“教是为了不教”教育思想的实践探索——“学·用”结构教学策略

“教是为了不教”中的“教”与“不教”是辩证统一关系.以“教”即教给学生未来能自己学习的本领为基础,让学生“学会”对后续学习有支撑意义的核心知识与一般观念;以“不教”即以培养学生自学能力为目的,让学生自己去发现问题、解决问题,实现“会学”的素养目标.从“学会”到“会学”的结构化学习,正是“学·用”结构教学策略的核心要义,也是从“教”到“不教”的实践方略.

Chemical Constituents of Angelica sinensis

Aim To investigate the active constituents responsible for thepharmacological activities of Angelica sinensis (Oliv) Diels. Methods Chromatography was used toisolate chemical components, and spectroscopy was used to identify their structures. Results Sevencompounds were isolated and their structures were identified as ferulic acid (1), conife-rylferukte(2) , bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (3), dibutyl phthalate (4), lignoceric acid (5), palmitic acid(6), and Z-6, 7-cis-dihydroxyligustilide (7) Conclusion Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and dibutylphthalate were obtained from Angelica sinensis for the first time.

Study of the optical transmission enhancement properties in a one-dimensional Ag film with different single slit groove structures

Numerical simulation has been performed on the optical transmission enhancement properties of a one-dimensional Ag film single slit structure with grooves. The results show that the position,depth and number of the grooves have great influence on the optical transmission,and surface plasmon polariton and resonance mode are the primary factors. The maximal extinction ratio of 35.8 dB is achieved in the single slit structure by adjusting groove depth.

Effect of Pre-oxidation on the Properties of Crushed Bituminous Coal and Activated Carbon Prepared Therefrom

The influence of a pre-oxidation process on the chemical properties of crushed bituminous coal and on adsorption properties of the subsequently formed char and activated carbon is discussed in this paper. Datong bituminous coal samples sized 6 mm were oxidized at different temperatures and for different times and then carbonized and activated by steam to obtain activated carbons. A Uniform Design method was used to arrange the experiments,IR and adsorption experiments were used to characterize these oxidized coals,chars and activated carbon samples. The results show that the carboxyl group disappeared and α-CH2 groups joined to alkenes decreased dramatically but the carbonyl group clearly increased in the coal sample oxidized at 543 K; The chemical composition of coal samples oxidized at lower temperature is different from that of coal oxidized at 543 K. Oxidizing coal samples at higher temperatures for a short time or at lower temperatures for a longer time resulted in activated carbon samples that tended toward the same adsorption properties: Iodine number 1100 mg/g and Methylene blue value 252 mg/g. The yield of activated carbon obtained from the pre-oxidized coal is 10% higher than the yield from parent coal but the activated carbons have the same adsorption properties.

Structure Analysis of Polyacrylonitrile Polymerized in Ionic Liquids

Polyacrylonitriles （PANs） ware synthesized both by atom transfer radical polymerization （ATRP） anti free radical polymerization in ionic liquid 1 - buty - 3 - methylimidazolium chloride （[bmim]Cl）. [bmim]Cl demonstrates to be a preferable solvent for ATRP of acrylonitrile （AN）. The polymerization maintains the usual advantages of ATRP with molecular weight agrees well with theoretical value and low polydispersity （PDI = 1.15）. It is also shown the higher conversion and lower molecular weight dispersion in ionic liquid than in dimethylformamide （DMF）. From FTIR and NMR analysis, it is confirmed that the chemical structures of PANs synthesized in [bmim]Cl were identical with that obtained in DMF. In atom transfer radical polymerization, the methine and cyan carbon atoms in isotactic configuration for PAN produced in [bmim] Cl have a configuration consisting of about 55.5% isotactic diads. It is higher than that obtained in DMF which is 52.2%. So, ionic liquid has effect on the stereostructure of PANs. Further analysis of ^13C NMR spectra indicated that the isotacticity of PAN synthesized by free radical polymerization was lower than that of PAN prepared by ATRP, although both of them were random in stereoregularity. Besides the pentad tacticities of PANs also suggested that the sequence distributions of them all obey Bernoulli statistics.

