中风病“外风”“内风”学说的沿革

唐宋以前,中风病以"外风"学说为主,以"正虚邪恋"立论,治疗上以祛风通络为主,调气补虚兼顾。唐宋以后医家除考虑外内因素致病外,还考虑到了内在因素。明清时期,"内风"学说日趋成熟与完备。

浅析中风之“外风”学说

“外风”学说源于《黄帝内经》,在唐宋以前为中风的主要病机理论,可被概括为“内虚邪中”,即在机体营卫、脉络、气血、脏腑虚弱等内因的基础上,风邪、寒邪等外邪趁虚中人而引发中风。“外风”学说自金元时期开始衰落,并逐渐被忽视。根据《黄帝内经》《伤寒杂病论》《诸病源候论》和《千金要方》等中医经典对“外风”学说的详细阐述,以及小续命汤对于中风的确切疗效,和寒冷刺激、感染等外在因素引发、加重中风的现代研究证实,“外风”说对于中风的临床防治尤其是精准预防仍有意义。建立基于“外风”学说的中风预警模型,或可为中风的精准预防提供更全面的参考。

Investigation and Risk Assessment of Alien Invasive Plants in Riparian Zone of Dongjiang River

[Objective] The aim was to conduct investigation and risk assessment of the alien invasive plants in riparian zone of Dongjiang River.[Method] The field survey was carried out by the combination methods of sampling plots investigation and route survey,and the whole Dongjiang River was covered.52 sampling points were set in the main streams,and 87 sampling points in tributaries streams,624 quadrats were set in total;multi-index comprehensive evaluation method was adopted for the risk assessment with 6 first-level indexes and 25 second-level indexes.[Result] Through the investigation on the riparian zone of Dongjiang River for 2 years,51 species of alien invasive plants were found,belonging to 17 families and 38 genera.The risk level assessment results of these 51 species showed that 18 species,such as Ageratum conyzoides,belonged to high-level risk with over 60 points;26 species,such as Chenopodium ambrosioides,were between 30 and 60 points which belonged to middle-level risk;7 species,such as Paspalum dilatatum,with less than 30 points belonged to low-level risk.[Conclusion] Basic data on the protection,water environmental management and functional zoning of riparian zone of Dongjiang River were provided.

Seismic facies response of tectonics and direction of block movement in the northeastern South China Sea

The close relationship between the structure,evolution,and resources environment of the South China Sea is a current research focus and also a focal point of our study.In this paper,we use regional seismic sections to analyze the relationship between seismic facies and the structure and tectonic evolution of the northeastern South China Sea and propose new points about the structure and the direction of block（land mass） motion.First,the tectonic features are clear and can be divided into five different structural units which are both linked and independent of each other.Second,it doesn＇t matter if the South China Sea basin pattern is extensional,weakly compressive,or strongly compressive,the regional tectonic stress field is unified.For the first time we find that two shallow subduction zones are recognized in the seismic profiles.All the tectonic blocks have accordion-fold-style structures,converging in the east,and the South China Sea exhibits different stages of basin development：growth, maturity,end,and termination.The block subduction and regional block dip directions are all aligned with the regional stress field.

Hazard identification and control in the pre-blasting process

Major mineral hazard identifications should consider perilous types of fatal accidents in collieries from its definition, and then set existent hazardous objects and their relevant amount as referenced factors. Eliminating hazards in systems and decreasing risks are their essential purposes with help of hazard identification, risk evaluation and management. By pre-control on major hazards, fatal accidents are avoided, stuffs＇ safety and healthy are protected, levels of safe management are enhanced, and perpetual systems are built up finally. However, choosing the proper identification and evaluation is a problem all along. Based on specific condition in Jiangou Coal Mine, method of LEC was applied for hazard identification and evaluation in the pre-blasting process within horizontal section top-coal mechanized caving of steep seams. And control measures to of each hazard were put forward. The identification method combining qualitative and quantitative analysis. So, it is practical and operable for the method to develop the given scientific research and has a distinctive impact on high efficiency and safety products for pre-blasting in horizontal section top-coal mechanized caving of steep seams.

