The Value of the World＇s Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital by Costanza in 1997 is generally regarded as a monumem for the research of valuing ecosystem services. However, the classification of ecosystem services...The Value of the World＇s Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital by Costanza in 1997 is generally regarded as a monumem for the research of valuing ecosystem services. However, the classification of ecosystem services, the method of various services summation and the purpose for static global value had be confronted by many criticisms. Based on the summary of these criticisms, suggestions, related function assessment and further study direction, the sustainability of ecosystem Services is presented. The two basic indicators in ecology, productivity and biodiversity, respectively charactering the ability of producing and self-organizing, not only represent the internal function of ecosystem, but also are proportioned to its external function of supporting and providing for human life. On presenting the general.form of ecosystem services assessment, this paper improves the mathematical formula by giving a function adjusting coefficient composea of productivity and biodiversity. Theoretically, the integration of the two indicators reflects the changes of ecosystem services at spatial and temporal scales, can physically assess the sustainability of ecosystem services, and build a firm scientific fundament of value assessment for ecosystem services. Objectively, its application should be strictly tested in next step.展开更多
Listening is the breakthrough for conquering English castle, it is not only the requirement of English test, but also the practical use of English knowledge and the embodiment of English comprehensive ability. Listeni...Listening is the breakthrough for conquering English castle, it is not only the requirement of English test, but also the practical use of English knowledge and the embodiment of English comprehensive ability. Listening teaching plays a crucial role in foreign language teaching. However, the effect of listening teaching is undesirable. In recent years, multi-modality theory has been focused by many researchers. In view of particularity of the listening teaching, it is urgent to apply the multi-modality theory to English listening teaching which will produce very good teaching result.展开更多
基金National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China (Grant No. 30230090)
文摘The Value of the World＇s Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital by Costanza in 1997 is generally regarded as a monumem for the research of valuing ecosystem services. However, the classification of ecosystem services, the method of various services summation and the purpose for static global value had be confronted by many criticisms. Based on the summary of these criticisms, suggestions, related function assessment and further study direction, the sustainability of ecosystem Services is presented. The two basic indicators in ecology, productivity and biodiversity, respectively charactering the ability of producing and self-organizing, not only represent the internal function of ecosystem, but also are proportioned to its external function of supporting and providing for human life. On presenting the general.form of ecosystem services assessment, this paper improves the mathematical formula by giving a function adjusting coefficient composea of productivity and biodiversity. Theoretically, the integration of the two indicators reflects the changes of ecosystem services at spatial and temporal scales, can physically assess the sustainability of ecosystem services, and build a firm scientific fundament of value assessment for ecosystem services. Objectively, its application should be strictly tested in next step.
文摘Listening is the breakthrough for conquering English castle, it is not only the requirement of English test, but also the practical use of English knowledge and the embodiment of English comprehensive ability. Listening teaching plays a crucial role in foreign language teaching. However, the effect of listening teaching is undesirable. In recent years, multi-modality theory has been focused by many researchers. In view of particularity of the listening teaching, it is urgent to apply the multi-modality theory to English listening teaching which will produce very good teaching result.