Mechanical characteristics and microcosmic mechanisms of granite under temperature loads

The relationships between mechanical characteristics of rock and microcosmic mechanism at high temperatures were investigated by MTS815, as well as the stress-strain behavior of granite under the action of temperatures ranging from room temperature to 1200 ℃. Based on a micropore structure analyzer and SEM, the changes in rock porosity and micro structural morphology of sample fractures and brittle-plastic characteristics under high temperatures were analyzed. The results are as follows： 1） Mechanical characteristics do not show obvious variations before 800 ℃; strength decreases suddenly after 800 ℃ and bearing capacity is almost lost at 1200 ℃. 2） Rock porosity increases with rising temperatures; the threshold temperature is about 800 ℃; at this temperature its effect is basically uniform with strength decreasing rapidly. 3） The failure type of granite is a brittle tensile fracture at temperatures below 800 ℃ which transforms into plasticity at temperatures higher than 800 ℃ and crystal formation takes place at this time. Chemical reactions take place at 1200 ℃. Failure of granite under high temperature is a common result of thermal stress as indicated by an increase in the thermal expansion coefficient, transformation to crystal formation of minerals and structural chemical reactions.

Microstructure Analysis for Chemical Interaction between Cesium and SUS316 Steel in Fast Breeder Reactor Application

The objective of this study is to presume cesium corrosion process and its dominant factors in SUS316 steel, a fuel cladding material for fast breeder reactor application, based on both experimental results of cesium corrosion out-pile test and thermodynamic consideration. The cesium corrosion test was performed in simulated environment of high burn-up fuel pin. And main corrosion products in the specimen after the corrosion test were specified by TEM （transition electron microscopy） and SEM （scanning electron microscopy） in order to formulate a hypothesis of the cesium corrosion process. At the end of this study, it was found that the dominant factors of the corrosion process are the amount of cesium on the surface of the specimen, chromium content in the alloy, the supply rate of oxygen and temperature.

Preparation of dendritic bismuth film electrodes and their application for detection of trace Pb(Ⅱ)and Cd(Ⅱ)

In this paper,dendritic Bi film electrodes with porous structure had successfully been prepared on glassy carbon electrode using a constant current electrolysis method based on hydrogen bubble dynamic templates.The electrode prepared using a large applied current density showed an increased internal electroactive area and a significantly improved electrochemical performance.The analytical utility of the prepared dendritic Bi film electrodes for the determination of Pb(Ⅱ)and Cd(Ⅱ)in the range of 5–50 μg·L^(-1)were presented in combination with square wave stripping voltammetry in model solution.Compared with non-porous Bi film electrode,the dendritic Bi film electrode exhibited higher sensitivity and lower detection limit.The prepared Bi film electrode with dendritic structure was also successfully applied to real water sample analysis.

Adaptive Spectr um Decision Method for Heterogeneous Cognitive Radio Networks

To improve spectrum utilization and minimize interference to Primary User (PU), an adaptive spectrum decision method is proposed for Secondary User (SU), while taking traffic load balancing and spectrum heterogeneity into consideration. Long-term statistics and current sensing results are integrated into the proposed decision method of spectrum access. Two decision methods, namely probability based and sensing based, are presented, compared and followed by performance analysis in terms of delay. For probability based spectrum decision, Short-Time-Job-First (STJF) priority queuing discipline is employed to minimize average residual time and theoretical conclusion is derived in a novel way. For sensing based decision we treat the interrupted service of SU as newly incoming and re-decision process is initialized to find available spectrum in a First-Available-First-Access (FAFA) fashion. Effect of sensing error in PHY layer is also analyzed in terms of extended average residual time. Simulation results show that, for relatively low arriving rate of SU traffic, the proposed spectrum decision method yields at least a delay reduction of 39.5% compared with non-adaptive method. The proposed spectrum decision can significantly improve delay performance even facing sensing errors, which cause performance degeneration to both PU and SU.

Genre Analysis in an Asian Academic Setting

This study is a genre analysis carried out on postgraduates＇ theses and dissertations in Iran as an Asian academic setting. The researchers seek to uncover： （1） the generic structure of MA theses, （2） the generic structure of Ph.D. dissertations, （3） any probable differences between these two groups. ＂statement of the problem＂ section of 48 MA and Ph.D. dissertations from 2001 to 2008 in Teaching English as a Foreign Language （TEFL） at Mazandaran, Tehran and Allame Tabatabaee universities was selected. For the quantitative method of data analysis, frequency counts, and for the qualitative method, genre analysis was used. Samples were categorized both according to the year they were written and the university they belonged to. The study enjoyed a second rater with inter-rater reliability about 0.93. Results revealed that there was a significant difference in writing ＂statement of the problem＂ in different time periods and different universities in the sense that students in different degrees, time periods, and universities employed quite different generic structures for writing. However, postgraduates in recent years （especially 2005-2008）; regardless of their degree and university, seem to use much more similar generic structures which indicates a general genre awareness.

