俄罗斯的“大欧亚伙伴关系”

俄罗斯官方与智库互相配合,有计划有步骤地提出了"大欧亚伙伴关系",智库在其中发挥了桥梁和引导的作用。"大欧亚伙伴关系"具有"二轨外交"的特点。从"大欧洲"到"大欧亚"的历史脉络表明,"大欧亚伙伴关系"实际上反映了俄罗斯在国际格局中战略定位的发展变化,本质上是俄罗斯欧亚战略思想的延续和现实表达,这既是对俄罗斯国际定位和身份认同的最新解读,也是俄罗斯对当前形势和面临挑战的积极应对,意在经济发展、国家安全、外交突围与摆脱危机。从中俄关系的大局着眼,以我为主,既要积极争取自身的经济利益,更要考虑中俄共同发展的整体利益和长远利益,全面客观地审视"大欧亚伙伴关系"对"丝绸之路经济带"的影响。

中心和边缘:理解“大欧亚”

在现代世界体系的框架中,俄罗斯一直是一个以欧洲"中心"为坐标,不断试图进入"中心"的"边缘"国家。苏联时期俄罗斯摆脱了世界体系,但是苏联解体后重新沦落到边缘位置,进入世界体系中心仍然是它的核心目标。"大欧洲"战略的失败推动了"大欧亚"战略的提出,深层次里反映了俄罗斯从"融入"到"重建"的转变。但是俄罗斯战略思想中"以空间换时间"的历史经验,以及"转向东方"的效果不彰,加重了俄罗斯的战略迟疑。从"大欧洲"到"大欧亚"的理念切换反映了俄罗斯面向亚太、在未来世界中获得新的基础的渴望,但是在世界新格局尚未定型、世界政治的发展仍处于不确定性的情况下,"大欧亚"与其说是一项面向未来的长远之策,不如说是一项临时脱困的权宜之计。

Impact of European Black Carbon on East Asian Summer Climate

The remote response of the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） to European black carbon （EUBC） aerosols was studied by using an ensemble of sensitivity experiments with the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory （GFDL） atmospheric general circulation model （AGCM） Atmospheric Model version 2.1 （AM2.1）.The results show that EUBC causes an enhanced EASM.The resulted enhanced southwesterly brings more moisture supply from the Bay of Bengal,which causes an increase in precipitation over the Yangtze River valley,northeastem China,the eastern part of the Yellow River valley,and the Tibetan Plateau.Diagnostic examination suggests that EUBC induces enhanced tropospheric heating over most of the Eurasian Continent through a propagating wave train and horizontal air temperature advection.This phenomenon results in intensified thermal contrast between land and ocean,which accounts for the enhanced EASM.Moreover,reductions in EUBC emission in 1992 may have contributed to decadal weakening of the EASM in the early 1990s.

Colorectal cancer screening in Europe

Colorectal cancer(CRC)is the second most frequent malignant disease in Europe.Every year,412 000people are diagnosed with this condition,and 207 000patients die of it.In 2003,recommendations forscreening programs were issued by the Council of the European Union(EU),and these currently serve as thebasis for the preparation of European guidelines forCRC screening.The manner in which CRC screening iscarried out varies significantly from country to countrywithin the EU,both in terms of organization and thescreening test chosen.A screening program of onesort or another has been implemented in 19 of 27 EUcountries.The most frequently applied method is testing stool for occult bleeding(fecal occult blood test,FOBT).In recent years,a screening colonoscopy hasbeen introduced,either as the only method(Poland)orthe method of choice(Germany,Czech Republic).

