浅谈“壁龛”里的日本文化

"壁龛"在日本的民居生活中占有很重要的地位。被誉为"日本住宅的象征",其蕴涵着丰富的日本文化因素。"壁龛"不单纯是装饰的空间,而且是有精神意义的神圣空间。本文以"壁龛"为研究对象,分析其中所蕴涵的文化现象,以加深对日本文化的理解。

Neurolin expression in the optic nerve and immunoreactivity of Pax6-positive niches in the brain of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss) after unilateral eye injury

In contrast to astrocytes in mammals, fish astrocytes promote axon regeneration after brain injury and actively participate in the regeneration process. Neurolin, a regeneration-associated, Zn8-1abeled protein, is involved in the repair of damaged optic nerve in goldfish. At 1 week after unilateral eye injury, the ex- pression of neurolin in the optic nerve and chiasm, and the expression of Pax6 that influences nervous system development in various brain regions in the rainbow trout （Oncorhynchus mykiss） were detected. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the number of Zn8~ cells in the optic nerve head and intraor- bital segment was obviously increased, and the increase in Zn8~ cells was also observed in the proximal and distal parts of injured optic nerve. This suggests that Zn8＊ astrocytes participate in optic nerve regeneration. ELISA results revealed that Pax6 protein increased obviously at 1 week post-injury. Immunohistochemi- cal staining revealed the appearance of Pax6＋ neurogenic niches and a larger number of neural precursor cells, which are mainly from Pax6＋ radial glia cells, in the nuclei of the diencephalon and optic tectum of rainbow trout （Oncorhynchus mykiss）. Taken together, unilateral eye injury can cause optic nerve reaction, and the formation of neurogenic niches is likely a compensation phenomenon during the repair process of optic nerve injury in rainbow trout （Oncorhynchus mykiss）.

Application of Modified Genetic Algorithm to Optimal Design of Supporting Structure

The modified genetic algorithm was used for the optimal design of supporting structure in deep pits.Based on the common genetic algorithm, using niche technique and reserving the optimum individual the modified genetic algorithm was presented. By means of the practical engineering, the modified genetic algorithm not only has more expedient convergence, but also can enhance security and operation efficiency.

A Narrative Research on Affordances for EFL Student Teachers＇ Learning-to-Teach Beyond the Classroom＊

To become a qualified EFL （English as a Foreign Language） student teacher who can take an English teaching job in primary or high school after graduation, he or she must learn and use teacher knowledge inside and outside the classroom. Adopting a narrative research, this paper discusses eight excellent EFL student teachers＇ perception of affordances for learning to teaching beyond the classroom based on the theories of affordance and niche. The results show that perceiving many affordances for learning to teach in their niches is of great significance for student teachers to improve their teaching competence. To make student teachers become qualified, we teacher trainers should not ignore the importance of leaming-to-teach beyond the classroom.

Fetal liver： an ideal niche for hematopoietic stem cell expansion

Fetal liver （FL） is an intricate and highly vascularized hematopoietic organ, which can support the extensive expansion of hematopoietic stem cells （HSCs） without loss of stenmess, as well as of the downstream lineages of HSCs. This powerful function of FL largely benefits from the niche （or microenvironment）, which provides a residence for HSC expansion. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the FL niche consists of heterogeneous cell populations that associate with HSCs spatially and regulate HSCs functionally. At the molecular level, a complex of cell extrinsic and intrinsic signaling network within the FL niche cells maintains HSC expansion. Here, we summarize recent studies on the analysis of the FL HSCs and their niche, and specifically on the molecular regulatory network for HSC expansion. Based on these studies, we hypothesize a strategy to obtain a large number of functional HSCs via 3D reconstruction of FL organoid ex vivo for clinical treatment in the future.

Spatial restructuring and land consolidation of urban-rural settlement in mountainous areas based on ecological niche perspective

With the socio-economic development associated with urbanization, the urban-rural relationship has changed across the world. In China, due to the urban-rural dual structure, these changes turn out to be more complicated. Spatial restructuring are suggested as the main strategies and spatial supporting platforms for urban-rural development. However, the theory still lacks solid methodology and support from systematic empirical studies. This study seeks an adequate scientific methodology and discusses the difference of urban-rural transformation in plains and mountainous areas. A case in Shanghang County, China, demonstrates: 1) The compound ecological niche model can be a suitable approach in urban-rural restructuring, especially in mountainous areas. 2) The urban-rural development area with highly inappropriate, slightly appropriate, moderately appropriate, and highly appropriate areas are 1273.2 km2(44.69%); 906.1 km2(31.80%); 509.4 km2(17.88%); and 160.1 km2(5.62%), respectively. 3) The "deserting villages" in mountainous areas play positive synergistic roles in urbanization, in contrast to the "hollowing villages" common in plain areas. 4) The central town-village will become the most important settlement in mountainous areas. Therefore, we suggest more attention should be paid to environmental capacity in the construction of central town-villages. This study significantly extends the understanding of "hollowing village" theory and regional planning.

Prey availability, prey selection, and trophic niche width in the lizard Psammodromus algirus along an elevational gradient

Mountains imply enormous environmental variation, with alpine habitats entailing harsh environ- ments, especially for ectotherms such as lizards. This environmental variability also may imply variation in prey availability. However, little is known about how lizard trophic ecology varies with elevation. In this study, we analyze diet, prey availability, prey selection, and trophic niche width in the lacertid lizard Psammodromus algirus along a 2,200-m elevational gradient in the Sierra Nevada （SE Spain）. The analysis of fecal samples has shown that Orthoptera, Formicidae, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, and Araneae are the main prey, although, according to their abundance in pitfall traps, Formicidae and Coleoptera are rejected by the lizard whereas Orthoptera, Hemiptera, and Araneae are preferred. Prey abundance and diversity increase with elevation and diet subtly varies along with the elevational gradient. The consumption of Coleoptera increases with elevation probably as a consequence of the lizard foraging more in open areas while basking. The electivity for Araneae increases with elevation. Araneae are rejected in the lowlands--where they are rela- tively abundant--whereas, at high elevation, this lizard positively selects them, despite they being less abundant. The lizard trophic niche width expands with elevation due to concomitant greater prey diversity and hence this lizard feeds on more prey types in highlands. Although no sex difference in diet has been found, the trophic niche is broader in females than males. As a whole, alpine lizards show a trophic niche simitar to that found at lower elevat（ons, suggesting that P. algirus is well adapted to the harsh environment found in alpine areas.

Niche segregation, competition, and urbanization

Urbanization of species is an ongoing process where successful urban colonizers usually obtain large fitness benefits. Mechanisms proposed to explain associations between urbanization and lifehistory traits are based on behavioral flexibility in food and habitat use and reduced fear responses. We test the novel hypothesis that interspecific competition for proximity to humans is driving ur- banization. We recorded the distance during the breeding season to human habitation for 50 pairs of closely related bird species, where one was closely associated with humans while the other species was not. The degree of urbanization was larger as was range size and abundance in the species more closely associated to humans. Flight initiation distance was shorter, and species closely associated with humans were more abundant in ancestral rural habitats. Likewise, species more closely associated with humans reproduced earlier and during longer periods. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that urbanization is promoted by interspecific competition. Resulting isolation by urban habitat may further facilitate contemporary adaptation to urban environments.