从“多学科”到“跨学科”:高校应急管理人才培养质量的提升策略

应急管理作为一门新兴交叉学科,相关专业究竟“需要培养什么样的人”及“如何培养这类人”等人才培养质量问题成为当前学界探讨的热点话题。在分析“多学科”“跨学科”“多学科教育”“跨学科教育”等核心概念的基础上,采用多案例的内容分析法,重点探讨了当前我国高校应急管理人才培养活动中“培养目标”“课程内容”“教学方式”“教师资源”等方面的“多学科”发展困境。继而尝试通过确立应急管理人才培养总体目标、制定应急管理核心能力框架、在课程讲授中嵌入实践教学及多种渠道整合教师资源的方式,提出了应急管理“跨学科”人才培养质量的提升策略。

“多学科交叉综合”毕业设计(论文)模式的改革与实践

我校从高等教育综合化对复合型人才培养的要求出发,在毕业设计(论文)环节进行了“多学科交叉综合”新模式的探索与实践,取得了初步的成效。本文针对实践中存在的问题,提出了今后的改革思路。

家属协同干预在抗磷脂综合征合并妊娠患者中的应用效果

目的探讨家属协同干预在抗磷脂综合征(APS)合并妊娠患者中的应用效果。方法选择2020年1月至2022年12月内蒙古医科大学附属医院收治的100例APS合并妊娠患者,根据随机数字表法将其分为甲组和乙组,每组50例。甲组予以常规护理,乙组在甲组基础上行家属协同干预。观察两组干预前后情绪状态、自我护理能力、服药依从性及妊娠并发症发生情况。结果干预后,两组正性负性情绪量表中正性情绪评分高于干预前,负性情绪评分低于干预前,且乙组正性情绪评分高于甲组,负性情绪评分低于甲组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);干预后,两组自我护理能力测定量表及中文版8条目Morisky服药依从性量表评分均高于干预前,且乙组高于甲组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论家属协同干预可改善APS妊娠者情绪状态、自我护理能力及用药依从性,并可减少其他妊娠并发症。

“多学科渗透式”实验教学模式的探索

为适应时代的需要,培养高素质的临床医学(检验方向)的大学生,将原有的"单学科叠加式"的人才培养模式改革为"多学科渗透式"的人才培养新模式,调整教学安排,建立更科学的实验课程体系,打破临床医学与检验专业的分割,培养知识、能力、素质"三位一体"的复合型人才。

“多学科-社区-家庭”模式进行冠心病二级预防效果观察

目的:探讨有效的冠心病二级预防模式,从而减少心血管事件发生,降低病死率。方法:对入选的115例冠心病患者,采取"多学科-社区-家庭"模式进行二级预防,观察患者冠心病危险因素及各相关指标的控制情况,患者生活方式、服药依从性、冠心病常识掌握改善情况。结果:经此模式进行二级预防的患者,对冠心病知识掌握率、服药依从性均明显提高(均P<0.05),不良生活方式明显改善(P<0.05)。血脂、血压、血糖、体重指数等指标较入院时显著改善(均P<0.05)。结论:"多学科-社区-家庭"冠心病二级预防模式,可以有效的控制患者的冠心病危险因素,从而降低心血管事件的发生,提高患者生活质量。

公共艺术教育课程建设与改革的思索

公共艺术教育是我们国家高等教育自我提高完善的重要渠道,是衡量我们国家高等教育是否成功的重要标准。艺术教育在人才培养中举足轻重的地位,其作用不在于知识、经验、技能的获取和增益,而在于人性、情感的陶铸和完善。在世界各国纷纷对艺术教育加以重视的当今时代,我们如何做好社会调研和教学交流,探讨出行之有效的课程体系,更好的拓展我们国家公共艺术教育的适用性和有效性,成为我们国家高等教育体系中不可或缺的重要内容。