The Preparation of Fragrance and Health-Care Microcapsule Agent and Its Application on Fabrics

The technology of microcapsule was employed in this paper to prepare fragrant microcapsule agent, in which the core material was lavender oil, and the wall material polyurethane was formed from a reaction with 2, 4-tolylene diisocyanate （ TDI ） and poly （ ethylene glycol） （PEG） by interracial polymerization method. Through single factor and orthogonal experiments, the optimum technology conditions have been got as follows： the molecular weight of PEG 400, core/wall ration 1 ： 2, disperser sodium alginate （SA） 0.15%, emulsifier Poly（vinyl alcohol） （PVA） 1%, emulsifying speed 9 500 r/min, emulsifying time 5 min and reaction time 2 h. The microcapsule fragrant agent, prepared under the optimum conditions, was applied on the fabrics and a kind of good control-released fragrant fabric with health-care function was obtained.

A Space Propulsion Principle Brought about by Locally-Expanded Space

As is well known in cosmology, inflationary universe which shows rapid expansion of space is based on the phase transition of the vacuum exhibited by the Weinberg-Salam model of the electroweak interaction. The vacuum has the property of a phase transition, just like water may become ice and vice versa. This shows that a vacuum possesses a substantial physical structure. The expansion rule of the universe is governed by the Friedmann equations and the Robertson-Walker metric. We explored another possibility of a space propulsion principle where the locally rapid expanding space generates the thrust, using the cosmology. In this paper, space propulsion principle is introduced from another angle （cosmology）, that is, the pressure of the field induced by local expansion of space is completely considered in the propulsion principle.

Mechanism and kinetics of coal utilization by thermal analysis

Coals are carbon-rich materials with excellent aromatic nature and macro- molecular structure. They pose great potential as the source of organic chemical feed- stock and high value-added carbonaceous materials in the 21st century. As some of the most important analytical methods, thermal analysis (TA) techniques with strong com- petence in materials characterization and reaction mechanism research, have been ex- tensively employed to accumulate the knowledge about coal conversion and utilization in a most effective, efficient and responsible way. Unfortunately, some efforts did not promote the sound growth of a systematic discipline, which might arise from the intrinsic drawback of conventional TA. Proposals on acquiring much more reliable understanding of the mechanism and kinetics of reactions were made in this review.

Energy intensity and its determinants in China:an empirical study based on ARDL-VECM approach

The present study aims to better understand the relationship between energy intensity and its determinants including energy price, technological progress, economic structure, and energy mix using the autoregressive distributed lag(ARDL) bounds approach and vector error correction model technique. Based on China's time series over 1985-2014, the ARDL bounds approach yields empirical evidence that confirms the existence of long run relationship between energy price, technological progress, economic structure, energy mix, and energy intensity. The results show that technological progress is an important driver for the declining energy intensity in short and long run. Energy price has not been demonstrated as an important role in decreasing energy intensity in the short run. The high share of coal use in total energy use may be responsible for China's high energy intensity.However, the relative change in economic sectors plays a minor role in energy intensity reduction during the past years. In the long run, technological progress, energy mix and energy prices Granger cause energy intensity, but not vice versa except for the energy mix.

Complex Sequence of the English Nominal Group

The nominal group is an important aspect of English and other languages and requires specific attention because of its complex structure and sequence. This study examines how sequencing affects users＇ understanding and interpretation of the English nominal group and attempts to prescribe guidelines to the different challenges which the complex ordering of the nominal group poses to users of English as a second language. The findings of the study indicate that the complex ordering of the nominal group has a significant impact on their semantic effects in any discourse, and many of the difficulties users of English as a second language are faced with have to do with lack of adequate understanding of the structure and usage of the nominal group. Some of these problems can be addressed through a comprehensive study and examination of linguists＇ explanation of the nominal group and practical application of their guidelines. A functional approach to the study of the group will help second language learners of English to have a better understanding of its structure

Design and Application of English Learning System based on B/S Structure

This paper analyzes advantages and disadvantages of the current several popular computer-aided English learning software. combined with modem English teaching philosophy, proposed learning system with synchronization, interactivity, intelligence, and incentives in one of the English to students. System uses JavaEE framework to build, each module uses a low coupling between the way facilitate future extensions. The system can help students build confidence and motivate its progress.

