单双音节动词“奖”“奖励”对比分析

“奖”“奖励”是一组同素同义单双音节动词,词典对它们的释义往往比较笼统,或者对二者采取互相释义,较难分辨二者的区别,因此容易导致第二母语者误用。实际上,“奖”、“奖励”在词义、句法、音节以及语体上还是存在很大的不可替代性,而制约二者的差异主要原因是什么呢?接下来将从词义、句法、语体、音节来进行描述。

在生本理念下的班级“激励”“奖励”怎么做好

生本理念下的奖励、激励应该是追求丰富多彩、花样繁多、寓意非凡及接地气的,是一种价值观的体现和塑造。而奖励也应该避免以物质驱动孩子,更多的应以责任感、荣耀感、成就感、自主选择、获得更多的自由来驱动孩子,帮助孩子建立的是内在的驱动力。

台湾“奖励大学教学卓越计划”的实施及启示

从上世纪80年代中期起,台湾高等教育走上了快速发展的道路,但教育经费没有随学生人数的增加而同步增长,且导致大学生平均素质降低,高校还存在着"重研究、轻教学"的倾向。因而,从2005年起,台湾实施了旨在提升大学教学质量的"奖励大学教学卓越计划"。主要内容是:通过奖励机制,鼓励大学重视教学,引导大学在教学制度层面做整体的调整及改善以提升教学质量,并通过竞争性的奖励机制,促进大学教学质量的提升,发展岛内教学卓越大学之典范。这一计划的实施,启示我们:大学的根本任务是培养人才,教学工作一刻也不能放松;高等教育大众化以后,必须高度重视教学质量的提高;加大投入是提高教学质量的有效措施。

幼犬训练中的奖励与惩罚

幼犬训练的目的就是要训导员逐渐了解犬，最大限度地开发幼犬的能力并培养其自信心。训导员应该懂得对幼犬的训练需要正确的引导及严格的约束，特别是奖励和惩罚的正确运用尤为重要。当训导员充分了解幼犬的脾气、个性后，加以正确的奖励和惩罚，训练就很容易进行。

论“奖励扶助”制度

文章所论六个问题,可分为四大方面:其一,首先论述了“奖励扶助”制度实质是计划生育社会养老保障制度,进而论述了社会养老保障制度是解决计划生育基本矛盾和主要矛盾的治本之策;其二,从“奖励扶助”制度的功效和意义的角度,论述其在计划生育工作战略转变与构建和谐社会中的作用;其三,论证并呼吁应加大力度,全面实施“奖励扶助”制度,指出其巨大效益已为实践所证实,并着重论证了“奖励扶助”制度的资金来源与现行计划生育工作体制变革的关系,指出“奖励扶助”金应随经济发展水平的提高而提高;其四,论述了“奖励扶助”制度在我国人口学研究中处于重中之重的地位。

19世纪至20世纪初俄国地方自治局兴学之举

国民教育是俄国地方自治局的最主要活动领域之一。19世纪90年代中期以前,由于"奖励"制度的影响,俄国地方自治局大部分国民教育支出由农村公社承担,导致国民教育发展缓慢。此后,无论是省级还是县级地方自治局都在各个领域大规模地参与国民教育事业,并取得了巨大成绩。19世纪末至20世纪初作为国民教育主要组成部分的初等教育更是获得了全面发展。在中等教育、师范教育、职业教育、校外教育等方面,地方自治局都采取了相应的措施。"奖励"制度以及省县两级地方自治局之间的关系对国民教育的发展影响重大。

Impact of social relationship on firms' sharing reward program

In order to make strategic decision on firms’ sharing reward program( SRP), a nested Stackelberg game is developed. The sharing behavior among users and the rewarding strategy of firms are modeled. The optimal sharing bonus is worked out and the impact of social relationships among customers is discussed. The results show that the higher the bonus,the more efforts the inductor is willing to make to persuade the inductee into buying. In addition,the firms should take the social relationship into consideration when setting the optimal sharing bonus. If the social relationship is weak,there is no need to adopt the SRP. Otherwise,there are two ways to reward the inductors. Also,the stronger the social relationship,the fewer the sharing bonuses that should be offered to the inductors,and the higher the expected profits. As a result,it is reasonable for the firms to implement SRPs on the social media where users are familiar with each other.

New Developments in Water Efficiency

An overview of significant new developments in water efficiency is presented in this paper. The areas covered will be legislative, regulatory, new programs or program wrinkles, new products, and new studies on the effectiveness of conservation programs. Examples include state and local level efficiency regulations in Texas; the final results of the national submetering study for apartments in the US; the US effort to adopt the IWA protocols for leak detection; new water efficient commercial products such as ET irrigation controllers, new models of efficient clothes washers, and innovative toilet designs.