INTEGRATED DESIGN OF AN ELECTRIC POWERED UNMANNED AIR VEHICLE USING CONCURRENT SUBSPACE DESIGN

The concurrent subspace design (CSD) framework has been used to conduct a preliminary design optimization of an electric powered, unmanned air vehicle (EPUAV) operating at a low Reynolds number. A multidisciplinary system analysis that includes aerodynamics, weights, propulsion, performance and stability and control has been developed for this class of vehicles. The CSD framework employs artificial neural network based response surfaces to provide approximations to the design space. The EPUAV system includes 25 continuous and 4 discrete design variables. The CSD framework was able to identify feasible designs with significant weight reductions relative to any previously considered (i.e. initial database) designs. This was accomplished with a limited number of system analyses. The results also demonstrate the nature of this design framework adaptive to changes in design requirements.

EFFICIENT METHOD FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY DESIGN OPTIMIZATION BY CONSIDERING UNCERTAINTY

A new reliability-based multidisciplinary design optimization （RBMDO） framework is proposed by combining the single-loop-based reliability analysis （SLBRA） method with multidisciplinary feasible （MDF） method. The Kriging approximate model with updating is introduced to reduce the computational cost of MDF caused by the complex structure. The computational efficiency is remarkably improved as the lack of iterative process during reliability analysis. Special attention is paid to a turbine blade design optimization by adopting the proposed method. Results show that the method is much more efficient than the commonly used double-loop based RBMDO method. It is feasible and efficient to apply the method to the engineering design.

IMPROVED AERODYNAMIC APPROXIMATION MODEL WITH CASE-BASED REASONING TECHNIQUE FOR MDO OF AIRCRAFT

To increase the efficiency of the multidisciplinary optimization of aircraft, an aerodynamic approximation model is improved. Based on the study of aerodynamic approximation model constructed by the scaling correction model, case-based reasoning technique is introduced to improve the approximation model for optimization. The aircraft case model is constructed by utilizing the plane parameters related to aerodynamic characteristics as attributes of cases, and the formula of case retrieving is improved. Finally, the aerodynamic approximation model for optimization is improved by reusing the correction factors of the most similar aircraft to the current one. The multidisciplinary optimization of a civil aircraft concept is carried out with the improved aerodynamic approximation model. The results demonstrate that the precision and the efficiency of the optimization can be improved by utilizing the improved aerodynamic approximation model with ease-based reasoning technique.

Comparison of Genetic Diversity Between Local Cultivated Aromatic and Non-aromatic Rice in Yunnan Province

[ Objective] The genetic diversity of the local cultivated aromatic rice and non-aromatic rice in Yunnan Province were compared to provide further genetic resources for breeding practice. [Method] Genetic diversity of 10 aromatic rice and 45 non-aromatic rice were analyzed by 64 SSR primers covered on 12 rice chromosomes. [ Result] Per locus 5.44 and 7.98 alleles in average were detected, ranging from 2 to 12 and from 2 to 17 in aromatic and non-aromatic rice, respectively. Average genetic multiplicity index（Hs） was 0.46 and 0.67 respectively. The average polymorphism information content （PIC） was 0.43 and 0.58 in aromatic and non-aromatic rice respectively. [ Conclusion] The results indicated that genetic diversity was higher in non-aromatic rice than in aromatic rice.

Effect of multidisciplinary team treatment on outcomes of patients with gastrointestinal malignancy