Obesity paradox among elderly patients with coronary artery disease undergoing non-cardiac surgery

Background High body mass index （BMI） is a risk factor for chronic cardiac disease. However, mounting evidence supports that high BMI is associated with less risk of cardiac morbidity and mortality compared with normal BMI, also known as the obesity paradox. There- fore, we sought to determine the existence of the obesity paradox in regard to perioperative 30-day cardiac events among elderly Chinese patients with known coronary artery disease undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Methods A post-hoc analysis of a prospective, multi-institutional cohort study was performed. Patients aged 〉 60 years with a history of coronary artery disease and undergoing non-cardiac surgery were grouped according to BMI： underweight （〈 18.5 kg/m2）, normal weight （18.5-24.9 kg/m2）, overweight （25-29.9 kg/m2） and obese （≥ 30 kg/m2）. Demographic information, perioperative clinical variables and incidence of 30-day postoperative cardiac adverse event were retrieved from a research database. Results We identified 1202 eligible patients （BMI： 24.3 ± 3.8 kg/m2）. Across BMI groups, a U-shaped distribution pattern of incidence of 30-day postoperative major cardiac events was observed, with the lowest risk in the overweight group. When using the normal-weight group as a reference, no difference was found in either the obesity or overweight groups in terms of a major cardiac adverse event （MACE）. However, risk of a 30-day postoperative MACE was significantly higher in the underweight group （odds ratio [OR] 2.916, 95% confidence interval [CI]： 1.072-7.931, P = 0.036）. Conclusion Although not statistically significant, the U-shaped relation between BMI and cardiac complications indicates the obesity paradox possibly exists.

Local Spiral Curves Simulating Based on Hough Transformation and Center Auto-Locating of Developing Typhoon

In the developing phase of typhoon formation, the spiral belt partly emerges in satellite cloud images. This research starts from images and moves on to graphics and then to representation and recognition. Following this route, local spiral cloud belt is segmented from the raw images using image segmentation, the spiral information is extracted using mathematic morphology, and local spiral curves are detected using Hough transformation. The problem of center locating of developing typhoon has finally been solved through a search algorithm of spiral curve. For No. 99082008 cloud image, the result produced by the algorithm in this paper is at 122..3 degree west longitude, 117.5 degree north latitude. The real typhoon center location was at 122.4 degree west longitude, 18 degree north latitude.

Analysis of the T-Lymphocytes and Their Subpopu-lations of the Peripheral Blood in Patients with Urticaria

Objective: To study the function of cellular immunity of patients with urticaria. Methods:T-lymphocytes subpopulations of the peripheral Mood ire 60 patients with urticaria and 40 healthy controls were examined by flaw cytometry. Results: The number of CD3+ and CD4+ cells in the urticaria, group were significantly lower than tliose in the control group (P<0. 01) , especially in patients with acute urticaria. Conclusion: There was immunologic dysfunction of T lymphocyte in the patients with urticaria, and not only humoral immunity takes part but also cellular immunity plays a certain role in the pathogenesis of urticaria.

A study of pulmonary embolism after abdominal surgery in patients undergoing prophylaxis

