The military situation of the thirteenth century required that the Song and the Mongols construct a great number of defensive works,relying on the mountains or facing the rivers,in the mountainous Sichuan Province and...The military situation of the thirteenth century required that the Song and the Mongols construct a great number of defensive works,relying on the mountains or facing the rivers,in the mountainous Sichuan Province and Chongqing.In recent years,a special kind of explosive firearms,huolei火雷(bombs),was unearthed in the large-scale excavations of the site of Diaoyu Fortress钓鱼城in Hechuan District合川and the Baidicheng白帝城in Fengjie County奉节,both of which were defensive works constructed in this mountainous area during the Southern Song dynasty.In addition,the ruins of kilns and the clay molds that were relevant to the casting of iron huolei have been discovered at the site of Baidicheng,indicating that these huolei might have been produced locally.The Southern Song iron huolei unearthed in Chongqing are the most direct evidence of the evolvement of gunpowder and firearms,and are of great significance to the history of science and technology,in particular the history of military technology.展开更多
The early twenty-first century witnessed the publication of the book series Zhongguo kexue jishu shi中国科学技术史(History of science and technology in pre-modern China),which was initiated and organized by the Instit...The early twenty-first century witnessed the publication of the book series Zhongguo kexue jishu shi中国科学技术史(History of science and technology in pre-modern China),which was initiated and organized by the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,and compiled by a multitude of Chinese scholars.In comparison with Science and Civilisation in China by Dr.Joseph Needham,Zhongguo kexue jishu shi is superior in the layout characteristics,literature collection,research and explication,field investigation,and simulation experiments.展开更多
Nicholas Bourriaud's relational aesthetics is regarded as a new approach to art history and criticism, but has recently been appropriated by many art programs as a pedagogical and productive strategy in the classroom...Nicholas Bourriaud's relational aesthetics is regarded as a new approach to art history and criticism, but has recently been appropriated by many art programs as a pedagogical and productive strategy in the classroom. While there is much that is positive in Bourriaud's ideas in the first sense, its translation into a studio situation is problematic. Offering a corrective through Lacanian psychoanalysis, with acknowledgement of additional figures with corresponding ideas, it is proposed that Bourriaud's ideas are valuable additions to pedagogy generally but are equally in need of modifications that encompass a critical understanding of the desire structures of both students and faculty.展开更多
Born as Ly Cong Uan, Ly Thai To is the first king of the Ly Dynasty. The most important contribution of Ly Thai To in Vietnamese history is to move the capital from Hoa Lu to Dai La, and rename it as Thang Long (Asce...Born as Ly Cong Uan, Ly Thai To is the first king of the Ly Dynasty. The most important contribution of Ly Thai To in Vietnamese history is to move the capital from Hoa Lu to Dai La, and rename it as Thang Long (Ascending Dragon) in 1010. Nowadays, it is known as Hanoi. Ly Thai To promoted Buddhism, and reduced the centuries-old influence of Confucianism in the kingdom. The growth and prevalence of Buddhism brought about a long period of peace, where Buddhist literature consequently flourished with seminal achievements. Due to King Ly Thai To's enormous contributions, the Vietnamese have created several legends and anecdotes to mystify his life. Thus, although a historical figure, his life remains a mystery and controversy. In 2010, Hanoi celebrated the 1000th anniversary of Thang Long. On this occasion, Vietnamese historical films about Ly Cong Uan were produced. This created intriguing variations within historical facts, legends, and on-screen stories. This paper will explore the reconstruction of Ly Cong Uan's life from an adaptation studies perspective through four historical films: Legend of the Capital Relocation (Huyen su thien do), Thang Long Aspiration (Khat vong Thang Long), Ly Cong Uan The Road to Thang Long Citadel (Ly Cong Uan: Dtrong toi thanh Thang Long), Child of the Dragon (Ngtroi con cua Rong). This research also wants to clarify the issues of national identity, nationalism, and cultural interaction reflected through the representations of Ly Thai To in those cinematic products展开更多
Nowadays the answer to the question "what is logic?" seems very simple and obvious--"logic is a science," and after that usually one says what is this science about. As for the expressions "logic is an art" or ...Nowadays the answer to the question "what is logic?" seems very simple and obvious--"logic is a science," and after that usually one says what is this science about. As for the expressions "logic is an art" or "the art of logic," then they are only metaphors or some kind of "facon de parler" used in serious scientific discourse. One of my aims here is to trace (on the base of as authentic texts as a commentator literature) the line of development of dichotomy "logic as an art--logic as a science" and to demonstrate that both these feat uses of logic have fundamental historical roots and play very important conceptual role in any theorizing about logic. Despite the fact that (modern) logic is undoubtedly a science, it can be interpreted as an art, moreover, the analysis of logic from this point of view expands, it seems to me, the researching possibilities in the field of the philosophy of logic at least in better understanding what is logic, what creates its unity independently from the historical period of its development, topics, and methods.展开更多
