先秦两汉名字中“子*”式字探微

"子*"式称呼在商周时期仅限于与王室有密切关系的人使用,具有政治与文化上的意义。春秋时期社会格局剧变,"子*"随着王室权力下移而下移,其政治意义消失,其文化意义受到士人的青睐,故春秋时期"子*"式的字成为主流。《史记》的纪传体体例注重交待人物的名、字,保留了大量的"子*"式字,"子*"式字遂逐渐成为后世取字的固定格式。

论孔子为弟子取字

孔子的门人之字多数为"子*"式,其中多数为孔子所取。孔子此举,在于寄托其"君子理想"于其弟子。孔子一生行君子之道,传君子之教。孔子的君子之道包括"文质彬彬"和"内圣外王"两个层面。孔子的教育理念是"培养君子",孔子要培养出具有德性的社会管理者。

Three-dimensional pseudo-dynamic reliability analysis of seismic shield tunnel faces combined with sparse polynomial chaos expansion

To address the seismic face stability challenges encountered in urban and subsea tunnel construction,an efficient probabilistic analysis framework for shield tunnel faces under seismic conditions is proposed.Based on the upper-bound theory of limit analysis,an improved three-dimensional discrete deterministic mechanism,accounting for the heterogeneous nature of soil media,is formulated to evaluate seismic face stability.The metamodel of failure probabilistic assessments for seismic tunnel faces is constructed by integrating the sparse polynomial chaos expansion method(SPCE)with the modified pseudo-dynamic approach(MPD).The improved deterministic model is validated by comparing with published literature and numerical simulations results,and the SPCE-MPD metamodel is examined with the traditional MCS method.Based on the SPCE-MPD metamodels,the seismic effects on face failure probability and reliability index are presented and the global sensitivity analysis(GSA)is involved to reflect the influence order of seismic action parameters.Finally,the proposed approach is tested to be effective by a engineering case of the Chengdu outer ring tunnel.The results show that higher uncertainty of seismic response on face stability should be noticed in areas with intense earthquakes and variation of seismic wave velocity has the most profound influence on tunnel face stability.

Effects of Different Tillage Techniques on Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Broomcorn Millet

[Objective] The effects of different tillage techniques on dry matter accu- mulation, soil water content, water use efficiency and yield of broomcom millet were studied. [Method] With Jinsu 9 as an experiment material, the effects of deep tillage, traditional tillage and no tillage and rotary tillage on dry matter accumulation, soil water content, water use efficiency and yield of broomcom millet were investi- gated. [Result] Dry matter accumulation rate and accumulated amount were signifi- cantly higher in the deep tillage, no tillage and rotary tillage treatments than in the conventional tillage treatment, and the highest in the deep tillage treatment. The soil water content of the deep tillage treatment at 0-100 cm was higher than those of other tillage techniques, deep tillage also exhibited the highest soil water storage, and water use efficiency values were in order of deep tillage〉rotary tillage〉no tillage〉conventional tillage. The deep tillage treatment also showed the highest grain weight per spike, 1 000-grain weight and yield, while conventional tillage exhibited the lowest values, indicating that deep tillage is most beneficial to improvement of yield and water use efficiency of broomcom millet. [Conclusion] This study provides a scientific basis for water use efficiency of broomcorh millet in its main producing areas.

Expression Activity of CLCuV Bidirectional Promoter in Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV) belongs to the subgroup III of geminiviruses with single strand DNA genome. Study demonstrated that the bidirectional promoter of CLCuV had activity in Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith et Townsend) Conn. This is the first report for the activity of the bidirectional promoter of geminivirus in A. tumefaciens. Results showed that the activity of the complementary sense promoter was stronger than that of virion sense promoter, and was detected 2-fold higher than that of CaMV 35S promoter in A. tumefaciens. Moreover, the promoter 5' deletion analysis indicated that the mean GUS activity driven by a 287 nucleotides complementary sense promoter fragment (from-287 to the translation initiation site) is 4 times higher than that driven by the whole complementary sense promoter in A. tumefaciens. This result suggested that there might exist negative regulatory elements in this deleted fragment. The function of other cis-elements included in CLCuV complementary sense promoter was also discussed in this paper.