AIM： To determine risk factors for pulmonary embolism and estimate effects and benefits of prophylaxis. METHODS： We included 78 patients who died subsequently to a pulmonary embolism after major abdominal surgery from 1985 to 2003. A first, retrospective analysis involved 41 patients who underwent elective surgery between 1985 and 1990 without receiving any prophylaxis. In the prospectively evaluated subgroup, 37 patients undergoing major surgery between 1991 and 2003 were enrolled： all of them had received a prophylaxis consisting in lowmolecular weight heparin, given subcutaneously at a dose of 2850 IU AXa/0.3 mL （body weight 〈 50 kg） or 5700 IU AXa/0.6 mL （body weight ≥ 50 kg）. RESULTS： A higher incidence of thromboembolism （43.9% and 46.34% in the two groups, respectively） was found in older patients （〉 60 years）. The incidence of pulmonary embolism after major abdominal surgery in patients who had received the prophylaxis was significantly lower compared to the subjects with the same condition who had not received any prophylaxis （P 〈 0.001, OR = 2.825; 95% CI, 1.811-4.408）. Furthermore, the incidence of pulmonary embolism after colorectal cancer surgery was significantly higher compared to incidence of pulmonary embolism after other abdominal surgical procedures. Finally, the incidence of pulmonary embolism after colorectal cancer surgery among the patients who had received the prophylaxis （11/4316, 0.26%） was significantly lower compared to subjects undergoing a surgical procedure for the same indication but without prophylaxis （10/1562, 0.64%） （P 〈 0.05, OR = 2.522; 95% Ct, 1.069-5.949）. CONCLUSION： Prophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin is highly recommended during the preoperative period in patients with diagnosis of colorectal cancer due to high risk of pulmonary embolism after elective surgery.

On the Problems and Strategies in Chinese-English Translation of Public Signs in Scenic Resorts

More and more foreigners come to China on business or for a tour, which makes the translation of public signs important and necessary. Focused on the public sign in scenic resorts, this article briefly gives a short presentation for the present study status; and the errors in the translation of signs are set forth from the viewpoint of three rules of Skopostheorie. Some suggestions are proposed to make a further study of public signs with a wide scope of examples.

Buoyancy of convective-scale updrafts in the outer cores of sheared tropical cyclones

In this paper,the authors present the statistical characteristics of the buoyancy of outer-core convective-scale updrafts in numerically simulated sheared tropical cyclones(TCs).The total buoyancy is predominantly positive in weak-to-strong ambient vertical shears,whereas much of the total buoyancy under an extreme shear environment becomes negative.Thermal buoyancy positively contributes to the total buoyancy value.For weakly and moderately sheared TCs,the updraft buoyancy is statistically significantly stronger downshear but smaller upshear.Such a downshear preference of strong buoyancy becomes less evident as the shear magnitude increases.The total buoyancy of updrafts shows a decreasing tendency with radius.Both thermal and dynamic buoyancy do not significantly correlate with vertically averaged vertical mass fluxes.This also leads to no significant correlation between the total buoyancy and vertical mass fluxes of outer-core updrafts.

Effect of Xiaobailing Decoction on Melanocytes in Vitro

To observe the effect of Xiaobailing Decoction （消白灵汤） on murine melanocytes in vitro and to explore the mechanism of Xiaobailing Decoction in the treatment of vitiligo. Methods： B-16F10 murine melanoma cells were cultured in 1640 medium and treated respectively with different concentrations （lmg/ml, 2mg/ml, 3mg/ml） of the Chinese drug Xiaobailing Decoction and its main components, the drugs for replenishing the lddney-yang, and the drugs for nourishing blood and activating blood circulation, etc. for 7 days. MMT assay was used to determine the proliferation of B-16F10 murine melanoma cells. NaOH cleavage assay was adopted to measure the melanogenesis of melanocytes. Results：Xiaobailing Decoction, the drugs for replenishing the kidney-yang and the drugs for nourishing blood and activating blood circulation at different concentrations significantly improved the proliferation of B-16F10 murine melanoma cells from the 3rd day to the 5th day （P〈0.05）, with Xiaobailing Decoction at the concentrations of lmg/ml having the most distinct action on promoting the proliferation of melanocytes on the 3rd day （P〈0.001）; And the drugs for replenishing the lodney-yang at the concentrations of 2mg/ml and 3mg/ml and the drugs for nourishing blood and activating blood circulation at 3mg/ml significantly increased melanogenesis of melanocytes （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： Xiaobailing Decoction can promote melanocytic proliferation and melanogenesis in vitro, and it is indicated that the drugs for replenishing the kidney-yang and the drugs for nourishing blood and activating blood circulation play an important role in treating vitiligo.

