“大日本”与“小日本”

我们中国人一说起日本,总是“小日本”如何如何。“小日本”这个看似简单的称呼里,包含复杂的意味,值得作一番梳理。为什么叫他“小日本”与幅员辽阔的中国相比,日本确实显得小。然而,若是按领土面积或者人口计算,日本至少也是一个中等国家,假如把日本移到欧洲,则不折不扣成了一个大国。

明治时代日本“脱亚论”的思想意识与国策选择

近代日本的对外认识主要源自明治初期的"脱亚论","脱亚论"与明治政府的对外政策高度融合,对近代以来的日本对外战略思想及其政策运用均产生了重大影响。在"脱亚论"思潮的影响下,"大日本主义"思想甚嚣尘上,日本不断对外进行军事侵略和经济扩张,对被侵略国家的政治、经济、社会等方面造成了深重灾难。

Deformation caused by the 2011 eastern Japan great earthquake monitored using the GPS single-epoch precise point positioning technique

Crustal deformation can provide constraints for studying earthquake rupture and shock wave transmission for the Mw9.0 eastern Japan great earthquake. Using the single- epoch precise point positioning （PPP） method and the appropriate positioning flow, we process GPS data from six IGS （International GNSS Service） sites （e.g., MIZU, TSK2, USUD, MTKA, AIRA and KSMV） located in Japan and obtain the positioning results with centimeter scale precision. The displacement time series of the six sites are analyzed using the least squares spectral analysis method to estimate deformations caused by the Mw9.0 mainshock and the Mw7.9 aftershock, and the cumulative displacements after 1 day. Mainshock displacements at station MIZU, the nearest site to the mainshock in the North （N）, East （E）, and Up （U） directions, are -1.202 m, 2.180 m and -0.104 m, respectively, and the cumulative deformations after 1 day are -1.117 m, 2.071 m and -0.072 m, respectively. The displacements at station KSMV, the nearest site to the Mw7.9 aftershock in the N, E and U directions, are -0.032 m, 0.742 m and -0.345 m, respectively. The other sites obviously experienced eastern movements and subsidence. The deformation vectors indicate that the horizontal displacements caused by the earthquake point to the epicenter and rupture. Elastic bounds evidently took place at all sites. The results indicate that the crustal movements and earthquake were part of a megathrust caused by the Pacific Plate sinking under the North American Plate to the northeast of Japan island arc.

Preparation of High Titer Et Immune Serum by Low-Aged Animals

[Objective] The study aimed to establish an approach to high titer Et immune serum preparation by low-aged Japanese rabbits. [Method] Antigen of Et was prepared at first, Japanese rabbits were taken as immunized animal, and divided into two groups for experiments, one is two-month-old group （T group）, and another is six-month-old group （S group）. Japanese rabbits were continuous by immunized with low-dose by using auricular intravenous method, then immune sera were collected. Immune serum antibody titer was determined with micro-agglutination reaction method. E Resultl Agglutination reaction showed that the Et serum titer of S group is higher than that of T group in the first testing with the same dose. But in the second testing, the serum titer of the T group and and the S group was consistent, [Conclusien] The animals in the T group （Japanese rabbits） were fewer months old, and produced high titer antiserum was which consistent with the S group, which indicated that the method of preparing of high titer Et immune serum by low-aged Japanese rabbits was feasible.

Trend in gastric cancer:35 years of surgical experience in Japan

AIM:To investigate the trend in gastric cancer surgery in the context of rapid therapeutic advancement in Japan and East Asia.METHODS:A retrospective analysis was performed on 4163 patients who underwent gastric resection for gastric cancer with histological confirmation between 1971 and 2007 at the surgical unit in Kitasato University Hospital,to determine the trend in gastric cancer requiring surgery.RESULTS:Gastric cancer requiring surgical resection increased in our hospital,but the incidence adjusted for population was constant during the observed pe-riod.Interestingly,the ratio of diffuse type/intestinal type gastric cancer was unexpectedly unchanged,and that of advanced/early gastric cancer(EGC)was,however,markedly reduced,while the actual incidence of potentially curative advanced gastric cancer tended to decrease.The incidence of EGC requiring surgery tended to increase as a whole,which is consistent with increased prevalence of endoscopic surveillance.As a result,overall survival and mortality of gastric cancer requiring gastric resection has recently markedly improved.CONCLUSION:In Japan,planned interventions may improve surgical gastric cancer mortality,but an unexpected trend of persistent existence of intestinal type cancer suggests the need for more robust medical intervention.

