Low-temperature purification process of metallurgical silicon

The removal of B and P consumes most of heat energy in Si metallurgical purification process for solar-grade Si. Metal-liquating purification of metallurgical grade silicon （MG-Si）, also called Si-recrystallization from metal liquid, was a potential energy-saving method for the removal of B and P efficiently, since Si could be melted at lower temperature by alloying with metal. The selection criteria of metal-liquating system was elaborated, and Al, Sn and In were selected out as the optimum metallic mediums. For Sn-Si system, the segregation coefficient of B decreased to 0.038 at 1 500 K, which was much less than 0.8 at the melting point of Si. The mass fraction of B was diminished from 15×10^-6 to 0.1×10^-6 as MG-Si was purified by twice, while that of most metallic elements could be decreased to 0.1×10^-6 by purifying just once. During the metal-liquating process, the formation of compounds between impurity elements and Si was also an important route of impurity removal. Finally, one low-temperature metallurgical process based on metal-liquating method was proposed.

经济制度的法律规范基础和民法典功能的考察——民法典分解现象和中国民事立法模式合理性之分析

历史、市场和政府是保障经济制度的法律规范产生和发展的主要基础,在不同历史阶段,这三种力量轮番发力,推动法律制度变革。民法典一度起了保护市民社会不受政治权力干预、实现国家民族统一的历史作用,但是,在二战后,民法典出现了分解现象,民事特别法形成自行独特的解释规则和逻辑,不断将传统意义上的民法典边缘化。中国以汇编式方式制定的《民法典》为核心、民事单行法和司法解释为补充的"太阳系式"的民事立法模式,不仅有利于减低民事法律的修法成本,使得民法典尽快跟上时代的步伐,顺应英美法和大陆法两大法系融合发展为混合法系的趋势,更重要的是,这种立法模式的合理性为当代哲学、政治学和经济学的最新发展所证明。为有效实现社会主义市场经济和依法治国,应特别发挥市场的力量,中国民法的法典化应当避免以制定欧洲大陆的传统意义上的民法典为目标,应采用实用主义立法方针,将民法典始终定位为调整市场经济的根本大法,采用以民事特别法为主体来设计中国的民事立法体系。

POWER GENERATION POTENTIAL OF BIPV APPLICATION IN CHINA

This paper discusses the potential and prospect of building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) for solar electrical power generation in China.The BIPV technology has been identified as the most economical renewable energy resource to contribute to world electrical energy demand for protecting environment from reduced fossil fuel consumption.The available solar energy resource of 14 cities and the potential power generation from PV claddings in buildings in China were estimated.The economical analysis of BIPV application is discussed.It is found that the potential is significant and the government should play an important role in its development.

信息技术与自然教学整合案例——《寻找人类第二家园》采访录

信息技术与学科课程的整合，是信息时代发展的需要，是教学手段现代化的需要，是实施基于信息技术背景下新课程的需要。加强信息技术与学科课程整合的研究，意义重大。哈尔滨市复华小学自然教师施钰明根据五年制小学《自然》第九册中“太阳系”这一主题编创了一节《寻找人类第二家园》的整合课。本节课在2000年举办的“全国计算机辅助教学大赛”中荣获一等奖，在2002年“全国小学信息技术与学科整合优秀课展示会”上荣获“最受欢迎”奖。鉴于此，笔者针对此课的教学内容及教学设计采访了施钰明老师。

Dynamic Variation and Simulation of Extinction Coefficient of Corn Population

[Objective] The aim was to study the dynamic variation of extinction coefficient of corn population, so as to improve the accuracy of assessment on net primary productivity （NPP） or yield. [Method] Based on the data of photosynthetic active radiation and leaf area index during corn growing season （from May to September） in 2006, observed in Jinzhou observation station of corn farmland ecosystem, China Meteorological Administration, the dynamic variation of extinction coefficient of corn population was analyzed. [Result] There was a great daily variation in the extinction coefficient of corn population during growing season, and the maximum value appeared from 7：00 to 9：00 and from 15：00 to 17：00, while the minimum could be found around 12：00, but the amplitude of variation decreased in tasseling stage. On a large time scale （5 d）, there was a parabolic relationship between extinction coefficient （K） and leaf area index （LAI）, with determination coefficient R2 of 0.960 7. The simulation equation of extinction coefficient, based on the sun elevation angle or leaf area index, had poor accuracy at various time during growing season, so a new dynamic model of extinction coefficient was established, namely K=λ（0.784 8-0.001 6θ）（0.154 8LAI2-0.558 6LAI＋0.654）. [Conclusion] The effect of sun elevation angle and leaf area index on extinction coefficient during corn growing season was considered in the new dynamic model of extinction coefficient, and its simulated result was superior to that of single-factor model.