AIM: To evaluate the effect of multidisciplinary team (MDT) treatment modality on outcomes of patients with gastrointestinal malignancy in China. METHODS: Data about patients with gastric and colorectal cancer treated in our center during the past 10 years were collected and divided into two parts. Part 1 consisted of the data collected from 516 consecutive complicated cases discussed at MDT meetings in Peking University School of Oncology (PKUSO) from December 2005 to July 2009. Part 2 consisted of the data collected from 263 consecutive cases of resect-able locally advanced rectal cancer from January 2001 to January 2005. These 263 patients were divided into neoadjuvant therapy (NT) group and control group. Patients in NT group received MDT treatment, namely neoadjuvant therapy + surgery + postoperative adjuvant therapy. Patients in control group underwent direct surgery + postoperative adjuvant therapy. The outcomes in two groups were compared. RESULTS: The treatment strategy was altered after discussed at MDT meeting in 76.81% of gastric cancer patients and in 58.33% of colorectal cancer patients before operation. The sphincter-preservation and local control of tumor were better in NT group than in control group. The 5-year overall survival rate was also higher in NT group than in control group (77.23% vs 69.75%, P = 0.049). CONCLUSION: MDT treatment modality can significantly improve the outcomes of patients with gastrointestinal malignancy in China.

Multi-disciplinary treatment for cholangiocellular carcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma(CC)is rare malignant tumors composed of cells that resemble those of the biliary tract.It is notoriously difficult to diagnose,and is associated with a high mortality.Traditionally,CC is divided into intrahepatic and extraheaptic disease according to its location within the biliary tree.Intrahepatic cholangiocellular carcinoma(IH-CCC)or peripheral cholangiocellular carcinoma(CCC)appears within the second bifurcation of hepatic bile duct,and is the second most common primary liver cancer following hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),IH-CCC or peripheral CCC often presents with advanced clinical features,and the cause for this cancer rise is still unclear.MRI,CT and PET provide useful diagnostic information in those patients.Surgical resection is the only chance for cure,with results depending on selected patients and careful surgical technique.Liver transplantation could offer long-term survival in selected patients when combined with chemotherapy.Chemotherapy,radiation therapy or combination therapies remain as the only treatment for inoperable patients.However,these are uniformly ineffective in patients' survival.

Depression and chronic heart failure in the elderly： an intriguing relationship

Chronic heart failure and depressive disorders have a high prevalence and incidence in the elderly. Several studies have shown how depression tends to exacerbate coexisting chronic heart failure and its clinical outcomes and vice versa, especially in the elderly. The negative synergism between chronic heart failure and depression in the elderly may be approached only taking into account the multifaceted pathophysiological characteristics underlying both these conditions, such as behavioural factors, neurohormonal activation, inflammatory mediators, hypercoagulability and vascular damage. Nevertheless, the pathophysiological link between these two conditions is not well established yet. Despite the high prevalence of depression in chronic heart failure elderly patients and its negative prognostic value, it is often unrecognized especially because of shared symptoms. So the screening of mood disorders, using reliable questionnaires, is recommended in elderly patients with chronic heart failure, even if cannot substitute a diagnostic interview by mental health professionals. In this setting, treatment of depression requires a multidisciplinary approach including： psychotherapy, antidepressants, exercise training and electroconvulsive therapy. Pharmacological therapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, despite conflicting results, improves quality of life but does not guarantee better outcomes. Exercise training is effective in improving quality of life and prognosis but at the same time cardiac rehabilitation services are vastly underutilized.

Patterns of local recurrence in rectal cancer after a multidisciplinary approach

Improvements in surgery and the application of combined approaches to fight rectal cancer have succeeded in reducing the local recurrence (LR) rate and when there is LR it tends to appear later and less often in isolation. Moreover, a subtle change in the distribution of LRs with respect to the pelvis has been observed. In general terms, prior to total mesorectal excision the most common LRs were central types (perianastomotic and anterior) while lateral and posterior forms (presa-cral) have become more common since the growth in the use of combined treatments. No differences have been reported in the current pattern of LRs as a function of the type of approach used, that is, neo-adjuvant therapies (short-term or long-course radiotherapy, orchemoradiotherapy versus extended lymphadenectomy, though there is a trend towards posterior or presacral LR in patients in the Western world and lateral LR in Asia. Nevertheless, both may arise from the same mechanism. Moreover, as well as the mode of treatment, the type of LR is related to the height of the initial tumor. Nowadays most LRs are related to the advanced nature of the disease. Involvement of the circumferential radial margin and spillage of residual tumor cells from lymphatic leakage in the pelvic side wall are two plausible mechanisms for the genesis of LR. The patterns of pelvic recurrence itself (pelvic subsites) also have important implications for prognosis and are related to the potential success of salvage curative approach. The re-operability for cure and prognosis are generally better for anastomotic and anterior types than for presacral and lateral recurrences. Overall survival after LR diagnosis is lower with radio or chemoradiotherapy plus optimal surgery approaches, compared to optimal surgery alone.