The present paper analyses the possibilities of using modern technology and technical engineering in conservation practices. Some examples of heritage abuse are given alongside some innovative ways of presenting relic...The present paper analyses the possibilities of using modern technology and technical engineering in conservation practices. Some examples of heritage abuse are given alongside some innovative ways of presenting relics of the past to society. Methodology consists in the scrutinizing of chosen examples, selecting conclusions and a synthetic presentation of research results. The aim is proper protection of historic architectural resources through documentation and dissemination of knowledge. First part is concerned to rejection of old aesthetics values and implementing a new one on example of Brussels' House of the People (the largest work by Victor Horta that opened on 1899 and demolished in 1965 despite a protest of architects) and ridiculous renovation in Krynica, Poland. In second part, it presents tree examples of successful implementation of innovative techniques and technologies as the Pauline fathers realizations of renovation sacred architecture (churches, cloisters), also valuable digital projects of the reconstruction of the vaults and realization of underground Museum in Krakow, Poland (the outstanding creation of the atmosphere of virtual historic reality by the latest audio-visual techniques).展开更多
Engineering comes to you at last. As the Editors-in-Chief of En- gineering, first of all, we wish to thank all the scholars at home and abroad for their eager responses and full support, and all those who have provide...Engineering comes to you at last. As the Editors-in-Chief of En- gineering, first of all, we wish to thank all the scholars at home and abroad for their eager responses and full support, and all those who have provided encouragement and contributions toward the emergence of this journal. Looking back over the history of human civilization, hu- man survival is closely related to the development of social productive forces, which come from engineering science and technology (EST). Along with today's rapid economic and social development, we face common threats from global problems such as food safety, resource shortages, energy cri- ses, environmental pollution, climate change, network attacks, population expansion, poverty, the prevalence of disease, and economic crises. Therefore, EST research that addresses these major issues of economic development appears to be par- ticularly important. At present, a new scientific and technical revolution, including wide spread industrial transformation, is flowing together with new developments in human society. Historically, we know that progress and innovation in EST is a crucial engine for promotin~ progress in human society.展开更多
The first part of the paper shows that in American and European academia, the field of intellectual history has continued to neglect the world outside of the West. The reasons for this Eurocentric bias are related to ...The first part of the paper shows that in American and European academia, the field of intellectual history has continued to neglect the world outside of the West. The reasons for this Eurocentric bias are related to lasting hierarchies in the global landscape of historiography. To put it bluntly, Western scholars can afford to ignore historical approaches from other parts of the world, while the opposite is not the case. Whereas fields like subaltern studies have pointed at such problems, these hierarchies (and their historical roots ) have thus far hardly been considered in the debate about the future of intellectual history. In the second part, the paper outlines some important research agendas for the field of global intellectual history. For example, it argues that the transnational spread( and local adaptation) of Eurocentric ideas since the 19th century remains insufficiently understood. The same is true for the changing facets of international hierarchies of knowledge, which have continued to influence historical scholarship around the world up until the present day.展开更多
The rise and development of China’s academic system is a process that started from“passively accepting Western Learning”to today’s“catching up with Western Learning and even exceeding it”.In the last century,Chi...The rise and development of China’s academic system is a process that started from“passively accepting Western Learning”to today’s“catching up with Western Learning and even exceeding it”.In the last century,China experienced a turbulent and unstable social environment in which academics and politics have always been intertwined.As a result,the internal logic of China’s academic system shares similar characteristics with its Western models,but is unique in certain ways at the same time.In the complex and inseparable relationship between academics and politics,which involves both love and hate,the logic that academics must serve political needs,on one hand,establishes the co-existence of the academia and the government,which provides a relatively stable environment for academic activities within the system;on the other hand,it also jeopardizes the ecological environment in which the academics can develop according to its own internal logic.For exactly the same reasons,even at present,internalization means something special and complex for Chinese academia because,on one hand,it truly represents academia’s strive to meet international standards;on the other hand,the pushing factor behind this“voluntary”stance is still state and political power.展开更多
