing 5-6 basal leaves. The trial provided four tests： leaf removal only on the east side, only on the west side, total defoliation （both sides）, and a non-defoliated treatment （control test）. Two different cultivars, the Sangiovese and the Cabernet Sauvignon, were studied in five different Italian environments： Puegnago （BS）, Scansano （GR）, Bolgheri （LI）, Brisighella （RA）, and Montefalco （PG）. The trial was repeated four times, once per year for the successive years 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010. The years differed mainly with regard to the total rainfall; because of the variability of the years, different results, both for the same cultivar and between the cultivars, were observed. The differences existing between these two varieties and among the different environments led to different reactions to defoliation, especially concerning the analytical parameters of musts and grapes.

Quantum Decoherence of Macroscopic Object Induced by Inner Environments： an Exactly Solvable Model

We revisit the quantum decoherence problem of the center of mass motion of a macroscopic object, which is modelled as a one-dimensional atom chain. Induced by the coupling of the center of mass （C.M） motion with the inner degrees of freedom, this inner-environment-induced decoherence is reflected by the localization of the C.M wave packet. We show that, the C.M motion is coupled to the inner states only when the chain has interaction with the external potential. This result provides a realistic mechanism for the analysis of the inner-environment-induced localization of a macroscopic object.

The Role of the Forest in German Literature： From the Medieval Forest to the Griines Band

This paper demonstrates how much the forest was used by medieval writers as a symbolic space where critical events take place deeply affecting their protagonists. The forest motif can be found in the works of St. Augustine as well as in Dante＇s Divina Commedia （ca. 1308-1321）, and then in a plethora of other texts. Here the author examines more closely the symbolic meaning of the forest as a mysterious, dangerous, yet also spiritual location in Wolfram von Eschenbach＇s Titurel （ca. 1220） and then in two 15th-century prose novels： Thtiring von Ringoltingen＇s Melusine （1456） and the anonymous Fortunatus （1509）. Each time we recognize how much the poets placed their central figures one in the forest where their life takes a major turn. Recognizing this intriguing function of the forest as a metaphor and symbol, we can employ the modern interest in and fascination with the forest as a refuge from the destruction of the natural environment through modem civilization as segue to attract students to the study of medieval literature once again.

Internet based design of distributed virtual environment for multi-robot teleoperation

Studies the design of distributed virtual environments （DVEs） for tele-multi-robotics. The proposed design, incorporating two models （ distributlon-supported model and VE-supported model）, attempts to represent common functionality, communication issues, and requirements found in multi-operator DVEs. The distribution-supported model concentrates on the introduction of computer-supported collaborative work （CSCW） to realize the coordination of multi-operators, while the VE-supported model concentrates on the utilization of an object-oriented approach to strengthen the expandability and robustness of the system. Finally, the configuration anti running environments of the system are given.

Environmental impact prediction using remote sensing images

Environmental impact prediction is an important step in many environmental studies. A wide variety of methods have been developed in this concern. During this study, remote sensing images were used for environmental impact prediction in Ro-batkarim area, Iran, during the years of 2005～2007. It was assumed that environmental impact could be predicted using time series satellite imageries. Natural vegetation cover was chosen as a main environmental element and a case study. Environmental impacts of the regional development on natural vegetation of the area were investigated considering the changes occurred on the extent of natural vegetation cover and the amount of biomass. Vegetation data, land use and land cover classes (as activity factors) within several years were prepared using satellite images. The amount of biomass was measured by Soil-adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) based on satellite images. The resulted biomass estimates were tested by the paired samples t-test method. No significant difference was observed between the average biomass of estimated and control samples at the 5% significance level. Finally, regression models were used for the environmental impacts prediction. All obtained regression models for prediction of impacts on natural vegetation cover show values over 0.9 for both correlation coefficient and R-squared. According to the resulted methodology, the prediction models of projects and plans impacts can also be developed for other environmental elements which may be derived using time series remote sensing images.

Wind-induced Damage in Two Regions of Argentina

Information on wind-induced damage to civil structures in Argentina is scarce. In this paper, general trends regarding both meteorological conditions and patterns of damage when damage occurred in two regions of Argentina are presented. The regions under study were the north-east of Argentina （NEA） and the north-Patagonia. This research is based on a collection of data comprising field surveys conducted after the passage of destructive storms, NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis, a Global Data Assimilation System model and other secondary sources like emergency services, local press, local councils and the National Weather Service. It is shown that both regions have similar problems of vulnerability, even though they have different meteorological environments. Topics that must be addressed to reduce the vulnerability of civil structures have been identified.

Spatial data modeling for coalfield geological environment

Presented a study on the design and implementation of spatial data modelingand application in the spatial data organization and management of a coalfield geologicalenvironment database.Based on analysis of a number of existing data models and takinginto account the unique data structure and characteristic, methodology and key techniquesin the object-oriented spatial data modeling were proposed for the coalfield geological environment.The model building process was developed using object-oriented technologyand the Unified Modeling Language (UML) on the platform of ESRI geodatabase datamodels.A case study of spatial data modeling in UML was presented with successful implementationin the spatial database of the coalfield geological environment.The modelbuilding and implementation provided an effective way of representing the complexity andspecificity of coalfield geological environment spatial data and an integrated managementof spatial and property data.

Solvent Effect on Conformation of a Cycloheptapeptide,Stylopeptide 1,Evaluated by Molecular Dynamics in Methonal and Aqueous Environments

Stylopeptide 1 synthesized and isolated from different sources exhibits a large activity difference in inhibitory effect on the growth of a cancer cell.Based on the different amounts of methanol and water during synthesis,isolation and purification of the cyclic peptides,molecular dynamics(MD) was employed to simulate the conformation of stylopeptide 1 in methanol and aqueous environments.The comparative results show that the backbone ring was more rigid in methanol than in water.In methanol,two β-turns and three hydrogen bonds were well conserved throughout the simulation,whereas no hydrogen bonds or turns were preserved in water.The activity difference of stylopeptide 1 seemed to be attributed to the solvent effect on its conformation.