从“子民”到“公民”:构建和谐社会的基础

一般而言,中华民族传统道德体系由三部分构成:伦理道德的理念系统;伦理道德的范畴系统;伦理道德的辅助系统。正因为中华民族传统道德体系采取了最具稳定性的“鼎足而立”的方式,其生命力极强,普泛性极广,堪称人类文明史上的奇迹,其目的就是培养出一大批“子民”,以实现封建社会的和谐。而现代中国的问题是:如何让一个长期生活在血缘血亲关系之中、一切规则皆由传统与习俗而定的“农民”转变为一个现代社会的合格“公民”?这是构建当代和谐社会的关键之所在。

解读荀子君民关系思想研究中的争论

在荀子看来,作为社会多数的民既无德也无知,不具备从政的能力。因此,荀子在构建其君民关系论时,一方面从论证君主制政治合理性的角度提出了立君为民观点,这是典型的民本思想;另一方面从君主施政的角度把民众排除在外,确立了君主的政治主宰地位,这是明显的君本思想。民本和君本在荀子思想中并行不悖。这或可解答学界在荀子君民关系思想研究上的争论。

Rabeprazole vs esomeprazole in non-erosive gastro-esophageal reflux disease: A randomized, double-blind study in urban Asia

AIM：Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is becoming increasingly common in Asia. Data on the efficacy of proton pump inhibitors in patients with non-erosive GERD (NERD)in Asia is lacking. This double-blind study compared the efficacy and safety of rabeprazole with esomeprazole in relief of symptoms in patients with NERD.METHODS: One hundred and thirty-four patients with reflux symptoms of NERD and normal endoscopy were randomized to receive rabeprazole 10 mg or esomeprazole 20 mg once daily for 4 wk. Symptoms were recorded in a diary and changes in severity of symptoms noted.RESULTS: At 4 wk of treatment, rabeprazole 10 mg and esomeprazole 20 mg were comparable with regards to the primary endpoint of time to achieve 24-h symptomfree interval for heartburn 8.5 d vs9 d and regurgitation 6 d vs 7.5 d. Rabeprazole and esomeprazole were also similarly efficacious in term of patient's global evaluation with 96% of patients on rabeprazole and 87.9% of patients on esomeprazole, reporting that symptoms improved(P=NS). Satisfactory relief of day- and night-time symptoms was achieved in 98% of patients receiving rabeprazole and 81.4% of patients receiving esomeprazole. Adverse events were comparable in both groups (P = NS).CONCLUSION: Rabeprazole 10 mg has a similar efficacy and safety profile in Asians with NERD as esomeprazole 20 mg. Further study is necessary to investigate whether the small differences between the two drugs seen in this study are related to the improved pharmacodynamicpro perties of rabeprazole. Both drugs were well tolerated.

Analysis of the Biological Characteristics of a Parasitical Fungus in Chrysosplenium absconditicapsulum J. T. Pan Leaves

[Objective] This study aimed to uncover the biological characteristics of a parasitical fungus in Chrysosp/enium absconditicapsu/um J. T. Pan leaves. [Method] PDA medium was used to isolate the fungus from C. absconditicapsulum leaves; PDA medium, modified KB medium and Czapek medium were adopted to cultivate the isolated strain. [Result] Colonies of the strain were stretched, white, fedora- shaped with smooth and wavy edges, and showed diameter growth on PDA medi- um, modified KB medium and Czapek medium. At the late stage of culture, the colonies turned into cyanish brown on the above media. Spores were black and born on the surface of colonies on PDA medium with blackened medium. While on modified KB medium and Czapek medium, they were born at the edge of colonies with blackened medium. The spores varied in a wide range of shapes, mostly ob- clavate, sometimes spherical or ellipsoidal. The conidia were muriformly septate with transverse or longitudinal or oblique septations. The pseudo-beaks were short and cylindrical. [Conclusion] According to relevant literatures, the isolated strain is a fungus in Alternaria, Dematiaceae, Hylohomycetales, Hyphomycetes, Deuteromycotina.