Lung tissue flap repairs esophagus defection with an inner chitosan tube stent

AIM： TO repair the partial esophagus defect with a chitosan stent, a new esophageal prosthesis made of pulmonary tissue with vascular pedicie.METHODS： Fifteen Japanese big ear white rabbits were divided into experimental group （n = 10） and control group （n = 5）. Esophagus defect in rabbits of experimental group was repaired using lung tissue flap with a chitosan tube stent, gross and histological appearance was observed at week 2, 4 and 8 after operation, and barium sulphate X-ray screen was performed at week 10 after operation. Esophagus defect of rabbits in control group was repaired using lung tissue flap with no chitosan tube stent, gross and histological appearance was observed at week 2, 4 and 8 after operation, and barium sulphate X-ray screen was performed at week 10 after operation.RESULTS： In the experimental group, 6 rabbits survived for over two weeks, the lung tissue flap healed esophageal defection, and squamous metaplasia occurred on the surface of lung tissue flap. At week 10 after operation, barium sulphate examination found that barium was fluent through the esophagus with no stricture or back stream, the creeping was good. In the control group, 4 rabbits survived for two weeks, the lung tissue flap healed esophageal defection with fibrous tissue hyperplasia, barium sulphate examination found that barium was fluent through the esophagus with a slight stricture or back stream, and the creeping was not good at week 10 after operation.CONCLUSION： Esophagus defect can be repaired using lung tissue flap with an inner chitosan tube stent.

GIS as an Information Infrastructure for Recovery and Reconstruction after the Great East Japan Earthquake

This study considers the regional characteristics of the Tohoku region and the extent of the damage caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake and makes proposals for recovery and reconstruction of the areas affected by this disaster as well as for a reduction of the impact of natural disasters that may occur in the future with GIS （geographic information systems） as a social infrastructure positioned at the heart of the information infrastructure. Due to the fact that social media that used ICT （information and communication technology） was useful in the days directly after the disaster, it can be said that it is necessary to investigate the provision of an information infrastructure that uses ICT to reduce the impact of disasters. Therefore, this study proposes the construction of a geographical information database using GIS and the provision and sharing of information using social media GIS after discussion of the relationship between the development of the computerization of Japan and GIS as a valid example of using information systems for recovery and reconstruction after the Great East Japan Earthquake.

Analysis of Ship Refuge Action in Tsunami Using AIS Data： Case of the 2011 East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami

A massive earthquake occurred in the Tohoku and Kanto regions of Japan on the 1 lth of March 2011. In response, a tsunami alert, a tsunami warning and an advisory were issued for the entire Pacific coast region. This research investigates the evacuation behavior of ships by AIS （automatic identification system） data in Onahama port after the tsunami warning was issued. The unusual behavior observed was attributed to the emergency evacuation of ships. This research investigates the evacuation behaviors of the vessels using the data obtained from AIS, around the Onahama Port during alerting the major tsunami warning. The result shows that most vessels in the port started evacuating approximately 10 min after the major tsunami warning and completed offshore evacuation 40 min after this warning. This contributed in understanding the actual status of the vessel evacuation. In addition, the travel paths of each vessel revealed the influence of the tsunami on the vessels. Furthermore, the exceptional situation where several vessels moved in the same direction at the speed almost same for about 2 hours was confirmed. As a result, it can be estimated that the waves that affected both vessels were the drawback of the tsunamis.