Software outsourcing risk management: establishing outsourcee evaluation item systems

Outsourcing software development has many advantages as well as inevitable risks. Of these risks, outsourcee se-lection is one of the most important. A wrong outsourcee selection may have severe adverse influence on the expected outcome of the project. We analyzed the risks involved in outsourcee selection and also provided methods to identify these risks. Using the principles of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Cluster Analysis based on Group Decision Making, we established an index evaluation system to evaluate and select outsourcees. Real world applications of this system demonstrated its effectiveness in evaluating and selecting qualified outsourcees.

Numerical Model of Storm Surge and Inundation in Bohai Bay

A two-dimensional numerical model of extratropical storm surge and inundation in Bohai Bay was built based on the unsteady flow Navier-Stokes equations. The model included two sections, one was for the simulation of storm surge tidal level and the other for the simulation of storm surge inundation in the coastal area. While simulating the storm surge tidal level, the alternating direction implicit (ADI) method was applied to dispersing and solving 2D storm surge equations. In the simulation of storm surge inundation, the 2D unsteady flow equations were dispersed and solved using the structureless grids of finite volume method (FVM). A coupling calculation mode of the process of inundation and storm surge tidal level variation was proposed, therefore the storm surge inundation process and area could be calculated while simulating and forecasting the process of storm surge tidal setup. Furthermore, an extratropical storm surge and inundation in Bohai Bay were simulated using this numerical model. Simulation results are in good agreement with the measured data, which shows that this numerical model provides a new method of simulating and forecasting storm surge and inundation in Bohai Bay.

Hump-Shaped Broadband Noise on a Fan at Off-Design Conditions

A spurious effect of blowing noise is sometimes detected on fans working at high flow rate, showing a large hump around 4000 Hz on the acoustic spectra. A Tollmien-Shlichtling （TS） effect is suspected, and several compressible LES are made on aerodynamic profiles to detect and investigate this phenomenon. Vortex shedding is observed at the trailing edge, triggering some density fluctuations when a thin boundary layer exists on the profile upper side. Acoustic waves with length equivalent to the chord are observed. A profile modification is proposed with a camber brought closer to the leading edge. This shape tested on a prototyped fan confirms the weakening of the TS effect.

Optimal design of vegetation in residential district with numerical simulation and field experiment

Vegetation plays a key role in improving wind environment of residential districts,and is helpful for creating a comfortable and beautiful living environment.The optimal design of vegetation for wind environment improvement in winter was investigated by carrying out field experiments in Heqingyuan residential area in Beijing,and after that,numerical simulation with SPOTE(simulation platform for outdoor thermal environment) experiments for outdoor thermal environment of vegetation was adopted for comparison.The conclusions were summarized as follows:1) By comparing the experimental data with simulation results,it could be concluded that the wind field simulated was consistent with the actual wind field,and the flow distribution impacted by vegetation could be accurately reflected;2) The wind velocity with vegetation was lower than that without vegetation,and the wind velocity was reduced by 46%;3) By adjusting arrangement and types of vegetation in the regions with excessively large wind velocity,the pedestrian-level wind velocity could be obviously improved through the simulation and comparison.