Transforming growth factor-β1 induces intestinal myofibroblast differentiation and modulates their migration

AIM： To investigate the effects of transforming growth factor β1 （TGF-β1） on the differentiation of colonic lamina propria fibroblasts （CLPF） into myofibroblasts in vitro.METHODS： Primary CLPF cultures were incubated with TGF-β1 and analyzed for production of m-smooth muscle actin （α-SMA）, fibronectin （FN） and FN isoforms. Migration assays were performed in a modified 48-well Boyden chamber. Levels of total and phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase （FAK） in CLPF were analyzed after induction of migration.did not change α-SMA levels, while TGF-β1 treatment for 6 d significantly increased α-SIVlA production. Short term incubation （6 h） with TGF-β1 enhanced CLPF migration, while long term treatment （6 d） of CLPF with TGF-β1 reduced migration to 15%-37% compared to untreated cells. FN and FN isoform mRNA expression were increased after short term incubation with TGF-β1 （2 d） in contrast to long term incubation with TGF-β1 for 6 d. After induction of migration, TGF-β1-preincubated CLPF showed higher amounts of FN and its isoforms and lower levels of total and phosphorylated FAK than untreated cells.CONCLUSION： Long term incubation of CLPF with TGF-β1 induced differentiation into myofibroblasts with enhanced α-SMA, reduced migratory potential and FAK phosphorylation, and increased FN production. In contrast, short term contact （6 h） of fibroblasts with TGF-β1 induced a dose-dependent increase of cell migration and FAK phosphorylation without induction of α-SMA production.

Cavity nucleation during hot forging of Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V alloy with colony alpha microstructure

The initiation sites and influencing factors of cavity nucleation were investigated for a Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V alloy with lamellar starting structure,using the isothermal hot compression test.All samples were deformed to a true strain of 0.70 in the temperature range of 750-950°C and strain rate range of 0.001-10 s-1.The corresponding microstructures were observed by means of the metallurgical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).It was found that all cavities occurred at the bulge regions of the compression specimens.Most of cavities nucleated along prior beta boundaries oriented 45°to the compression axis,while others nucleated at the interfaces of lamellar alpha colonies.Cavity nucleation was inhibited with increasing the volume fraction of beta phase and the volume fraction spheroidized of lamellar alpha phase.

Matt＇s Initiation in a Dystopian World： Nancy Farmer＇s The House of the Scorpion

The House of the Scorpion （2002） is a National Book Award winner by American YA （young adult） novelist Nancy Farmer. It is a coming-of-age story about Matt, a young clone struggling for acceptance and survival in a dystopian world. Under the veil of science fiction, The House of the Scorpion not only allegorically exposes the evil of dehumanization, totalitarianism, and the abuse of technology, but also successfully builds up the brave image of Matt. Through depicting protagonist Matt＇s initiation journey in a dystopian world, Nancy Farmer expresses her belief that goodness triumphs and hope is indestructible.

Evaluation and classification of residential greenbelt quality based on factor analysis & clustering analysis:An example of Xinxiang City,China

Five factors expressing greenbelt quality and one factor expressing quantity were adopted for evaluation of the residential greenbelt, and the AHP （Analytical Hierarchy Process） method was used to determine the value of factors. Thirty residential areas were selected as the samples. Two principal components were extracted and their expression was constructed by method of factor anlysis, therefore, quality evaluation of residential greenbelt was obtained. The accuracy of the function and implement quality classification toward the residential greenbelts in Xinxiang City were validated by clustering analysis method. The results showed that the greenbelt quality of fourteen residential areas was higher than the average level, of which eleven were newly-built residential areas. The 30 residential areas were classified into three types according to their greenbelt features and their formation by clustering analysis method. Finally rational proposal basing on aforesaid evaluating results was proposed for construction and renewal of residential greenbelt, upon which directive basis was provided for construction and renewal of residential greenbelt.

Protecting the Environment as a Way of Life

LAQIAO is a tiny village in the karstic mountains of Libo. Its 96 Shui residents in their community of 20 households decided, in 2002,to take part in an environmental protection program. This was a welcome decision, in view of the ecological significance of the swamps and karst forests in the Maolan Nature Reserve of Libo.

Remarkable rate acceleration of SmI3-mediated iodination of acetates of Baylis-Hillman adducts in ionic liquid: facile synthesis of (Z)-allyl iodides

Stereoselective transformation of Baylis-Hillman acetates I into corresponding （Z）-allyl iodides 2 has been achieved by treatment of I with samarium triiodide in THF. Remarkable rate acceleration of samarium triiodide-mediated iodination of 1 was found when ionic liquid 1-n-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluroborate （[bmim]BF4） was used as reaction media in stead of THF. This novel approach proceeds readily at 50 ℃ within a few minutes to afford （Z）-allyl iodides 2 in excellent yields. A mechanism involving stereoselective iodination of the acetates of Baylis-Hillman adducts by samarium triiodide is described, in which a six-membered ring transition state played a key role in the stereoselective formation of 2.

