“多”“少”作定语的受限性——认知动因及句法弥补

“多”“少”作定语时呈现出不同程度的受限性:“多”修饰名词基本不自由,受到诸多条件限制,除了个别特殊情况,“少”不能作定语。“多”是准非定形容词,“少”是典型的非定形容词。距离象似原则能较好地解释这一现象。“多”“少”尽管作定语很受限制,但其句法功能仍然强大。“多”“少”作谓语、状语、补语的三种主要句法功能在某种意义上是其定语受限性的“句法弥补”。“句法弥补”既是语言本身的一种现象,也可以是语言学习和运用的一种策略,对于二语习得中的偏误分析和句法纠错具有积极意义。

“多少”的语法化过程及其认知分析

"多少"最初是由两个反义词联合而成的形容词词组。它凝固成词的途径主要有两条:一条是通过转喻的方式凝固为数量名词;另一条是通过其中一个成分语义的失落凝固为偏义复合词。

“多少”的词汇化、虚化及其主观量

本文通过对"多少"的语义演变过程进行详尽考察,分析其词汇化和虚化的轨迹,尝试从句法、语义和认知的角度,对其词汇化和虚化的动因和机制进行阐释;同时,对"多少"的主观性和主观量进行初步探索,分析其主观大量和主观小量的表达方式。

“X+多/少”的语法化及相关问题

本文考察三组词:至多/至少;最多/最少;顶多/顶少。首先,辨别它们究竟是语气副词还是范围副词;其次,考察它们的语法化历程;最后,考察它们语法化的机制。本文认为这三组词可分为:"X+多1/少1"表数量限定;"X+多2/少2"表性质限度;"X+多3/少3"表主观评价。

“多/少+N”结构的语义分析

从语义角度分析,"多/少+N"结构的整体语义具有附加的色彩意义和性状化特征;该结构中的"多/少"具有静态描述性与不可控性、动态变化性与可控性、量性特征。

“多/少+N”结构的词汇化及动因

多／少＋N”结构的词汇化程度不一，影响其词汇化的因素主要是语用的需要和人的心理认知因素。

“多”和“少”在使用中的不平衡性

"多"和"少"作为一组反义词,它们的使用频率却并不相同,以至出现了不平衡现象。本文首先从语法和语义两个方面分析了"多"和"少"在使用中所体现的不平衡现象,然后对造成这种不平衡性的原因进行了探讨。"多"具有数词、形容词、动词、副词四种词性,而"少"只有形容词和动词两种词性,词性的差异致使他们在使用中表现出种种不平衡现象。另外,语义场划分中的二值倾向和多值倾向的交叉、"多"所具有的特殊附加义及认知基础也是造成它们不平衡性的原因。

现代汉语“多/少/早/晩/快/慢”、数量成分、动词的组合情况考察--以状中结构与述补结构为中心

本文考察由单音节形容词"多/少/早/晩/快/慢"(简称为"形")、数量成分(简称为"量")以及动词(简称为"动")三者所构成的三种结构,即"形+动+量""形+量+动"及"动+形+量"结构。本文通过描写这三种结构的句法、语义、语用特点以及它们之间的转换关系,考察它们之间的联系与区别。

归总性数量框架与双宾语

本文认为“总共/一共……多少……”的框架不能用来确认双宾语。文章包括三个部分:1)双宾语的提出与双宾范围的扩大;2)根据数量框架认定双宾所引发的疑问;3)再谈数量框架与复指结构。文章末尾有个结语,说明写作本文主要想表达什么意思。

Genetic Relationships Among Four Minorities in Guangxi Revealed by Analysis of 15 STRs

The aim of this study is to investigate the genetic diversity in 15 STRs （short tandem repeats） loci of four minorities in Guangxi Province and to probe into the genetic variation and relationships among these ethnic groups. Allele frequencies of 15 STR loci were collected from 766 unrelated Mulao, Maonan, Miao, and Yao ethnic individuals by PCR-STR and sequencing, and their allele-frequency distribution were compared with each other. The genetic parameters and genetic distances were calculated, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed. Based on the results from this study, 135, 134, 148, and 145 alleles and 424, 432, 445, and 436 genotypes for 15 STR loci were observed in the Mulao, Maonan, Miao, and Yao minorities, respectively. The average heterozygosity of all ethnic groups analyzed was above 0.7; the cumulative power of discrimination （DP）, the probabilities of paternity exclusion （EPP）, and the polymorphic information content （PIC） were greater than 0.99999. Comparison of the allele-frequency distribution indicated that there were significant differences at most loci between Maonan vs. Miao, Yao vs. other groups, but no distinct differences between Mulao vs. Maonan, and Mulao vs. Miao minorities. The NJ tree based on the genetic distance showed that the four minorities were separated into two groups. Mulao and Maonan were clustered into one group, whereas Miao and Yao into the other. Our results revealed that 15 STR loci of the four minorities possessed high genetic diversities. Therefore, the combination of these 15 STRs is a powerful tool for forensic individual identification and paternity investigation, as well as anthropologic and genetic researches. The genetic variation and relationships among the 4 populations revealed by 15 STRs are basically consistent with their linguistic culture and ethical history.