The Anomalous European Climates Linked to Different Euro-Atlantic Blocking

The impact on temperature and precipitation anomalies over the European continent of the different action centers of blocking events in the Euro-Atlantic sector was investigated. It was found that the position of the blocking action center in the Euro-Atlantic region seems to dominate European climates. When the center of the blocking action is in the Greenland region, there is a strong negative temperature anomaly over Central and Northern Europe, as well as a strong positive precipitation anomaly over southern Europe. However, there tends to be a strong negative temperature anomaly in the west(east) part of Europe when the center of the blocking action is shifted to the Eastern Atlantic and west Europe(east Europe). In particular, when the blocking action center is closer to the European continent, the fall in temperature becomes more evident over Central and south Europe than over other regions. Moreover, it was found that when the region where the blocking action center exists changes from the Eastern Atlantic and west Europe region to the east Europe region, the existing region of dominant positive precipitation anomalies varies from southwest Europe to southeast Europe and the Middle East.

A Comparison between the Chinese and European Patients in Acupuncture Treatment

Based on my teaching and working experience in Europe, I have made a comparison between the Chinese and European patients in acupuncture treatment, and hope it is of some significance in acupuncture clinical practice.

Management Practices Towards the Embeddedness of Sustainability in European Universities

This research observed and evaluated the sustainability practices in universities. This study emphasizes the connection between theory and practice in research frame. It is intended by this research using content analysis of UI GreenMetric, universities＇ websites and sustainability annual reports observing universities＇ practices related to sustainability to answer the research question, which is： How are university managements embedding sustainability-oriented practices in sustainability focused European universities as far as CORE system （Curriculum, Operations, Research, and Engagement） is considered？ The employed research methodology mainly relies on content analysis of the studied universities from the UI GreenMetric Sustainable University assessment and ranking index. The UI GreenMetric Sustainable University assessment and ranking index was selected since it considers the Operations, Curriculum, Research, and Engagements （CORE system） of universities with indicators such as Setting and Infrastructure, Energy and Climate Change, Waste, Water, Transportation, and Education. This covers the triple bottom line of sustainability （Environment, Economy, and Society） and other indexes like GASU, AASHE, STARS and others, focused mostly on operational Eco-efficiency. UI GreenMetric index is the first and the only ranking that measures each participating university＇s commitment in developing an ＂environmentally friendly＂ infrastructure. The total sample of the study observed and evaluated in this study are five （5） top European Sustainable Universities according to UI GreenMetric sustainable ranking index. The result shows a significant progress in Operational practices except in the area of Campus Setting and Infrastructure. There was a less significant progress in the Curriculum, Research, and Engagement practices of the CORE system of sustainability-oriented practices which are being integrated into the studied universities. This research provides a state of the art result regarding the embeddedness of sustainable practice in European universities. It has the potential to help any university to better integrate sustainability in their management system.

Affects of Marshall Plan on Turkish Economy

Marshall Plan is an important declaration that dominated world economy and politics after the World War II. It is also evidence that policy of the United States of America to make for its internal politics between two world wars was abandoned and it was intended to dominate world politics. Likewise, it can be considered as the smoking gun for power loss of continental Europe, including England, against the Soviet Union. When Turkey had to find its way into Western alliance in this new period divided into two poles and called as ＂Cold War＂, it intended to enter into economic acquis formed by Marshall Plan. Turkey, in the process to prevent the spread of communism against the Soviet Union that started mainly by Truman Doctrine, was of the first priority status by the USA just like Greece. It can be said that Turkish economy made an important progress to move into liberal system from its statist structure through Marshall Plan. Accession process to European Union integration mandated by the USA was started by Republican People＇s Party （CHP） and it was also continued in Democratic Party period with liberal program that took over the power as a result of elections in Turkey. Although Marshall Plan created economic added value in Turkey at the beginning, it could not create a sustainable welfare process as consultants coming from the USA had insisted on unilateral economic policies and Turkey was directed towards military spending due to being seen mainly as a buffer state against the Soviet Union and Middle East. It can be also said that arrangements arising from double standards in the application compared to European countries caused economic instabilities in the long run.