Clause-based enhancing mode for tableau algorithm for ALCN

As the tableau algorithm would produce a lot of description overlaps when judging the satisfiabilities of concepts（thus wasting much space）,a clause-based enhancing mode designed for the language ALCN is proposed.This enhancing mode constructs a disjunctive normal form on concept expressions and keeps only one conjunctive clause,and then substitutes the obtained succinctest conjunctive clause for sub-concepts set in the labeling of nodes of a completion tree constructed by the tableau algorithm （such a process may be repeated as many times as needed）.Due to the avoidance of tremendous descriptions redundancies caused by applying ∩- and ∪-rules of the ordinary tableau algorithm,this mode greatly improves the spatial performance as a result.An example is given to demonstrate the application of this enhancing mode and its reduction in the cost of space. Results show that the improvement is very outstanding.

HEURISTIC PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM FOR AIR COMBAT DECISION-MAKING ON CMTA

Combining the heuristic algorithm （HA） developed based on the specific knowledge of the cooperative multiple target attack （CMTA） tactics and the particle swarm optimization （PSO）, a heuristic particle swarm optimization （HPSO） algorithm is proposed to solve the decision-making （DM） problem. HA facilitates to search the local optimum in the neighborhood of a solution, while the PSO algorithm tends to explore the search space for possible solutions. Combining the advantages of HA and PSO, HPSO algorithms can find out the global optimum quickly and efficiently. It obtains the DM solution by seeking for the optimal assignment of missiles of friendly fighter aircrafts （FAs） to hostile FAs. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is superior to the general PSO algorithm and two GA based algorithms in searching for the best solution to the DM problem.

Mining condensed frequent subtree base

In frequent tree pattern mining, the number of frequent subtrees generated is often too large. To tackle this problem, the concept of condensed frequent subtree base is proposed. The base consists of the maximal frequent subtrees for a series of support thresholds. It is a subset of frequent subtrees, and is used to approximate the support of arbitrary frequent subtrees with guaranteed maximal error bound. In addition, an algorithm is developed to mine such a condensed subtree base in a database of labeled rooted ordered trees. The algorithm adopts the way of fight-most extension to generate systematically all frequent rooted ordered subtrees. Several techniques are proposed to prune the branches that do not correspond to the maximal frequent subtrees. Heuristic techniques are used to arrange the order of computation so that relatively expensive computation is avoided as much as possible. Experimental results show that the size of the base is less than 10% of that of the complete set, and the algorithm outperforms the previous algorithms.

Analysis of radial basis function interpolation approach

The radial basis function （RBF） interpolation approach proposed by Freedman is used to solve inverse problems encountered in well-logging and other petrophysical issues. The approach is to predict petrophysical properties in the laboratory on the basis of physical rock datasets, which include the formation factor, viscosity, permeability, and molecular composition. However, this approach does not consider the effect of spatial distribution of the calibration data on the interpolation result. This study proposes a new RBF interpolation approach based on the Freedman＇s RBF interpolation approach, by which the unit basis functions are uniformly populated in the space domain. The inverse results of the two approaches are comparatively analyzed by using our datasets. We determine that although the interpolation effects of the two approaches are equivalent, the new approach is more flexible and beneficial for reducing the number of basis functions when the database is large, resulting in simplification of the interpolation function expression. However, the predicted results of the central data are not sufficiently satisfied when the data clusters are far apart.

Mining maximal pattern-based subspace clusters in high dimensional space

The problem of pattern-based subspace clustering, a special type of subspace clustering that uses pattern similarity as a measure of similarity, is studied. Unlike most traditional clustering algorithms that group the close values of objects in all the dimensions or a set of dimensions, clustering by pattern similarity shows an interesting pattern, where objects exhibit a coherent pattern of rise and fall in subspaces. A novel approach, named EMaPle to mine the maximal pattern-based subspace clusters, is designed. The EMaPle searches clusters only in the attribute enumeration spaces which are relatively few compared to the large number of row combinations in the typical datasets, and it exploits novel pruning techniques. EMaPle can find the clusters satisfying coherent constraints, size constraints and sign constraints neglected in MaPle. Both synthetic data sets and real data sets are used to evaluate EMaPle and demonstrate that it is more effective and scalable than MaPle.