Geographical Patterns of Chinese Ethnic Minority Population Composition and Ethnic Diversity

Ethnicity is a carrier of language and culture.Spatial distribution of ethnic diversity is fundamental for identifying and reconstructing the migration patterns and evolution histories of cultures and languages.Utilizing the Chinese 4th National Census (1990) data,we investigated the specific time geographical patterns of population and diversity of Chinese ethnicminorities.As anticipated,results show that Chineseminorities are chiefly concentrated in dis-tant plateaus and mountains in the southwest,northwest and northeast of China.Further,population density centers of the 10 majorminorities are rather scattered,alternatively dominating at different parts of the country.This study pro-vides a first comprehensive quantitative test on a prevailing notion of 'six plates and three corridors' on the empirical clustering patterns of Chinese ethnicminorities.There are more consistent evidences supporting this notion in the north of China,with the central and southern regions showing more complex patterns,potentially transformed by processes such as migration,fragmentation,and percolation.The results of this study suggest that a geographical ap-proach can provide heuristic and complementary information for better understanding of historical social processes.

Open Partial Nephrectomy in Solitary Kidney with Multiple Renal Cell Carcinoma: a Case Report

ENAL cell carcinoma （RCC） in a solitary kidney presents a unique clinical challenge to urological surgeons. Partial nephrectomy （PN） or nephron-sparing surgery in this condition provides good oncological and renal fuctional outcomes with an acceptable complication rate.1＇ 2 Long-term renal function remains stable in most patients with solitary kidneys after a reduction of more than 50% in renal mass.

Research on the Students’Attitudes Towards Multilingualism:Li Minority Students in Hainan

Recent research has emphasized that attitude is key to language learners’learning outcomes.More specifically,language learners’feelings about languages and language learning may affect their study behavior and willingness to engage with a second or foreign language.Few studies on language attitudes have been conducted with ethnic minority groups in China.As such,influencing factors(e.g.,gender,language proficiency)have not gained sufficient attention.The present study aims to explore language attitudes,especially towards multilingualism,among members of the Li minority group in Hainan,China.First,we conceptualized and validated a questionnaire on attitudes towards multilingualism.Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis verified the survey’s validity.Then,we examined how selected sociodemographic variables(e.g.,gender and language proficiency)influenced students’attitudes towards multilingualism.Hierarchical regression was performed to ascertain the contribution of each predictor variable to learners’attitudes towards multilingualism.Results revealed no significant relationship between gender and language attitudes but found a significant impact of students’language proficiency level on their attitudes towards multilingualism.Implications for minority students’multilingual learning were discussed based on the findings.

Expression Pattern of Peptide and Amino Acid Genes in Digestive Tract of Transporter Juvenile Turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L.)

Turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L.),a carnivorous fish species with high dietary protein requirement,was chosen to examine the expression pattern of peptide and amino acid transporter genes along its digestive tract which was divided into six segments including stomach,pyloric caeca,rectum,and three equal parts of the remainder of the intestine.The results showed that the expression of two peptide and eleven amino acid transporters genes exhibited distinct patterns.Peptide transporter 1(Pep T1) was rich in proximal intestine while peptide transporter 2(PepT2) was abundant in distal intestine.A number of neutral and cationic amino acid transporters expressed richly in whole intestine including B^0-type amino acid transporter 1(B^0AT1),L-type amino acid transporter 2(LAT2),T-type amino acid transporter 1(TAT1),proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1(PAT1),y^+L-type amino acid transporter 1(y^+LAT1),and cationic amino acid transporter 2(CAT2) while ASC amino acid transporter 2(ASCT2),sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2(SNAT2),and y^+L-type amino acid transporter 2(y^+LAT2) abundantly expressed in stomach.In addition,system b^(0,+) transporters(rBAT and b^(0,+)AT) existed richly in distal intestine.These findings comprehensively characterized the distribution of solute carrier family proteins,which revealed the relative importance of peptide and amino acid absorption through luminal membrane.Our findings are helpful to understand the mechanism of the utilization of dietary protein in fish with a short digestive tract.

Television Programs for Teenagers and the Use of Multimodality in Knowledge Popularization

The aim of this work is to study the interaction of spoken words and images that are used within programs targeted to popularize knowledge among teenagers. We will look into the program Bit@bit developed by Television de Catalunya, which is intended to disseminate computer concepts, tools and procedures. In this kind of program, one can find spoken language （on/off screen voices, interviews, etc.）, other oral material （sounds, music, songs）, written language （descriptions, title sequences, inserts and Uniform Resource Locator, or electronic addresses）, and other visual material （film cut images, advertising, other TV programs, cartoons, films, both location or studio images, depicting reality, or computer screens, or logotypes）. The profusion of multimodal elements used in this program helps to keep the young audience＇s attention. The use of references to their world or knowledge, as a target group, is based on interplay among different semiotic strategies. At the same time, the entire program＇s multi-segmentation into short video clips, combined with a fast paced sound track helps its audience to understand the specialized explanations presented. Of all the multimodal wealth that the program presents, we will concentrate only on the relationship between the words and the images （leaving other secondary semiotics to one side）, the main strategy for achieving the objective of transmitting knowledge and winning adolescent audiences.