Evaluating Climate Change Effects on Natural Resources Using Remote Sensing Technologies： A Case of Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve, Kisarawe in Tanzania

Poor countries are prone to climate change effects due to lack of mechanisms to mitigation. As such, they are most vulnerable to effects of climate changes which are floods, drought, deforestation, environmental degradation and so on. Many of affected communities particularly in rural areas and urban poor have resorted to migration to viable agricultural lands and urban areas increasing pressure on available social services. This situation has led to depletion of natural resources in the fringes of the cities in search for shelter, food, water, energy etc.. Dares Salaam city is highly prone to environmental degradation by being highly populated and closer to the Kazimzumbwi Forest National Reserve, which has been a resource of logging at the guise of sustainable livelihood of Dares Salaam city residents. This paper is reporting on a study undertaken in ENVI ＆ ARCGIS software environment to evaluate the extent of environmental degradation in the forest reserve for the period of 16 years i.e. 1995-201 l, firstly, for purpose of informing policy makers and administrators to determine the extent of the problem and secondly to provide evidence for development of effective mitigation measures. Results revealed a considerable environmental degradation within the forest reserve over the study period. This was attested by a decrease of forests by 42%, grass land, as well as increase of bare land and grass land by 26% and 42% respectively. This is a testimony that there was a significant environmental degradation and loss of natural resources during the study period which should be addressed by relevant authorities.

Complete Space-like Submanifolds with Constant Scalar Curvature in de Sitter Spaces

In this paper,we study the complete space-like submanifold Mn with constant scalar curvature R≤c in the de Sitter space Spn+p(c) and obtain a pinching condition for Mn to be totally umbilical ones.The result generalizes that in [5,Main Theorem] to higher codimension and give a complement for n=2 there.

Cultural Identities of the Well-Educated Chinese Immigrant Children in the UK

Since the Reform and Opening-up in 1978, China has broadened and deepened its exchanges and relations with other countries. This has contributed to the increase in the migration of well-educated Chinese abroad and United Kingdom （UK） has become a most desirable destination for the elite Chinese immigrants. The impact of the migration of well-educated Chinese deserves particular attention and study, especially the second generation＇s cultural identities--this under-researched topic is the focus of this study. The study investigates the cultural identity differences between Chinese born children （CBC） and British born children （BBC） of the Chinese intellectual families living in Britain. Results indicated that both CBC and BBC had high pride in Chinese and British culture No significant evidence for cultural identity crises was found. The children investigated considered themselves as bi-culturalism and were content with ＂dual identities,＂ with the CBC a bit more Chinese, while the BBC a bit more British. Much smaller differences in views of cultural identity were reported.

Community Based Seed Production-A Sustainable Seed Production Model for Subsistence of Bhutanese Maize Farmers

Bhutanese maize farmers grow different open-pollinated traditional varieties and improved high yielding varieties recommended by the national maize program. All most every maize farmer uses the recycled seeds from their farms for planting in the next season. Farmers traditional or informal seed system was found to be poorly organized and unscientific that has resulted in the deterioration and contamination of seed quality. Bhutanese maize farmers living in remote areas are highly constrained by the inconsistent supply and poor access to good quality maize seed. The formal public seed sectors lack adequate resources to produce and supply good quality seeds. This called for an urgency to identify and adapt an innovative and a sustainable seed production approach to service the subsistence needs of Bhutanese farmers in a cross-pollinated crop, like maize. The community based seed production （CBSP） approach was introduced and evaluated under the Bhutanese maize production system as an alternative farmer based seed production model. A total of seven farmers CBSP groups were formed and promoted as a smallholder seed enterprise. The technical skills of these CBSP group members on maize seed production were improved through practical demonstrations and trainings. The CBSP groups were supplied with high quality source seed of new maize varieties by the national maize program. For long term, the sustainability of CBSP groups were linked to the formal seed sector in the country for marketing the seeds. The CBSP approach has proven to be a successful small scale maize seed production model under highland maize production ecosystem that has improved the production and supply of good quality maize seeds. The Bhutanese experiences with CBSP in maize, its merits for small holder Bhutanese maize farmers and lessons learnt from the CBSP model are discussed in this paper.

Influence of Hyperon-Hyperon Interaction on Properties of Hadronic Star

The influences of hyperon-hyperon interaction on the overall properties of hadronic star are investigated in the framework of relativistic mean field （RMF） theory. For certain hyperon coupling, the weaker hyperon-hyperon interaction can lead to the heavier hadronic star, which accords with the observation of heavy neutron star in X-ray binaries. We find that the threshold densities of the hyperons with larger masses are brought to a lower values with the increase of the hyperon-hyperon interaction. The possibility of the existence of hyperon star is checked with the consideration of hyperon-hyperon interaction.