An Open-Loop Test of a Resonator Fiber Optic Gyro

The resonator fiber optic gyro （R-FOG） ,which utilizes a resonance frequency change due to the Sagnac effect,is a promising candidate for the next generation inertial rotation sensor. In this study, an open-loop R-FOG is set up using phase modulation spectroscopy. First,the demodulation curve is obtained using a lock-in amplifier. From the demodulation signal,a gyro dynamic range of ± 4.2rad/s is obtained. Then,using different phase modulation frequencies,the open-loop gyro output signal is measured when the gyro is rotated clockwise or counterclockwise. The bias drift as a function of time is also measured. The fluctuation of the output over 5s is about 0.02rad/s. The drift can be reduced by taking countermeasures against system noise.

An Integratable Distributed Bragg Reflector Laser by Low-Energy Ion Implantation Induced Quantum Well Intermixing

An integratable distributed Bragg reflector laser is fabricated by low energy ion implantation induced quantum well intermixing.A 4 6nm quasi continuous wavelength tuning range is achieved by controlling phase current and grating current simultaneously,and side mode suppression ratio maintains over 30dB throughout the tuning range except a few mode jump points.

M_n(~R) (a_n, f, x) Apporximation in L_p[0, l]

Generalized Bernstein-Kantorovich polynomials M_n^((k))(a_n, f, x) were introduced in the paper and their order of approximation were estimated in the L_p[0, 1]-spaces.

Coefficient Multipliers for Polynomials

Let Q n denote the class of all polynomials p(z) nonvanishing in the unit disk with deg p≤n and p (0)=1, and let W n denote the class of all polynomials s(z) satisfying deg s≤n and for all p∈Q n, s*p∈Q n , where * denotes the Hadamard product. Some properties for W n and Q n are obtained.

Plastid Inheritance in Sweet Potato as Revealed by DNA Restriction Fingerprinting

The inheritance of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lain.) was analyzed using DNA restriction fingerprinting. The cpDNA fingerprints of hybrids from reciprocal crosses between Xushu18 and AB78-1 were found to be identical to those of their female parents, which reveals that cpDNA of sweet potato is maternally inherited in this intervarietal crossing. This maternal cpDNA transmission pattern does not accord with the putative one based on former cytological studies. The plastid inheritance in Convolvulaceae has been briefly reviewed in this study, and the utility of DNA restriction fingerprinting analysis in the study of plastid inheritance is also discussed.

Infection of the Anther-smut Microbotryum violaceum in Populations of Silene dioica: Variation in Floral Morphology, Patterns of Spore Deposition and Pathogen-Pollinator Mediated Selection

The anther-smut Microbotryum violaceum ( Brandenburger and Schvinn) G. Deml. and Oberw.) causes a systematic infection of its host Silene dioica ( L.) Clairv., resulting in sterility and production of teliospores (dispersal propagules) in flowers. These spores are transmitted to healthy plants mainly by flower visitors. The behavioral responses of flower visitors to a variation in floral characters are not only likely to affect rates of pollen export/import, but also the rate of spore deposition and probability of disease. In a transplantation experiment, using plants from four different populations, we tested for correlation between variation in female floral morphology and patterns of spore and pollen deposition, and a resulting risk of disease. The source populations in this experiment were located on four islands in Skeppsvik archipelago in northern Sweden, and represented a gradient of disease incidence from completely healthy ( Island 1), low incidence ( Island 2) to high incidences ( Islands 3 and 4) of disease. Fifty plants from each population were transplanted to the center, of the population on Island 4. There were significant differences among the transplants in floral characters, i.e. corolla size, style length and ovule number. Plants from the non-diseased population had larger flowers and longer styles than plants from the highly diseased populations. Numbers of pollen grains and spores deposited on flowers were strongly and positively correlated. We found that plants originating from the non-diseased population captured approximately 4 times more pollen and 9 times more spores, per flower than die individuals from the resident population (Island 4, population 4). The incidences of disease among plants, from the four populations differed significantly, and was 37%, 20%, 18% and 0 for populations 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. In a survey of ten populations we found a significant negative correlation between the mean style length ( positively correlated with corolla size and ovule number) among healthy plants and incidence of disease in these populations. The potentiality for pathogen-pollinator mediated selection oil floral characters; and consequences for gone flow between populations of Silene dioica are discussed.