The vanadium isotopic composition of L ordinary chondrites

Stable isotopic data of meteorites are critical for understanding the evolution of terrestrial planets. In this study, we report high-precision vanadium （V） isotopic compositions of 11 unequilibrated and equilibrated L chondrites. Our samples show an average δ^51v of -1.25‰ ±0.38‰ （2SD, n = 11）, which is ,- 0.5‰ lighter than that of the bulk silicate Earth constrained by mantle peridotites. Isotopic fractionation in type 3 ordinary chondrites vary from - 1.76‰ to - 1.29‰, whereas the δ^51V of equilibrated chondrites vary from - 1.37‰ to -1.08‰. 551V of L chondrites do not correlate with thermal metamorphism, shock stage, or weathering degree. Future studies are required to explore the reason for V isotope variation in the solar system.

Design of MGA trajectories for main belt asteroid

Asteroid exploration is one of the most sophisticated missions currently being investigated. Gravity-assist trajectories have proven valuable in interplanetary missions such as the Pioneer, Voyager and Galileo. In this paper, we design interplanetary trajectory for main belt asteroid exploration mission with the Mars gravity-assist (MGA) using “pork chop” plots and patched-conic theory and give some initial valuable trajectory parameters on main belt asteroid exploration mission with MGA.

Introduction to Unity of Physics and Biology, Inorganic Life Materials

The unity between physics and biology refers to that the inorganic systems： the Solar System, galaxies and artificial systems have the same structures and functions as the organisms. The development of science and technology is demonstrating the intense unification trends of physics and biology and a holistic science and technology era is about to start. The physics and biology unify on the basis of the four seasons＇ law, which is the most important rule of the universe. Life is defined as the four seasons＇ whole with the structure and process of four seasons. The organism is basically structured into a dual four-season body by state-varying, state-stabilizing and control organizations. Animals, the Solar System and the earth are all the dual four-season bodies. In the unity between physics and biology, the inorganic life materials and inorganic life body can be manufactured artificially.

The Four-Seasonal Movement of Life

The four-seasonal movement is the general movement of the universe. Galaxies, living beings, society, man-made worlds and all substances have or take part in the four-seasonal movement. There are transverse four-seasonal movement and longitudinal four-seasonal movement. The former is the breathing movement. All substances have the function of breathing. Breathing involves living beings, celestial bodies, society and man-made systems and living beings of different levels have different ways of breathing. The longitudinal four-seasonal movement of living beings is controlled by genes. The four-seasonal movement is confined. Life originates in seeds and seeds are generated in the four-seasonal movement. Thoughts, ideas, designs and methods are the seeds of celestial bodies, society and man-made worlds. Just like living beings, galaxies, and society also have reproductive function. Reproduction has three major means： self-generation, generation by augmentation and generation by transformation. The reproduction of living beings is self-generation while the reproduction of the solar system and other galaxies is generation by augmentation. Man-made objects, society and galaxies are formed with automatic organization of thoughts, thus called generation by transformation. The solar system and the earth have reproduction function. Living beings began with the combined action of the earth, the solar system and the universe. Life forms of the universe include dominant life and recessive life. Different forms of life transform continuously.

Improving performance of flat plate solar collector using nanofluid water/zinc oxide

In this article,the effect of using water/zinc oxide nanofluid as a working fluid on the performance of solar collector is investigated experimentally.The volumetric concentration of nanoparticles is 0.4%,and the particle size is 40 nm,and the mass flow rate of the fluid varies from 1 to 3 kg/min.For this experiment,a device has been prepared with appropriate measuring instruments whose energy source is solar radiation.The solar energy absorbed by the flat plate collector is absorbed by the nanofluid of water/zinc oxide.The nanofluid is pumped to the consumer,a heat exchanger,where it heats the water.The temperature,radiation level,flow rate,and pressure in different parts of the device were measured.The pressure drop and the heat transferred are the most important results of this experimental work.The ASHRAE standard is used to calculate efficiency.The results showed that the use of water/zinc oxide nanofluid increases the collector performance compared to water.For 1 kg/min of mass flow rate,the nanofluids have a 16% increase in efficiency compared to water.From the results,it can be concluded that the choice of optimum mass flow rate in both water and nanofluid cases increases efficiency.