This article focuses on Vernant's thesis, masterfully developed in Les origines de la pensde grecque (1962) and translated into English in 1982. Vernant explained that between the seventh- and the second-century BC...This article focuses on Vernant's thesis, masterfully developed in Les origines de la pensde grecque (1962) and translated into English in 1982. Vernant explained that between the seventh- and the second-century BCE, one can note crucial modifications of the traditional and religious atmosphere, in civilizations as distant as China, India, Persia, Palestine and Greece. These turning points brought Confucianism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Prophetism, and, in Greece, Search for Truth. For historians, who claim their expertise on the past, methodological issues are at stake in any inquiry about an "axial age" or an "axial breakthrough." First, there is the epistemological question of historiography, a present narrative of the past that cannot, from a scientific point of view--that of the historians, erase varieties of past narratives (poetics, technical treatises, epigraphic decrees, vase paintings, etc.). Then, there is the new understanding of the constant interaction of what we call the political sphere with what we call the religious sphere, insofar as the distinction between a strictly political sphere, separate from the religious sphere, is now fully challenged. Finally, the polis as we understand it nowadays includes women's acts, as feminist scholarship has demonstrated through the past 35 years. This new depiction makes the "citizens" different: They can no longer be thought of as all the same and interchangeable.展开更多
文摘The military situation of the thirteenth century required that the Song and the Mongols construct a great number of defensive works,relying on the mountains or facing the rivers,in the mountainous Sichuan Province and Chongqing.In recent years,a special kind of explosive firearms,huolei火雷(bombs),was unearthed in the large-scale excavations of the site of Diaoyu Fortress钓鱼城in Hechuan District合川and the Baidicheng白帝城in Fengjie County奉节,both of which were defensive works constructed in this mountainous area during the Southern Song dynasty.In addition,the ruins of kilns and the clay molds that were relevant to the casting of iron huolei have been discovered at the site of Baidicheng,indicating that these huolei might have been produced locally.The Southern Song iron huolei unearthed in Chongqing are the most direct evidence of the evolvement of gunpowder and firearms,and are of great significance to the history of science and technology,in particular the history of military technology.
文摘The early twenty-first century witnessed the publication of the book series Zhongguo kexue jishu shi中国科学技术史(History of science and technology in pre-modern China),which was initiated and organized by the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,and compiled by a multitude of Chinese scholars.In comparison with Science and Civilisation in China by Dr.Joseph Needham,Zhongguo kexue jishu shi is superior in the layout characteristics,literature collection,research and explication,field investigation,and simulation experiments.
文摘Nicholas Bourriaud's relational aesthetics is regarded as a new approach to art history and criticism, but has recently been appropriated by many art programs as a pedagogical and productive strategy in the classroom. While there is much that is positive in Bourriaud's ideas in the first sense, its translation into a studio situation is problematic. Offering a corrective through Lacanian psychoanalysis, with acknowledgement of additional figures with corresponding ideas, it is proposed that Bourriaud's ideas are valuable additions to pedagogy generally but are equally in need of modifications that encompass a critical understanding of the desire structures of both students and faculty.
文摘Born as Ly Cong Uan, Ly Thai To is the first king of the Ly Dynasty. The most important contribution of Ly Thai To in Vietnamese history is to move the capital from Hoa Lu to Dai La, and rename it as Thang Long (Ascending Dragon) in 1010. Nowadays, it is known as Hanoi. Ly Thai To promoted Buddhism, and reduced the centuries-old influence of Confucianism in the kingdom. The growth and prevalence of Buddhism brought about a long period of peace, where Buddhist literature consequently flourished with seminal achievements. Due to King Ly Thai To's enormous contributions, the Vietnamese have created several legends and anecdotes to mystify his life. Thus, although a historical figure, his life remains a mystery and controversy. In 2010, Hanoi celebrated the 1000th anniversary of Thang Long. On this occasion, Vietnamese historical films about Ly Cong Uan were produced. This created intriguing variations within historical facts, legends, and on-screen stories. This paper will explore the reconstruction of Ly Cong Uan's life from an adaptation studies perspective through four historical films: Legend of the Capital Relocation (Huyen su thien do), Thang Long Aspiration (Khat vong Thang Long), Ly Cong Uan The Road to Thang Long Citadel (Ly Cong Uan: Dtrong toi thanh Thang Long), Child of the Dragon (Ngtroi con cua Rong). This research also wants to clarify the issues of national identity, nationalism, and cultural interaction reflected through the representations of Ly Thai To in those cinematic products
文摘Nowadays the answer to the question "what is logic?" seems very simple and obvious--"logic is a science," and after that usually one says what is this science about. As for the expressions "logic is an art" or "the art of logic," then they are only metaphors or some kind of "facon de parler" used in serious scientific discourse. One of my aims here is to trace (on the base of as authentic texts as a commentator literature) the line of development of dichotomy "logic as an art--logic as a science" and to demonstrate that both these feat uses of logic have fundamental historical roots and play very important conceptual role in any theorizing about logic. Despite the fact that (modern) logic is undoubtedly a science, it can be interpreted as an art, moreover, the analysis of logic from this point of view expands, it seems to me, the researching possibilities in the field of the philosophy of logic at least in better understanding what is logic, what creates its unity independently from the historical period of its development, topics, and methods.