Multidisciplinary imaging of liver hydatidosis

Liver hydatidosis is a parasitic endemic disease affecting extensive areas in our planet, a significant stigma within medicine to manage because of its incidence, possible complications, and diagnostic involvements. The diagnosis of liver hydatidosis should be as fast as possible because of the relevant complications that may arise with disease progression, involving multiple organs and neighboring structures causing disruption, migration, contamination. The aim of this essay is to illustrate the role of imaging as ultrasonography （US）, multi detector row computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） in the evaluation of liver hydatidosis： the diagnosis, the assessment of extension, the identification of possible complications and the monitoring the response to therapy. US is the screening method of choice. Computed tomography （CT） is indi-cated in cases in which US is inadequate and has high sensitivity and specificity for calcified hydatid cysts. Magnetic resonance is the best imaging procedure to demonstrate a cystic component and to show a biliary tree involvement. Diagnostic tests such as CT and MRI are mandatory in liver hydatidosis because they allow thorough knowledge regarding lesion size, location, and relations to intrahepatic vascular and biliary structures, providing useful information for effective treatment and decrease in post-operative morbidity. Hydatid disease is classified into four types on the basis of their radiologic appearance.

Thalidomide-based multidisciplinary treatment for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma:A retrospective analysis

AIM： To evaluate the efficacy of thalidomide in com- bination with other therapies to treat patients with ad- vanced hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）. METHODS： We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients with HCC who were treated with thalido- mide for at least two months. The medical records of patients with HCC who were treated at our institution between April 2003 and March 2008 were reviewed. Image studies performed before and after treatment, tumor response, overall survival, and the decrease in o-fetoprotein （AFP） levels were evaluated. RESULTS： A total of 53 patients with HCC received either 100 or 200 mg/d of thalidomide. The patient population consisted of 9 women and 44 men with a median age of 61 years. Thirty patients （56.6%） were classified as Child-Pugh A, and 12 patients （22.6%） were classified as Child-Pugh B. Twenty-six patients had portal vein thrombosis （49.1%）, and 25 patients had extrahepatic metastasis （47.1%）. The median duration of thalidomide treatment was 6.0 mo. Six of the 53 patients achieved a confirmed response （11.3%）, one achieved a complete response （1.9%） and 5 achieved a partial response （9.4%）. The disease control rate （CR ＋ PR ＋ SD） was 28.3% （95% CI： 17.8-42.4）, and the median overall survival rate was 10.5 too. The 1- and 2-year survival rates were 45% and 20%, respectively. Only one complete response patient showed an im- proved overall survival rate of 66.8 mo. Sixteen patients （30.2%） showed more than a 50% decrease in their serum AFP levels from baseline, indicating a better re- sponse rate （31.3%）, disease control rate （43.8%）, and overall survival time （20.7 mo）. The therapy was well tolerated, and no significant toxicities were observed. CONCLUSION： Thalidomide was found to be safe for advanced HCC patients, demonstrating anti-tumor ac- tivity including response, survival, and AFP decreases of greater than 50% from baseline.