A new primal-dual path-following interior-point algorithm for linearly constrained convex optimization

In this paper, a primal-dual path-following interior-point algorithm for linearly constrained convex optimization(LCCO) is presented.The algorithm is based on a new technique for finding a class of search directions and the strategy of the central path.At each iteration, only full-Newton steps are used.Finally, the favorable polynomial complexity bound for the algorithm with the small-update method is deserved, namely, O(√n log n /ε).

Optimization of Serial Combined System of Ground-Coupled Heat Pump and Solar Collector

A mathematical optimization model was set up for a ground-solar combined system based on in-situ experimental results, in which the solar collector was combined serially with a ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP). The universal optimal equations were solved by the constrained variable metric method considering both the per-formance and economics. Then the model was applied to a specific case concerning an actual solar assisted GCHP system for space heating. The results indicated a system coefficient of performance (COP) of 3.9 for the optimal method under the serial heating mode, and 3.2 for the conventional one. In addition, the optimum solution also showed advantages in energy and cost saving, leading to a 16.7% improvement in the heat pump performance at 17.2% less energy consumption and 11.8% lower annual cost, respectively.

A new solar coupling regeneration method for liquid desiccant air-conditioning system

A new solar coupling regeneration system is proposed in order to improve the reliability of solar desiccant regeneration system.The new system makes comprehensively use of the solar energy and can also be appropriate for energy-storage in a night operation mode when the electric power supply is at its valley.Comparison of the performance of the new system,the solar thermal regeneration system and the solar electrodialysis regeneration system are made and the influential factors of the performance of the new system are investigated.The results reveal that the new system will be more energy efficient than the solar thermal regeneration system and the solar electrodialysis regeneration system.

A Novel Solar Driven Micro-CliP System： A State of the Art Review

The state-of-the-art solar power system technologies are presented. Various methods of capturing solar energy using solar collectors such as parabolic trough collectors and dish collectors are reviewed. Combined heat and power （CHP） systems driven by concentrating solar absorbers and supplemented by biomass boilers are proving to be the most promising methods of domestic power generation, μCHP systems eliminate losses associated with power distribution and transmission opposed to the large scale power generation methods. The systems can utilize about 75% of solar energy to provide electric and thermal energy direct to end users. The driving potential behind μCHP systems is the thermal efficiency the systems can achieve and their market significance. Despite huge potential market for μCHP systems, the systems are yet to be seen available in commercial market. Hence the authors of this paper are currently developing such type of CHP system with electricity production being of prime importance.

Comparative Study on Telecommunications Base Stations＇ Power Supply Systems on Remote Sites in the Northern Part of Cameroon

The TBS （telecommunications base stations） on remote sites in the northern part of Cameroon are mainly supplied by a system of two generating units. Only a few TBS located in the Waza and Benue National Parks are powered by a PV （photovoltaic） solar system to avoid any disturbance to wildlife. It is against this background that we decided to do a comparative study on these two systems. This study focuses on the reliability of electrical quantities, the environmental impact and the installation and operating costs of these two major systems namely the GU （generating unit） system comprising two generating units and the PV system. In conducting this study, we took a sample of TBS including those located in the Badjouma and Waza localities. After collecting data from mobile telephony operators, measurements of electrical quantities on the sites for twelve consecutive months and updating costs, their operation reveal indicators that are surprising, to say the least. Concerning the reliability index, the PV system is estimated at 99.9% as against 97.8% for the GU system. As for environmental impact, the mass of CO2 released by the GU system reached 1,707.5 tons in 25 years for a single TBS while the PV system produced no emissions. In addition to its contribution to climate change, the GU system pollutes its immediate environment through the spillage of waste and production of deafening noise. On the other hand, economic analysis shows mixed results. The GU system has a lower installation cost of $6,640 as against $174,550 for the PV system, whose investment cost is its main handicap. Regarding operating costs, the GU system peaks at $923,940 in 25 years while the PV system requires only $487,550 for the same duration.