The influence of the electronic commerce on the future economy

With the rapid development of the information technology and the computer network, the electronic commerce has become the economic hotspot and the development trend in today＇s society, and the influence of the electronic commerce on the national economy is growing. It is not only the important driving force of the economic growth, but also is a force influencing the development of the retail business and the changes of the structures of the economy.

An Evaluation of Standby Losses Effect in Power Demand in Greek Urban Households

Standby consumption is a global phenomenon because the largest ＂leakers＂ are internationally-traded appliances usually line-powered electronic equipment. Currently, it represents 5%-11% （depending on the region and related estimations） of the total electricity demand in European households, mostly concentrated in entertainment and office equipments. This paper is focused on the evaluation of the standby losses in typical urban areas of Greece. The results of an analytical survey in urban households located in different areas of region of Attica-Greece are presented and analyzed. This survey is taking under consideration the type and the quantity of electric/electronic devices used, power consumption measurements concerning different standby modes of operation as well as people＇s habits in relation to the way they used the devices. Furthermore, recent and old detailed power consumption measurements of the most common modes of operation （on, offand standby）, in other member states of Europe are presented and analyzed giving the opportunity to compare the situation in a typical urban Greek area and the respective in other parts of Europe. The presented data reveal the magnitude of the standby losses problem in Greece and the potential benefits gained by the enforcement of recent EU （European Union） policies.

On the Ethics of Cultural Heritage Protection

This paper tries to address the problem of a lack of ethics about intangible cultural heritage protection in current China from the perspective of the history of ideas. Though this is a not a new angle and many papers have given a more or less comprehensive discussion about this, this paper will endeavor to give a more systematic account. Seen from the perspective of ethics, the protection of cultural heritage in China is mainly challenged by imbalance or deviation from four aspects： Firstly, from the aspect of political justice; secondly, from the aspect of a lack of civic awareness; thirdly, from the aspect of excessive nationalism; fourthly, from the aspect of silent intellectuals.

Factors Determining the Development of Non-cash Payments in Rural Areas in Poland

This article aims at characterization and assessment of the financial behaviors of rural dwellers on non-cash payment markets and identification of factors determining the intensity of using individual methods of payment by the inhabitants of rural areas. The main source of data used for analysis and inference was information originating from the authors＇ own investigations conducted in 2013 on a group of 500 rural households and on a group of 150 trade and service points operating in non-urbanized areas. This work made use of statistical summary measures and Z2 independence test. According to the results of the conducted studies, forms of payment used by rural dwellers depend on many variables, of demographic, economic, and psychological character. Cash payments are more frequently used by persons possessing vocational or secondary education, elderly people, old-age pensioners, annuitants, or households with lower incomes. Also, persons who do not trust financial institutions or do not perceive benefits resulting from the use of non-cash instruments prefer cash. It is a group of households which require urgent educational activities in the area of non-cash payment instruments. A significant barrier to using non-cash payment instruments by rural dwellers was a limited access to non-cash channels. It is connected in the first place with a poorer development of financial infrastructure in rural areas （banks or cash points）, insufficient Internet access conditioning a possibility to use electronic banking points, and also a worse development of credit card acceptance network. As has been demonstrated by the results of conducted studies, the main reason for a lack of point of sale （POS） terminals in retail and service-providing points operating in rural areas, in the opinion of their owners, is the very high interchange fee （50% indications）, which under Polish conditions is one of the highest in the European Union （EU）.

Institutionalisation of Genetic Resource Management with Farmers： Cases of Traditional Vegetables in Japan

Nearly all countries have seed organisations and private seed companies, laws and technical regulations to govern their while the role of the farmers＇ seed system has formal seed system, run by formal public been marginalised especially in developed countries. Local traditional varieties that are largely taken care of and nurtured by farmers＇ seed system have also been excluded from the formal seed system. Nowadays, however, it is quite common to see locally-sourced vegetables on supermarket shelves, while an increasing number of consumers visit farmers＇ market and become aware of local traditional vegetables available only through such channels. It is in this context that many local governments, public agricultural experimental stations and even private seed companies are becoming interested in the use and management of local traditional varieties of vegetables in Japan. The objective of this paper is to elucidate some characteristics of and factors behind the condition, potentiality and limitations of farmers＇ seed systems vis-a-vis the expected role of public experimental stations and locally-based seed companies, especially when it comes to the use and management of local traditional vegetables and their genetic resources in Japan. This paper is based on our case studies, in which we conducted in some interviews with relevant local actors in addition to literature and statistical surveys.