Coronary artery bypass grafting in the octogenarians： should we intervene, or leave them be？

Objective Coronary artery bypass grafting （CABG） is gradually increasing in the elderly population. We aimed to investigate the risk factors and the results of CABG along with the long term survival in patients at an age of 80 and older. Methods Between Januaa-y 2002 and December 201 I, a total of i01 consecutive patients at an age of S0 and older who underwent CABG in our hospital were included in the study. The patients were followed and the long-term survival was estimated. Results The mean age of the patients was 82.98 ~ 2.27 years. Sixty-four （63.4%） were males and 37 （36.6%） were females. Emergency surgery, duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, the intensive care unit （ICU） stay, inotropic support, intra aortic balloon pulsation application, amount oferythrocyte transfusion and flesh frozen plasma transfusion and ventilation period were significantly higher in the patients who died in the hospital. The duration of cardiopulmonary bypass （CPB） was found to be an inde- pendent predictor of mortality （OR： 1.18, 95% CI 1.01-1.38, P = 0.034）. The in-hospital mortality was 16.8%. Kaplan-Meier analyses revealed a survival ratio of 91.3% at one year, 82.9% at three years and 69.0% at five years. Conclusions Patients at the age of 80 and older can be candidates for the CABG procedure bearing in mind that they may have a longer ventilation period and intensive care unit stay. The morbidity and mortality of this age group is considered within an acceptable range. Approaches to minimize CPB, or the choice of off-pump surgery, may be a preventive method to lower the incidence of mortality. Hence, CABG may be performed in this age group with a satisfactory survival ratio.

Transcatheter versus surgical aortic valve replacement in severe, symptomatic aortic stenosis

Aortic stenosis （AS） is the most common type of valvular heart disease in the elderly. Surgical aortic valve replacement （SAVR） has been the standard practice for treating severe, symptomatic AS, but recently new treatment options have emerged, Transcatheter aortic valve replacement （TAVR） is now an established treatment option in patients at high surgical risk. In this review, we focus on recent developments and compare the two treatment methods in specific populations in terms of efficacy and safety （e.g., in patients with history of prior thoracic surgery, type of anesthesia employed, access site used or need for permanent pacing）. The impact of comorbidities （pulmonary hypertension, arterial hypertension and obesity paradox）, the cost-effectiveness of TAVR vs. SAVR and advances in transcatheter valve technology as well as issues that merit further investigation are further discussed. Moreover, outcomes and complications of TAVR in patients of different risk category （extremely high, high, intermediate and low risk） are analyzed. We strongly believe that during the following years, TAVR may evolve as the treatment of choice in a broader group of patients with symptomatic AS and beyond those with intermediate and high-risk features.

Numerical Analysis of Natural Smoke Ventilation Design System under External Wind Effect in Factory Compartment

This study applied the numerical simulator tool FDS （fire dynamics simulator）, Version 5.53, and focused on the simulation of the natural smoke flow ventilation design system, an innovative ventilation design using the parallel processing technology MPI （message passing interface）. The design was then compared with the exhaust efficiency of a typical natural smoke vent. The natural smoke flow ventilation design system was located at the top of the factory, where smoke streams effectively converged. Therefore, the source of fire was designed to be 2 MW, which has a better exhaust efficiency than typical natural smoke vent with same area. The simulation discovered that the exhaust efficiency of the natural smoke ventilation design systems is higher than that of typical natural smoke vent with 2 times the opening area and that was not affected by external wind speed, Instead, external wind speed can help to enhance the exhaust efficiency. Smoke exhaust of typical natural smoke vents was affected by external wind speed, even leading them to become air inlets which would disturb the flow of air indoors, leading to smoke accumulation within the factory.

Learners＇ Cognitive Styles and Foreign Language Teaching

Individual learners possess distinctive cognitive styles which have a great effect on foreign language learning. The present paper intends to study the relationship between foreign language learning proficiency and cognitive styles from the perspectives of psychology, psycholinguistics, and second language acquisition. Through the analysis, the author has arrived at a conclusion that learners with different cognitive styles adopt quite different strategies in learning a foreign language. The best-matched methods fitting for different cognitive styles may help learners improve their learning proficiency. Therefore, in order to improve teaching proficiency, foreign language teachers should keep a match between learners＇ cognitive styles and teaching methodologies.