The Universal Grand Unified Theory Based on Life and Thought

The universe is life, which includes galaxies, living beings, society and man-made worlds. The universe is unified in life and thought. The universal grand unified theory is a theory to completely unify all phenomena in the universe with a fundamental mode （structural mode, operational mode, generation mode and evolution mode）. The book of changes of China： The great ultimate - two states - four images - eight hexagrams are life science and thought science theories, which represent the fundamental mode of universal unification, i.e. represent l） structural mode, operational mode, generation mode and evolution mode of life; 2） the four states that life has simultaneously： 0 dimension, ] dimension, 2 dimension, 3 dimension, and these four states have different structural and operational modes respectively; 3） the breathing and four seasonal trajectories of celestial bodies; 4） three generation modes of life： generation by transformation, generation by augmentation, and self-generation; 5） five dynamics systems inside life; 6） the sublimation and degration of life in the universe, the unification of religion and science; 7） the classification mode of the universal being; 8） the derivation mode of life; 9） the transformation between different forms of life in the universe; 10） the unification of six grand forces in the universe. All life systems in the universe： galaxy, organism, society, man-made worlds as well as cognitive science, natural science, social science are all in conform with the mode of the book of changes.

Nature and Kinetic Architecture： The Development of a New Type of Transformable Structure for Temporary Applications

The contemplation of contemporary architectural designs shows an increasing demand for the development of more adaptable, flexible and transformable structures. This type of structures can adapt with different environmental conditions and meet different functions. This can help in reducing environmental waste and pollution associated with many buildings and above all can save on cost and time. Natural systems have inspired human being, since they began to build and design. Architects and designers have utilized nature as one of the main resources of information for the creation of innovative architectural spaces. One of the unique features of natural structures is the way that their components open and close in order to respond to a particular requirement or the environmental changes. This aspect has inspired many designers for the development of transformable architectural structures that can change their shape and geometry to be able to adapt with specific conditions. To make a way toward the design of transformable structure for temporary applications, the authors have developed a new type of adaptable structures according to natural forms. The proposed design applies the transformation principles that exist in potato＇s flower and the movement mechanisms used in a spider＇s leg. The design is able to fit to different topographies and have a potential to be folded to a very compact state in a very short period of time. The detailed design and the different configurations of the system applications will be presented in this paper. The result of the study shows that using modular triangular plates can create a changeable module that is not only able to respond to different functions and environmental changes but it is also able to shape different configuration to be able to respond to different user＇s ambitions. The compactability of this structure into 1/3 of its base dimensions; makes its transportation fast and with minimum costs. These capabilities make this structure suitable for temporary buildings such as exhibitions, temporary settlements or hospital in damaged areas.

The Stabilizing Role of Material Structure in Scientific Practice

Knowledge of the environment is essential for the survival of organisms; but those organisms have to have the capacity to stabilize such knowledge. The aim of this article is to analyze the various strategies for stabilizing human knowledge, with a special focus on its material anchors and their interactions with other stabilization means. In particular, I consider how such stabilization is reflected in scientific activity and practice, and what its repercussions are for the models of science that have dominated the philosophical landscape of the 20th century. My starting hypothesis will be that the role of material anchors in stabilizing conceptual blends is analogous to that of technology in grounding scientific knowledge. The framework I adopt with regard to conceptualization is that of Fauconnier and Turner （2002） on conceptual blends. Just as technology intervenes in scientific practice in conjunction with conceptual elements, so do material anchors, which conjoin other non-material strategies of knowledge stabilization. Endowing knowledge with a material basis may be understood firstly as an element （sometimes a key element） for representing knowledge and offering an explanation, and secondly as a way of providing a scientific hypothesis with empirical grounding. It is this second sense that connects with scientific experimentation and the use of instruments and technology.

Analysis of the Secondary Structure of the Transmembrane Domain of SARS CoV E Protein Using FTIR Spectroscopy

One of the major obstacles facing the field of structural biology in the post genomic era is the inherent difficulty of analyzing the structure of membrane proteins under native conditions. The method of choice for studying such proteins is FTIR spectroscopy. Following the outbreaking of the severe acute respiratory syndrome （SARS） virus, in 2003, extensive work has been directed at elucidating the structure of the E transmembrane proteins of the SARS coronavirus. In this study, the secondary structure of the transmembrane a-helical bundles was analysised using the biophysical method site specific infrared dichroism （SSID）. Sixteen amino acids were isotopically labeled with （~3C=180） at different positions of the primary structure of the synthesized E protein CoV. The secondary structure was studied using Attenuated Total Internal Reflection （ATR） FTIR spectroscopy. Based on our findings, the presence of two possible H-bonding interactions between the carbonyl oxygen of two residues 26 and 31 （Phe and Leu） respectively with water molecules which may be trapped within the helix structure were postulatesed. These interactions may cause a change in this structure.