Regional Atmospheric Blocking in the Drought Periods in Ukraine

The conditions for regional circulation of the atmosphere in the periods of severe droughts in Ukraine are described by two circulation indexes. In analogy with experimental index EBI （European Blocking Index） for the Eastern Atlantic and Western Europe is proposed a new index ECBI （European Continental Blocking Index）, which describes the blocking of zonal flow over the European continent. The obtained time series of the ECBI for the spring-summer seasons with the severe droughts in Ukraine were analyzed. Katz circulation index was used for the estimating of intensity of the meridional atmospheric processes during the same droughts. It is shown that there registered a high frequency of blocking processes which was accompanied by positive phases of ECBI and an increase in the meridional component of an atmospheric flow over the region of Europe. In years with droughts in average 60% consecutive pentads were with a positive value of ECBI, mostly in April to May. The absolute maximum duration of blocking was the 10 consecutive pentads and observed in 1963. The high positive values of the ECBI and Katz index were connected with strong anomalies in seasonal and monthly fields of wind over territory of Eastern Europe. A close relationship between the ECBI and the Katz index was obtained, which allowed to determine the critical value of the Katz index for the beginning of blocking situation,

Strengthening of the Territorial Position of Valladolid through Planning Strategies： Networks, Patterns and Centralities

The urban condition of the European territory requires new approaches to explain the current development of cities and to propose new planning tools. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that we can support an innovative perspective based on intermediate geographical scales, more useful for outlining the specific features of territory. While we analyze the territory, we should overcome the strictly local scale of the administrative boundaries and create new relationship between contemporary urban concepts （metropolization of territory and metapolis） and the regional ecological patterns. In the case of Valladolid （E） urban/metropolitan area, we focus on both causes and process of city growth. We have understood that it could be inefficient for planning forgetting the real spatial configuration （the city is located in an intersection between two territorial corridors） and misunderstanding the territorial role of the city at different scales （the double centrality in the emerging urban area and in the region）. The significance of this case is to reveal the inter-scalar condition of places as generators of constraints in the contemporary urban fabric and, at the same time, to show the quality and the potential of places in the future urban realm.

Downscaling and Disaggregating NAO-conflict Nexus in Pre-industrial Europe

Recently, the desiccation effect of the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO) is found to be positively correlated with violent conflict in pre-industrial Europe, with agricultural shrinkage and its subsequent economic shocks to be their causal link. However, it remains unexplored whether the correlation persists if the study period is extended backward in time, a different definition of violent conflict is applied, or the relationship is examined at lower geographic levels. In this study, we based on 835 internal disturbance incidents in Europe during 1049–1800 to conduct long-temporal and multi-scalar examination on the NAO-conflict nexus. ′Time-series′ and ′panel data′ disaggregation approaches, together with Granger Causality, Multiple Regression, and Survival Analyses were applied to verify the nexus quantitatively. Results show that the positive NAO-conflict correlation was significant at the continent and physiographic zone levels. During the positive NAO phases, the annual probability of internal disturbance outbreak increased by 70.0% in the southern Europe and the Mediterranean, a zone most affected by the NAO-induced desiccation effect. Yet, the NAO-conflict correlation was rather inconsistent when it was downscaled to the sub-regional level. Moreover, the NAO-conflict correlation was inflated under the time-series approach, while the panel data approach demonstrated the region-specific nature of the NAO forcing more clearly. The associated implications in examining climate-conflict nexus are discussed. Our findings may be crucial in examining violent conflict in the northwestern Africa, a highly agricultural region affected by the NAO.