Prevalence and impact of musculoskeletal pain in Japanese gastrointestinal endoscopists:A controlled study

AIM:To examine the frequency and prevention of musculoskeletal pain in Japanese gastrointestinal endoscopists and non-endoscopist physicians.METHODS:Questionnaires were sent to 275 endoscopists and 173 non-endoscopists working in Hiroshima University Hospital and its affiliated hospitals.RESULTS:The completed questionnaires were returned by 190(69%)endoscopists and 120(69%)non-endoscopists.The frequency of pain in the hand and wrist,and especially the left thumb,was significantly higher in endoscopists than in non-endoscopists(17%vs 6%,P=0.004).Using multivariate analysis,the only significant factor associated with this pain was the age of the endoscopist(odds ratio 2.77,95%confidence interval,1.23-6.71,P=0.018).Interestingly,endoscopists had made significantly fewer modifications to their endoscopic practices than non-endoscopists(12%vs 33%,P <0.0001)to prevent pain.CONCLUSION:Pain in the hand and wrist may be endoscopy-related.However,endoscopists made little modifications in practice to prevent such pain.More attention to prevention appears necessary.

Research and Application of Role Theory in Ocean Carbon Cycle Ontology Construction

Many researchers have studied the ocean carbon cycle model trying to regulate the level of CO2 in atmosphere from viewpoint of quantification. Unlike other researches, this paper analyzes the conversion process of carbon element in the ocean from the qualitative viewpoint. There are many complex roles in the ocean carbon cycle, and it is hard to represent the case that an entity plays different role in different environment. An ontology technology Hozo role theory developed by Osaka University Mizoguchi Laboratory is proposed as a solution. The basic concepts and representation mode of Hozo role theory is introduced. The conversion process of ocean carbon cycle is abstracted and an ontology model using Hozo role theory is proposed. Instead of comprehensive common ontology construction method, we propose our own ontology development steps. Then an ontology about ocean carbon cycle is built in order to describe and share the basic knowledge of ocean carbon cycle. A knowledge base of material circulation is proposed based on the ontology. Its construction framework is described and some knowledge base query examples are also illustrated. Conclusions show that the role theory can effectively solve the problem of multirole description in ocean carbon cycle, and knowledge reasoning based on ontology is also effective.

Seismic Design of Offshore Wind Turbine Withstands Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami

Japan＇s first open sea offshore wind farm, Kamisu offshore windfarm Phase l, was stricken by an earthquake of intensity 6 on the Japanese seismic scale and a five-meter-high tsunami during the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11,2011. The wind farm resumed operation on March 14 after checks revealed no damage to the system, even though the wind farm was temporarily forced to stop due to the grid failure caused by the earthquake. Wind turbines require a precise seismic design especially in an earthquake-prone country such as Japan. Wind power Kamisu Phase 2 was built one year after the earthquake based on the experience of Kamisu Phase 1. This paper presents the seismic design of offshore wind turbines and the situation during the earthquake and tsunami.

Thailand-Japan＇s Volume of Trade Influencing on Socio-economic and Well-Being Development Using Maximum Entropy Bootstrap

This paper is preliminary information on some empirical findings based on an analysis of Thailand＇s macroeconomic data. The purpose of the study is to quantify social-economic well-being development with special emphasis on poverty. The maximum entropy bootstrap was presented that did not require the property of stationarity. Moreover, the methodology was stratified both the ergodic theorem and the central limit theorem. Thailand＇s GINI index and Thailand-Japan＇s volume of trade data cover the 14-year period from 1998 to 2011. There is a statistically significant negative non-linear relationship between endogenous Thailand＇s GINI index and exogenous Thailand-Japan＇s volume of trade. The results confirmed that every lagged one percent increase in Thailand-Japan＇s volume of trade influenced by a decrease of Thailand＇s GINI index coefficient 0.039 percent with the asymmetric around 0-almost closed to range condition -0.034824348 at 2.5%.

Discussion about the Bachelor Thesis of Japanese Major in University

Currently, Bachelor thesis of Japanese major＇s main problems is related to the topics of the irrational, writing both impetuous attitude, which led to poor quality of the article, is worrying. There are many causes of the problem, and you can relax from the writing language requirements, the timing of mentor, and guiding additional academic writing courses in a bid to solve them.