Analysis of optimal referral reward programs for innovative offerings

A nested Stackelberg game among a provider of a product,a sender(existing customer),and a receiver(new customer)is developed to explore the optimal referral reward programs(RRPs)for innovative offerings.The results indicate that the provider should forsake RRPs and purely rely on customers'organic word-of-mouth communication under certain conditions.In particular,when the innovativeness of the referred product is extremely high,the provider should forsake RRPs completely,even though few customers will make organic referrals for the product.When the innovativeness is on other levels,the provider should make optimal RRPs decision depending on both the sender's persuasion effectiveness and the tie-strength between the two customers.Moreover,the optimal rewards increase with the innovativeness of the referred product when the provider opts to use RRPs.These results seem contrary to the existing empirical finding to some extent,and it is due to the high referral cost for making a successful referral for the high innovative offerings.

Generational Gap： Intrinsic （Non-monetary） Versus Extrinsic （Monetary） Rewards in the Workforce

Traditionally, organizations assume that compensation/pay and monetary benefits are what all employees need to work harder, be productive, or remain with the company. According to Abraham Maslow, within every person is a hierarchy of five needs： physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs Organizations must be able to identify what employees desire to secure optimum performance and to meet the needs of both employees and employers. This research focuses on the generational gap and the significance of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards in the workforce. The purpose and objective of this research are to test the significance of monetary versus non-monetary rewards among the different generations in the organization. A self-designed questionnaire distributed to a multi-generational group of employees of selected organizations was used to collect the analyzed data. Sixty-five （65%） responses were obtained. Secondary data were used to elucidate the needs in this area of study. Because the workforce is predicted to become more diverse in terms of age, organizations will be unlikely to implement one set of rewards for the multiple generations. This is due to the differing expectations and requirements among the generations. However, the results indicate no significant difference in monetary versus non-monetary rewards among the different generations in the workforce.

Incentives to Invest in Improving Quality in the Telecommunications Industry

This paper investigates the incentives of invest in improving quality （as opposed to investments in new activities） in the telecommunications industry, based on the example of wireless markets. What is the impact of competition on incentives to invest, and on capacities to invest？ What is the role of the rate of penetration and technical progress？ This paper highlights the fact that investment incentives are positively related to potential for technical progress. Investment incentives also depend on market structure, competition intensity, and penetration rate, but not monotonically. This paper consists of a theoretical part which, under assumptions of full market coverage and market share symmetry, shows that for each national market, there is a target level of investment which companies strive to achieve but had not exceeded, and an empirical part that confirms the findings of the theoretical part and explains the differences with the theoretical part by relaxing the assumptions of full coverage and market share symmetry. This target level on the one hand depends on the potential for technical progress and on the other hand, depends on the rate of penetration. From a social perspective, this target level is the best amount that companies are encouraged to invest. Non-achievement of the target level entails underinvestment and a decrease in consumer surplus and welfare and may slow down technical progress. A data set covering 30 countries over a period of eight years is used to empirically prove the existence of a change in investment behavior depending on whether or not the target level is achieved. A low margin per user may hamper achievement of the target level. As a result, maximum consumer surplus and welfare occur under imperfect competition but not under perfect competition.

Evaluation of power market designs on investment incentives and capacity adequacy

Electricity industry restructuring should not sacrifice supply security to pursue economic efficiency. Till now there is no academic consensus on which electricity market design provides the least distorting investment incentives. Alternative approaches that have been adopted around the world for ensuring the appropriate level of investment in electric generation capacity are discussed, and much attention is devoted on the evaluation of capacity payment systems. The finding is that on one hand, capacity payment systems have good effect on reducing spot market price volatility and increasing the volume of generating capacity at the costs of relatively high total electricity prices; on the other hand, however, they are not robust against either the abuse of market power in the energy market or being manipulated.

Traffic Impact on Incentive Contracting Project Time Performance during Highway Construction

The volume of highway traffic in the United States continues to increase. In the face of this there is a concomitant need to improve and repair transportation infrastructure. Construction frequently requires a reduction in capacity during construction activity; consequently road users as well as adjacent businesses must endure the delays and inconveniences associated with transportation construction. Recognizing the problems that construction can produce, state highway agencies （SHAs） have continually sought ways to minimize the negative impact from their construction operations. Incentive contracting has played an important role in this effort to improve project performance. The Florida Department of Transportation （FDOT） is one of the leading SHAs using such innovative contracting methods as Incentive/Disincentive （I/D）, A＋B （cost plus time bidding） combined with I/D, No Excuse Bonus, and Liquidated Savings. This paper analyzes the traffic impact on incentive project time performance using highway construction projects recently completed in Florida. Project data obtained from FDOT were evaluated using time performance indices. A survey of traffic impact on project work types was performed in Florida in order to evaluate the relationship between construction project types and road traffic influence during construction. Based on the survey results, the 38 most frequently used work types in Florida during the study period were categorized into three traffic impact levels： （1） high traffic impact, （2） medium traffic impact, and （3） low traffic impact. Statistical analysis was performed. The results show that there are significant differences on project time performance between low and high impact levels as well as low and medium impact levels.