Comparative Analysis of Energy Efficiency in Wheat Production in Different Climate Conditions of Europe

This paper presents results concerning energy efficiency of wheat production considered in the context of specific energy input variation in different climatic conditions of Europe as well as case studies on implementation of selected energy saving measures in practice. The source data collected from the six european union （EU） countries represent five agricultural regions of continental Europe and three climates： continental, temperate and Mediterranean. The life cycle assessment （LCA） methodology was applied to analyze the data excluding of pre-farm gate activities. The total primary energy consumption was decomposed into main energy input streams and it was regressed to yield. In order to compare energy efficiency of wheat production across the geographical areas, the data envelopment analysis （DEA） was applied. It was shown that the highest wheat yield （6.7 t/ha to 8.7 t/ha） at the lowest specific energy input （2.08 GJ/t to 2.56 G J/t） is unique for temperate climate conditions. The yield in continental and Mediterranean climatic conditions is on average lower by 1.3 t/ha and 2.7 t/ha and energy efficiency lower by 14% and 38%, respectively. The case studies have shown that the energy saving activities in wheat production may be universal for the climatic zones or specific for a given geographical location. It was stated that trade-offs between energy, economic, and environmental effects, which are associated with implementation of a given energy saving measure or a set of measures to a great extent depend on the current energy efficiency status of the farm and opportunity for investment, which varies substantially across Europe.

Variations of CO2 Mixing Ratios in the Air near the Ground in the European Territory of Russia

The instrumentation, method and measurement results used for measurements of CO2 concentrations in surface air of Obninsk （55.1° N, 36.9° E, 183 m above the sea level） located at a distance of 105 km to the south-west of Moscow are presented. Proposed is a method of experimental data filtering allowing one to separate natural and anthropogenic variations of CO2 concentrations. It is shown that minimal concentrations of CO2 registered in Obninsk and at the continental stations of GAW WMO characterize not only the ＂regional background＂ but also coincide with the data from GAW WMO background stations located in the oceanic regions. In this connection, one can assume that the excess in measured CO2 concentration over its minimal values, making about 5-6 ppm, is connected with an anthropogenic emission, and the continent should be considered as an anthropogenic source of C02.

The Impact of Colonial Rule on the Gyaman State

The balkanisation of the African continent by the European powers in the nineteenth century caused the territorial division of people with the same ancestry into two or more states under different European governments. During the partition, the European powers did not take into consideration the cultural and historical boundaries of the people of Africa. In West Africa for example, the partition made some Nzema people to be found in La Cote d＇Ivoire and in Ghana. Some Dagarti are also found in Burkina Faso and while others remained in Ghana. Ewes today can be found in the three countries of Ghana, Togo and Benin. The same applies to the Bono in Gyaman. Some of the Gyaman people can be found in the Ivory Coast with others in Ghana. This article discusses Gyaman under the British and French colonial rule. It focuses on the responses of Gyaman authorities to colonialism and details out British and French colonial policies and their impact on the Gyaman people.

New Process of Cold Fusion

The author＇s process of cold fusion, was announced to International Conference on Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems in 2007, then exposed to International Conference on Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems in 2009, and has been applied since June, 2007 in a non-member border country of the European Union, for safety reasons, the product, of a large module of 300 cm x 40 cm, using energy of mass of 600 megawatts per hour, and unique waste, 300 cubic meters of pure water a day, instantly drinkable. The presentation which the author shall make, will contain, if it is possible, several demonstrations of a portable module, producing one megawatt per hour, and in waste one cubic meter of water per day： the authors are able to stop the module at any time. The civil applications of this process, the author developed in the articles published on the site of the European Scientific Parliament 2010, and diverse modules were the object of a protocol signed by large Asian country.

＂Collapse＂ of Europe in the Light of Energy Dependence

The issue of the future of Europe is becoming increasingly important what with the depth of the economic crisis that started in 2008. In addition to a continuous growth in the number of the unemployed, the crisis particularly emphasizes the chronic level of energy dependence. The energy saving measures ~energy efficiency）, diversification of sources （stability of supply）, and the creation of substitutes in renewable energy （energy transition）, intertwine with administrative measures and form the response of European countries to the growing energy dependence. At the same time, although facing the threatening warming （or cooling） of the Earth, Europe, as a big advocate of reducing CO2 remains passively dependent on NATO （North Atlantic Treaty Organization） policy in the field of defense in the context of energy dependence. However, for the first time after many decades, Europe and America do not have the same energy, and consequently geo-strategic objective： The US has become energy independent while Europe is chronically energy dependent.