Efficient School Health Services and Sport Participation Among Nigerian Universities Undergraduates

Purpose： The purpose of the study was to ascertain the relationship between efficient medical services and Nigerian undergraduates＇ participation in sports. Methods and Materials： A randomly sampled population of 280 students and 12 managerial staff of sport and medical units participated in the descriptive study. Responses to a validated questionnaire provided the source of data. A test-retest reliability coefficient （r） = 0.80. Data were analyzed with simple percentages and Chi-square at 〈 0.05 alpha level. Results： All the respondents in medical centre and sport unit oriented the students on the available medical services and facilities on campus： availability of first aid services, treatment services for complicated injuries （inpatient）, referral services for specialized care, financial support during hospitalization. Complementary results from the students showed that the majority of the respondents （50%） strongly agreed that medical centre was available in the Campus, and 36% strongly affirmed to availability of first aid services. Thirty four percent of the respondents strongly agreed to the availability of treatment services, while 40% of the respondent agreed to the availability of free medical services. The study revealed that there was a significant relationship between efficient medical services and students＇ participation in sports. Conclusion： All medical services were available but students perceive the services as inefficient which implies poor or non utilization.

Japanese Cooperation for Urban Planning in the Old Capital of Damascus

Historic cities are cultural achievements that are gradually created by inhabitants over the centuries. In developed countries, the conservation of historic cities seems to be generally acknowledged as a method of community development that does not depend on huge exploitation. On the other hand, no sufficient countermeasures have been taken in developing countries because most native stakeholders are still interested in development. Here the author could focus on so-called ＂international cooperation＂, but urban conservation for historic cities where inhabitants actually live is still a minor consideration except for some government-based conservation projects for monuments and isolated examples of cultural heritage. In this paper, the example was taken of a conservation project which has been carried out by JICA （Japanese International Cooperation Agency） in Damascus, the old capital of Syria. The target area for the project is ＂Qanawat South＂. Although the origin of＂Qanawat South＂ dates back to the Roman age, efforts for urban conservation have not been well organized, partly because the area is located outside of the so-called old city registered as a world heritage site. For example, the master plan of 1968 indicated the redistribution of the traditional quarters, while some conservation laws have been restricting the regeneration of the area. Moreover, there is not yet any consensus among the stakeholders concerning the historical value of the quarter, they are still questioning why the area should be conserved rather than being freely sold or developed and what and how they should contribute to conservation. Based on analysis of the actual situation of Qasr al-Hajjaj Street, this paper examines a method called ＂restoration-type＂ facade improvement adopted by JICA, for which the final goal is not only to maintain the appearance of the street but also to activate the life of the habitants of the street.

Cross-Cultural Bioethics at an International University in Japan

Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University （APU） in Beppu city, Japan has a large body of students from well over 90 countries, especially from the Asia Pacific region, including Japanese, Korean, Chinese, Thai, Vietnamese, and Indonesian students. To improve analytical thinking skills among college students, a course on ＂bioethics＂ was introduced and offered in two consecutive semesters to undergraduate students for which 245 students registered at each semester. The course was taught in the form of 14 lecture and discussion sessions, each for 95 minutes based on the content of A Cross-Cultural Introduction to Bioethics （2006） edited by Darryl Macer, and reviewed a wide variety of ethical and bioethical issues. In the next semester, the students received a similar teaching content that was rearranged to reflect the 15 universal principles of bioethics and human rights covered in the Bioethics Core Curriculum （2008）. Case studies were also added to each unit of the Core Curriculum with the support of the UNESCO＇s Asia Pacific Regional Office, Bangkok （Case Studies for Bioethics 2010）. To evaluate the results of teaching and to compare the achieved objectives between the two groups of students, a short questionnaire was given to all students who finished the course and took up the final written examination. In the whole, 454 students （225 in group I and 229 in group 2） completed the course and took the final examination and 427 （218 in group 1 and 209 in group 2） responded to the questionnaire which inquired into their interest in the discussion of bioethical issues： why they believed they were important, and what they had learned through them. The results of the questionnaire have been examined and compared to evaluate the success of ＂bioethics＂ in stimulating the interest and thinking ability of the students and enriching their experience of a cross-cultural discussion over bioethical issues using universal principles as general guidance. The result of this examination was so impressive that from 2011 bioethics has been formalized into the reformed curriculum of our international school.