THE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN A MULTI-CULTURAL BACKGROUND──The Studies of Minority Regions in the Western China

China is a country with many nationalities. Each of them has formed its own special culture, which is different from the mainstream of majority Han nationality, by adapting to geo-environment during history. Due to different backgrounds, the regional developmental model of minorities in the western China is different from the Han nationality and western countries. Combining a knowledge-based civilization and sustainable development, the minority areas can seek the systematic integration of culture-economy-ecology. Based on this, the paper suggests that the minority areas in western China should take the way of emphasizing developmental quality rather than developmental quantity for a harmonious system of culture-economy-ecology. Some approaches for developing minority areas in western China have been put foreword.

Detection of hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma: Comparison of multi-detector CT with digital subtraction angiography and Lipiodol CT

AIM: The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of biphasic multi-detector row helical computed tomography (MDCT), digital subtraction angiography (DSA)and Lipiodol computed tomography (CT) in detection of hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).METHODS: Twenty-eight patients with nodular HCC underwent biphasic MDCT examination: hepatic arterial phase (HAP) 25 s and portal venous phase (PVP) 70 s after injection of the contrast medium (1.5 mL/kg). They also underwent hepatic angiography and intra-arterial infusion of iodized oil. Lipiodol CT was performed 3-4 wk after infusion. MDCT images were compared with DSA and Lipiodol CT images for detection of hepatic nodules.RESULTS: The three imaging techniques had the same sensitivity in detecting nodules ＞20 mm in diameter. There was no significant difference in the sensitivity among HAP-MDCT, Lipiodol CT and DSA for nodules of 10-20 mm in diameter. For the nodules ＜10 mm in diameter, HAP-MDCT identified 47, Lipiodol CT detected 27 (X2= 11.3, P= 0.005＜0.01, HAP-MDCT vs Lipiodol CT) and DSA detected 16(X2= 9.09, P= 0.005＜0.01 vs Lipiodol CT and X2= 29.03,P = 0.005＜0.01 vs HAP-MDCT). However, six nodules ＜10 mm in diameter were detected only by Lipiodol CT.CONCLUSION: MDCT and Lipiodol CT are two complementary modalities. At present, MDCT does not obviate the need for DSA and subsequent Lipiodol CT as a preoperative examination for HCC.

论老子“报怨以德”的思想

关于《老子》第六十三章开头“为无为,事无事,味无味。大小多少,报怨以德”中的“报怨以德”的含义,古今学者众说纷纭。“报怨以德”的确切含义之所以长期得不到合理的解释,一个重要的原因,是对其中的“怨”“德”的含义缺乏细致的考察与梳理,对“报怨以德”与上文的关系缺乏深入的揭示。其实,“报怨以德”中的“怨”,指的应是怨恨,而非仇怨、仇恨;“德”,指的是“得”即得到的意思,而非恩惠、恩德或道德、玄德,具体而言,则指的是通过“为无为,事无事,味无味”的修行而得到的结果或达到的境界,因此,所谓“报怨以德”,指的是通过修行所得来回报怨恨。“报怨以德”是老子“柔弱胜刚强”的核心思想的具体体现。而“大小多少”,则指的是怨恨的大小或多少。

Innovation of Knowledge-based Hyper-multimedia to Promote a Culture of Using ICT Creatively for Adolescents

The purpose of the present research was to develop an innovative knowledge-based hyper-multimedia to promote a culture of using information and communication Technology （ICT） creatively for adolescents. Their learning processes and attitudes toward such innovation in their community were also examined. Thirty juveniles, 13-18 years of age in each Hangdong and Maerim districts, Chiang Mai province were employed in the study. Data collections were made through questionnaires, interview, test, group discussion and brainstorming. Analysis and evaluation were carried out with the applications of sufficient economy philosophy, constructivism theory and Torrance＇s future problem-solving instructional model. Results showed that the learning innovation of hyper-multimedia presented by the use of animation, video, scene and sound with related action script synchronization was considerably effective. With the application of sufficient economy philosophy, the result indicated that performance efficiency （El/E2） was 92.228/9.83 and the adolescents learning processes and attitudes were very good. These included purchasing of moderate ICT equipments, information screening for self-immunity and creative using of internet and ICT morally and ethically according to the computer laws. This independent learning system was properly designed for the juveniles with the right to retrieve the data or stop using at anytime. By using Torrance＇s approach and constructivism theory emphasizing on brainstorming techniques, it was noted that learning process was very well adopted by the adolescents with high satisfaction. They had good attitudes toward the extension of sufficient ICT cultural using in their community with emphasis on brotherly relationship. Related organizations should educate their parents to instruct the juveniles to use the internet properly and encourage people to be aware of ICT business in order to protect social and cultural problems encountered in the future.