Development of a novel quality standard of Indigoplant

Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has been widely used in China for thousands of years, and has received more and more recognition worldwide. Indigoplant （Folium Polygoni Tinctorii）, a TCM, has been used in various diseases. In our study, we established a quality standard of Indigoplant according to the European Pharmacopoeia, and this standard has passed the early audit stages of the European Pharmacopoeia Commission. The lndigoplant samples were identified with high performance thin layer chromatography （HPTLC）, qualified with RP-HPLC quantitation, and analyzed with a series of quality tests. An accurate, reliable and robust HPLC method with gradient elution for quantitation was developed and validated with a one-variable-at-a-time （OVAT） robustness approach. Several tests, including the loss on drying, total ash and ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid of Indigoplant, were performed for quality analysis. Furthermore, six batches of the Indigoplant samples were appraised with this quality standard. In conclusion, the established quality standard was more internationally normative and applicable for the quality control of Indigoplant in practical application.

Relationship between zonal position of the North Atlantic Oscillation and Euro-Atlantic blocking events and its possible effect on the weather over Europe

The North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO) exhibited a marked eastward shift in the mid-1970 s. Observations show that the extreme weather events in Europe have emerged frequently in the past decades. In this paper, based upon the daily NAO index, we have calculated the frequency of in-situ NAO events in winter during 1950-2011 by defining the Eastern-type NAO(ENAO) and Western-type NAO(WNAO) events according to its position at the east(west) of 10°W. Then, the composites of the blocking frequency, temperature and precipitation anomalies for different types of NAO events are performed. Results show that the frequency of Euro-Atlantic blocking events is distributed along the northwest-southeast(southwest-northeast) direction for the negative(positive) phase. Two blocking action centers in Greenland and European continent are observed during the negative phase while one blocking action center over south Europe is seen for the positive phase. The action center of blocking events tends to shift eastward as the NAO is shifted toward the European continent. Moreover, the eastern-type negative phase(ENAO) events are followed by a sharp decline of surface air temperature over Europe(especially in central, east, and south Europe), which have a wider and stronger impact on the weather over European continent than the western-type negative phase(WNAO) events do. A double- branched structure of positive precipitation anomalies is seen for the negative phase event, besides strong positive precipitation anomalies over south Europe for ENAO event. The eastern-type and western-type positive phase(ENAO+ and WNAO+) can lead to warming over Europe. A single-branched positive precipitation anomaly dominant in central and north Europe is seen for positive phase events.

Why European Universities and Funding Agencies are Committing to Open Access

New opportunities presented by technological developments are being realised but more can be achieved in opening access to scientific reports and data. Funding agencies and universities are beginning to realise the benefits from an open access model for the dissemination of research results. European funding agencies and universities are following two strategies towards open access, the deposit of research reports in repositories and the conversion of journals to an open access business model. Various public statements have been made in support of open access, and several organizations-such as JISC in the UK-are undertaking work to assist all stakeholders in scholarly communication in introducing beneficial changes.

Enhancing China＇s National Image Through Culture Festivals： A Case Study of China Culture Years in Europe

Since the mid-2000s, the PRC has increasingly focused on pursuing cultural diplomacy abroad to improve its national image and enhance cultural soft power. Although China＇s cultural ＂Charm Offensive＂ has not gone unnoticed, a variety of specific activities have not been subject to research so far. This paper, therefore, attempts to fill this research gap by analyzing Chinese state-level cultural diplomacy through a comparative case study of three China Culture Year events held in France （2004）, Italy （2010）, and Germany （2012）. These findings are subsequently compared to the China Culture Year in Australia （2012）, thereby allowing the identification of spatial variations. I argue that the Chinese government applies a general approach of organizing the events abroad by making use of local institu- tions. At the same time, through the strategic selection of events, the festivals portray distinct national images that transmit particular narratives of self-presentation to the European audience and take into account country-specific preferences.