Media as an Identity Negotiator Among ＂Swedish＂ Children in Athens and ＂Japanese＂ in London

With its transcultural perspective this paper looks at how families （i.e., parents and children） talk about children＇s identity and the importance of mothers＇ homeland media for the children, who are surrounded by a global popular media culture. Both studies used similar methods： interviews, participant observation, and photo-taking. The analysis shows the complexity of identity formation and the need to apply a contextual and relational perspective when wanting to understand the roles of media in the process of forming identity. The mothers＇ homeland media is an important construction tool in the process and helps the children not only with languages but also catch up with information about peers in mothers＇ homeland.

IMPACT EVALUATION OF HAIZUKA DAM ON ITS UP STREAM A CASE STUDY IN HIROSHIMA PREFECTURE, JAPAN

Japan ranks fifth in the world for the number of large dams. Environmental impacts of large dams are known, such as enormous losses of water or disruption of fish spawning, however, impacts of the dams on their up streams are functions of topography of the up stream. Haizuka Dam is located in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan and its implementation will start in 2006. This large dam influences its up stream through dam making activities, which occurs in order and with different spatial presences that were categorized into chronological and spatial impacts. In this case study, spatial impacts were further divided into horizontal and vertical ones. The horizontal impacts were identified as new roads, diversion tunnel, dam lake, and submerged cultivated land, while vertical impacts were recognized as submerged historical monuments, slope protections, dam body, and deforested area in the reservoir. There were convergences of spatial and temporal impacts, however, the extent of the impacts was limited to the lake boundary.

THE COUPLED MODE BETWEEN THE KUROSHIO REGION MARINE HEATING ANOMALY AND THE NORTH PACIFIC ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION IN WINTERTIME

Using monthly reanalysis data of the National Center for Environmental Research/National Center for Atmospheric Research(NCEP/NCAR) and Objectively Analyzed Air-Sea Heat Flux(OAFlux) gathered during the winter,singular vector decomposition(SVD) analysis was conducted to reveal the coupled mode between the Kuroshio marine heating anomaly and the geopotential height at 500 hPa(Z500) over the North Pacific.The first SVD mode showed that when the northern Kuroshio marine heating anomaly was positive,the Z500 in the central and western sections of the North Pacific was anomalously low.By composing the meteorological field anomalies in the positive(or negative) years,it has been revealed that while the Aleutian Low deepens(or shallows),the northwesterly wind overlying the Kuroshio strengthens(or weakens) and induces the near-surface air to be cool(or warm).Furthermore,this increases(or decreases) the upward heat flux anomaly and cools(or warms) the sea surface temperature(SST) accordingly.In the vicinity of Kuroshio and its downstream region,the vertical structure of the air temperature along the latitude is baroclinic;however,the geopotential height is equivalently barotropic,which presents a cool trough(or warm ridge) spatial structure.The divergent wind and vertical velocities are introduced to show the anomalous zonal circulation cell.These are characterized by the rising(or descending) air in the central North Pacific,which flows westward and eastward toward the upper troposphere,descends(or rises) in the Kuroshio and in the western section of North America,and then strengthens(or weakens) the mid-latitude zonal cell(MZC).

A Descendant of Nanjing

IN August of every year,the Japan-China Friendship Association organizes a touring exhibition around Japan themed＂Expose War for Peace.＂Exhibits include historical photos and objects relating to the Japanese war of aggression against China.The 2014 three-day exhibition started on August 10 and concluded on August 12 at the Nagoya Civic Assembly Hall.