Impact Assessment of Incentive Schemes for the Sustainable Development of Nigerian Construction Industry

The concept of construction productivity and the needs for incentive schemes towards improving the performance of Artisan has long been established. The choice of particular scheme either financial or non financial and to what level it contributes to the productivity of employees remain at stake. Therefore, this study set to evaluate the level of awareness, impact and contribution of the schemes with more emphasis to the non financial incentive schemes. A questionnaire survey involving management and artisans of the three tiers of NCl （Nigerian Construction Industry）： large, medium and small within Kaduna and Abuja Nigeria was conducted. Three hundred （300） responses from the management and artisans were used for analysis, inferences and conclusions. The survey result revealed that non-financial incentive schemes are mostly employed in the large and medium scale construction firms. Though, preference by medium and small scale firms was based on those that do not require fund to implement and maintain. It was concluded that, construction firms operating in Nigeria ought to strive more towards implementing non-financial incentive in their organization since artisans are willing to improve their output.

Cyprus, the European Union and the Recent Crisis： Inspiration for New Processes of Convergence or Incentive for Regional Disparities？

In the EU （European Union）, Cyprus＇s problems aren＇t new. Ten years later, the same debate is being held all over again, just from a different point of view. It is emblematic of this current financial crisis because the banking system is much bigger than GDP （Gross Domestic Product）. Setting aside the sluggish economic performance, as well as the usual gap between northern and southern regions, people are uncomfortable with the EU. Getting the EU to finance a deficit is very tempting because it seems to be a politically and socially painless option, but can we count on the EU to devise such a smoothly running system？ Cyprus is interesting on many levels, from the debate concerning the limits of cohesion policy to the need of finding new solutions for the European periphery. It raises the question of whether a real fiscal and political union is possible, in light of the actual geoeconomic and geopolitical dynamics among the EU, Turkey, and Russia. The aim of this paper is to explore the possible mechanisms for an integration of Cyprus in order to go beyond fiscal burden sharing. It is an important starting point to paving the way to new policies and strategies for changing the objectives of economic convergence.

Research on the Commutation Revocation

In order to resist some prisoner who have received rewards of commutation to implement some illegal or criminal behavior in the course of imprisonment, the system of commutation revocation must be established, which can advantage imprisonment and reduce the costs of imprisonment. The system of commutation revocation can obey to the criminal policy of temper justice with mercy and the principle of ＂collecting mistakes whenever discovered＂ and obtain the penalty goal of special prevention. In order to protect some prisoner＇ s benefit, the prisoner who be revoked the rewards of commutation can take part in the course of juice, the postbox which be opened only by the NPC and committee must be installed in prison. This will be advantage of some prisoner who be revoked the rewards of commutation appealing to the NPC and committee. Because of weakness of necessarily and execution, the system of commutation revocation cannot be established when the prisoner have been released currently.

生态转移支付对地方政府环境治理的激励效应——基于东部六省46个地级市的经验证据

文章基于我国财政分权体制下生态转移支付为地方政府环境治理提供激励创新政策工具并已开展实践探索的现实背景,从区分各省不同的激励方式入手,采用东部六省46个地级市2005-2010年的样本数据,在构建地方政府响应函数的基础上,利用空间计量模型识别出这项制度创新对城市环境治理的激励效应。研究表明:(1)"奖励型"和"惩罚型"两种不同的激励方式产生了不同的制度效果,前者有助于提升环境投入,后者有助于强化环境规制。此外,采取直接筹资和一般性拨款对激励效果也具有促进作用。(2)地区间恶性环境竞争、高污染行业比重过大和地方财政能力不足都会阻碍制度效果的产生,其负面效应甚至可能超过生态转移支付的正面作用。这说明现行体制限制了生态转移支付激励作用的发挥。(3)目标协调和制度设计是提高激励效果的关键,目标协调应以扩大地方政府生态服务职能和弱化"牺牲环境换取增长"的动机为先导,制度设计应以提高地方政府治理意愿和治理能力为根本。

Contributions of distinct prefrontal neuron classes in reward processing

The prefrontal cortex(PFC)is thought to be involved in higher order cognitive functions,such as in working memory,abstract categorization,and reward processing.It has been reported that two distinct neuron classes(putative pyramidal cells and interneurons)in the PFC played different functional roles in neural circuits involved in forming working memory and abstract categories.However,it remains elusive how the two types of neurons process reward information in the PFC.To investigate this issue,the activity of single neurons was extracellularly recorded in the PFC of the monkey performing a reward predicting task.PFC neurons were classified into putative pyramidal cells and interneurons,respectively,based on the waveforms of action potentials.Both the two types of neurons encoded reward information and discriminated two reward conditions(the preferred reward condition vs.the nonpreferred reward condition).However,the putative pyramidal neurons had better and more reliable discriminability than the putative interneurons.Also,the pyramidal cells represented reward information in the preferred reward condition,but not in the nonpreferred reward condition by raising their firing rates relative to the baseline rates.In contrast,the interneurons encoded reward information in the nonpreferred reward condition,but not in the preferred reward condition by inhibiting their discharge rates relative to the baseline rates.These results suggested that the putative pyramidal cells and interneurons had complementary functions in reward processing.These findings may help to clarify individual functions of each type of neurons in PFC neuronal circuits involved in reward processing.