Astronomy and Messages from Ancient Times

Our solar system＇s cyclic order explains the sudden appearance of the Advanced Sumerians and Pharaohs around the time of the Atlantean and Mayan destruction. Certainly past advanced civilizations do point to the cyclic rise and fall of human cultures extending much farther back into ＂prehistory＂ than currently accepted. Ancients believed the universe was concentric heavens, there is evidence of the ancient knowledge of the sun＇s processional cycle of almost 26,000 years, leading to the coup of north and south poles. Edmund Halley wrote about the photon belt that periodically encases the Pleiades constellation＇s eight suns. Halley proposed planet Earth was composed of five concentric earths. In 1950s Doctors Watson and Crick discovered a third separated strand in the double helix. Now energies from the Photon Belt are recalibrating dormant DNA strands, where originally humanity was endowed with 12 DNA strands. Every culture developed their legend of the perfect Human who emerges at the end of human evolution, these prophecies also met with the Abrahamic religions concerning the end＇s signs and the return of paradise on Earth. Christ and the Quran spoke of a light consciousness that succeeds in the earth and the succession of angel like humans before the end.

Formation and Evolution of the Solar System as well as Expansion of the Universe and Global Climate Change

Having found some orbit variation mechanisms of natural satellites and planets, the author has revealed the formation and evolution law of the Moon. According to this law, the author has further revealed the formation and evolution law of the Solar System and other galaxies in the universe. Especially, the author has also explained why the eight planets around the Sun are prograde planets, why the orbits of the eight planets almost lie in the same plane, and why most planets rotate around their own axes from west to east. Additionally, the author could also explain the expansion of the universe as well as the cause of global climate change.

Geoengineering: Basic science and ongoing research efforts in China

Geoengineering （also called climate engineering）, which refers to large-scale intervention in the Earth＇s climate system to counteract greenhouse gas-induced warming, has been one of the most rapidly growing areas of climate research as a potential option for tackling global warming. Here, we provide an overview of the scientific background and research progress of proposed geoengineering schemes. Geo- engineering can be broadly divided into two categories： solar geoengineering （also called solar radiation management, or SRM）, which aims to reflect more sunlight to space, and carbon dioxide removal （CDR）, which aims to reduce the CO2 content in the atmosphere. First, we review different proposed geoengineering methods involved in the solar radiation management and carbon dioxide removal schemes. Then, we discuss the fundamental science underlying the climate response to the carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management schemes. We focus on two basic issues： 1） climate response to the reduction in solar irradiance and 2） climate response to the reduction in atmospheric COe. Next, we introduce an ongoing geoengineering research project in China that is supported by National Key Basic Research Program. This research project, being the first coordinated geoengineering research program in China, will systematically investigate the physical mechanisms, climate impacts, and risk and governance of a few targeted geoengineering schemes. It is expected that this research program will help us gain a deep understanding of the physical science underlying geoengineering schemes and the impacts of geoengineering on global climate, in particular, on the Asia monsoon region.

Heat balance of solar-soil source heat pump compound system

Based on the state-of-the-art studies of solar-soil source heat pump compound system, operation patterns of solar-soil compound system were analyzed, particularly the advantages of parallel operation pattern. It is found that parallel operation pattern is better for solar-soil compound system. Furthermore, the heat balance issue of solar-soil compound system was emphatically analyzed from four aspects, which were annual analysis of heating and cooling load, the heat exchange of ground heat exchanger, capacity determination of solar-assisted heat sottrce and heat balance calculation of solar-soil compound system. Moreover, annual rate of heat balance in a solar-soil source heat pump compound system was calculated with a case study. It is shown that the annual heat unbalance ratio is 19%, which is less than 20%. As a result, the practical solar-soil compound system can basically maintain the heat balance of soil.

Correlations between Human Adaptation, the Earth-Cosmos Context and Aristotle＇s Four Causalities

The Earth, which is a planet connection with the evolution of the Solar system, was formed and evolved as part of the WHOLE, in close of the Universe. The awareness, knowledge, and understanding of our coexistence with the Universe may clarify a series of obscure problems of our existence, and, at the same time, may bring solutions for other acute problems which our modem society has to face, such as energy, nature preservation, the origin, evolution and adaptation of the living and especially of man to the environment, etc.. This paper is trying to theoretically break up the concept of environmenf＇ into four fundamental contexts： terrestrial, lunar, solar-planetary, and cosmic context. We intend to approach the four contexts that distinctly and simultaneously influence life on the Earth using the interface theory which we developed in Informational Anthropology, Integronics and Biocosmological Anthropology. We consider that the living adapted and developed in a differentiated way according to the impact of these contexts. They may be the source for the four causalities Aristotle intuited, as well as the cause of many still unknown phenomena that diversified man＇s evolution and variability （Ackrill 1997; Falcon 2008）.