Patterns and prognosis of locally recurrent rectal cancer following multidisciplinary treatment

AIM:To investigate the patterns and decisive prognostic factors for local recurrence of rectal cancer treated with a multidisciplinary team(MDT) modality.METHODS:Ninety patients with local recurrence were studied,out of 1079 consecutive rectal cancer patients who underwent curative surgery from 1999 to 2007.For each patient,the recurrence pattern was assessed by specialist radiologists from the MDT using imaging,and the treatment strategy was decided after discussion by the MDT.The associations between clinicopathological factors and long-term outcomes were evaluated using both univariate and multivariate analysis.RESULTS:The recurrence pattern was classified as follows:Twenty-seven(30%) recurrent tumors were evaluated as axial type,21(23.3%) were anterior type,8(8.9%) were posterior type,and 13(25.6%) were lateral type.Forty-one patients had tumors that were evaluated as resectable by the MDT and ultimately received surgery,and R0 resection was achieved in 36(87.8%) of these patients.The recurrence pattern was closely associated with resectability and R0 resection rate(P < 0.001).The recurrence pattern,interval to recurrence,and R0 resection were significantly associated with 5-year survival rate in univariate analysis.Multivariate analysis showed that the R0 resection was the unique independent factor affecting long-term survival.CONCLUSION:The MDT modality improves patient selection for surgery by enabling accurate classification of the recurrence pattern;R0 resection is the most significant factor affecting long-term survival.

Perianal Crohn's disease: Is there something new?

Perianal lesions are common in patients with Crohn's disease, and display aggressive behavior in some cases. An accurate diagnosis is necessary for the optimal management of perianal lesions. Treatment of perianal Crohn's disease includes medical and/or surgical options. Recent discoveries in the pathogenesis of this disease have led to advances in medical and surgical therapy with good results. Perianal lesions in Crohn's disease remain a challenging aspect for both gastroenterologists and surgeons and lead to a greatly impaired quality of life for all patients affected by this disease. A multidisciplinary approach is mandatory to obtain the best results.

Multidisciplinary design optimization on production scale of underground metal mine

In order to ensure overall optimization of the underground metal mine production scale, multidisciplinary design optimization model of production scale which covers the subsystem objective function of income of production, safety and environmental impact in the underground metal mine was established by using multidisciplinary design optimization method. The coupling effects from various disciplines were fully considered, and adaptive mutative scale chaos immunization optimization algorithm was adopted to solve multidisciplinary design optimization model of underground metal mine production scale. Practical results show that multidisciplinary design optimization on production scale of an underground lead and zinc mine reflect the actual operating conditions more realistically, the production scale is about 1.25 Mt/a (Lead and zinc metal content of 160 000 t/a), the economic life is approximately 14 a, corresponding coefficient of production profits can be increased to 15.13%, safety factor can be increased to 5.4% and environmental impact coefficient can be reduced by 9.52%.

Current progress and future prospects in phylofloristics

The species composition of regional plant assemblages can in large part be explained by a long history of biogeographical and evolutionary events. Traditional attempts of floristic studies typically focus on the analyses of taxonomic composition, often ignoring the rich context that evolutionary history can provide. In 2014, Swenson and Umafia introduced the term ＇phylofloristics＇ to define a phylogenetically enabled analysis of the species composition of regional floras. Integrating phylogenetic information into tradi- tional floristic analysis can provide a promising way to explore the ecological, biogeographic, and evolutionary processes that drive plant assemblies at multiple spatial scales. In this review, we sum- marize the current progress on the phylogenetic structure, spatial phylogenetic pattern, origin and diversification, phylogenetic regionalization of fioristic assemblages, and application of phylogenetic information in biodiversity conservation. These summaries highlight the importance of incorporating phylogenetic information to improve our understanding of floristic assembly from an evolutionary perspective. The review ends with a brief outlook on future challenges for phylofloristic studies, including generating a highly resolved species-level phylogenetic tree, compiling detailed and refined information regarding the geographic distribution of all plant life, extracting trait information from publications and herbarium specimens, and developing technological and methodological approaches for big data analysis.