An Investigation of Confucian Heuristic Teaching Elicitation Teaching Theory Theory and Socrates

Confucianism （especially its teaching theory） is the core of Chinese traditional culture with Confucius as its representative. It has played an indispensable role in the development of Chinese culture. It is the spiritual pillar of Chinese sustainable development. There are no others that can compare with its teaching method and art. The famous ＂heuristic teaching theory＂ is one of its greatest inventions. But many people think that it is Socrates invention. In fact, Socrates ＂elicitation teaching theory＂ was invented far later than that of Confucius. This paper aims at investigating of these two theories.

A Method for Rapid Salt-extraction of High-quality Genomic DNA from Plant Seeds

[Objective] This study aimed to explore an effective method for rapid salt- extraction of high-quality genomic DNA from dried seeds of plants. [Method] Seeds of seven varieties of crops were ground into powder. A hundred milligrams of seed powder was added to extracting solution for high salt-extraction of genomic DNA. The yield and quality of extracted DNA were determined by using ultramicro UV/Vis spectrophotometer detection method, PCR and restriction enzyme digestion. [Result] About 619.67-1 811.21 ng of genomic DNA was extracted from per 100 mg of dried seed powder of seven varieties of conventional crops. A260/A280 ratios of the obtained DNA solution all ranged from 1.87 to 2.07, the purity and quality of PCR were suitable for PCR and restriction enzyme digestion. Clear target bands of specific endogenous gene fragments of seven varieties of crops were amplified by PCR, and the obtained DNA could be fully digested with EcoRV and Hindlll.[Conclusion] This method could be used for rapid extraction of high-quality genomic DNA from dried seeds.

Developmental Expression of an Amphioxus (Branchiostoma belcheri) Gene Encoding a GATA Transcription Factor

GATA factors are evolutionarily conserved and play crucial roles during embryonic development in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Vertebrate GATAs can be divided into two subgroups, the GATAI/2/3 and the GATA4/5/6 classes. Through genomic analysis, we have identified three GATA factors, representing the GATA1/2/3 and GATA4/5/6 subfamilies respectively, and one GATA like protein in the genome of the basal chordate amphioxus （Branchiostoma floridae, cephalochordata）. Partial sequence of GATA123 in the amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri （BbGATA123） was cloned and its expression pattern during early embryonic development was studied. Expression of BbGATA123 is first detected in the mesendoderm during gastrulation. Interestingly, in the late neurula and early larva stages, it is expressed strongly in the cerebral vesicle and the mid gut region. Its expression is compared to Otx, a gene known crucial for the development of anterior structures. Our observations suggest that GATA123, together with Otx, might play an important role in the development of amphioxus cerebral vesicle, the counterpart of the vertebrate brain.

An Effective Multiple Model Least Squares Method in Tracking of a Maneuvering Target

A polynomial model, time origin shifting model(TOSM, is used to describe the trajectory of a moving target .Based on TOSM, a recursive laeast squares(RLS) algorithm with varied forgetting factor is derived for tracking of a non-maneuvering target. In order to apply this algorithm to maneuvering targets tracking ,a tracking signal is performed on-line to determine what kind of TOSm will be in effect to track a target with different dynamics. An effective multiple model least squares filtering and forecasting method dadpted to real tracking of a maneuvering target is formulated. The algorithm is computationally more effcient than Kalman filter and the percentage improvement from simulations show both of them are considerably alike to some extent.