文摘The present paper analyses the possibilities of using modern technology and technical engineering in conservation practices. Some examples of heritage abuse are given alongside some innovative ways of presenting relics of the past to society. Methodology consists in the scrutinizing of chosen examples, selecting conclusions and a synthetic presentation of research results. The aim is proper protection of historic architectural resources through documentation and dissemination of knowledge. First part is concerned to rejection of old aesthetics values and implementing a new one on example of Brussels' House of the People (the largest work by Victor Horta that opened on 1899 and demolished in 1965 despite a protest of architects) and ridiculous renovation in Krynica, Poland. In second part, it presents tree examples of successful implementation of innovative techniques and technologies as the Pauline fathers realizations of renovation sacred architecture (churches, cloisters), also valuable digital projects of the reconstruction of the vaults and realization of underground Museum in Krakow, Poland (the outstanding creation of the atmosphere of virtual historic reality by the latest audio-visual techniques).
文摘Engineering comes to you at last. As the Editors-in-Chief of En- gineering, first of all, we wish to thank all the scholars at home and abroad for their eager responses and full support, and all those who have provided encouragement and contributions toward the emergence of this journal. Looking back over the history of human civilization, hu- man survival is closely related to the development of social productive forces, which come from engineering science and technology (EST). Along with today's rapid economic and social development, we face common threats from global problems such as food safety, resource shortages, energy cri- ses, environmental pollution, climate change, network attacks, population expansion, poverty, the prevalence of disease, and economic crises. Therefore, EST research that addresses these major issues of economic development appears to be par- ticularly important. At present, a new scientific and technical revolution, including wide spread industrial transformation, is flowing together with new developments in human society. Historically, we know that progress and innovation in EST is a crucial engine for promotin~ progress in human society.
文摘The first part of the paper shows that in American and European academia, the field of intellectual history has continued to neglect the world outside of the West. The reasons for this Eurocentric bias are related to lasting hierarchies in the global landscape of historiography. To put it bluntly, Western scholars can afford to ignore historical approaches from other parts of the world, while the opposite is not the case. Whereas fields like subaltern studies have pointed at such problems, these hierarchies (and their historical roots ) have thus far hardly been considered in the debate about the future of intellectual history. In the second part, the paper outlines some important research agendas for the field of global intellectual history. For example, it argues that the transnational spread( and local adaptation) of Eurocentric ideas since the 19th century remains insufficiently understood. The same is true for the changing facets of international hierarchies of knowledge, which have continued to influence historical scholarship around the world up until the present day.
文摘The rise and development of China’s academic system is a process that started from“passively accepting Western Learning”to today’s“catching up with Western Learning and even exceeding it”.In the last century,China experienced a turbulent and unstable social environment in which academics and politics have always been intertwined.As a result,the internal logic of China’s academic system shares similar characteristics with its Western models,but is unique in certain ways at the same time.In the complex and inseparable relationship between academics and politics,which involves both love and hate,the logic that academics must serve political needs,on one hand,establishes the co-existence of the academia and the government,which provides a relatively stable environment for academic activities within the system;on the other hand,it also jeopardizes the ecological environment in which the academics can develop according to its own internal logic.For exactly the same reasons,even at present,internalization means something special and complex for Chinese academia because,on one hand,it truly represents academia’s strive to meet international standards;on the other hand,the pushing factor behind this“voluntary”stance is still state and political power.
文摘This article focuses on Vernant's thesis, masterfully developed in Les origines de la pensde grecque (1962) and translated into English in 1982. Vernant explained that between the seventh- and the second-century BCE, one can note crucial modifications of the traditional and religious atmosphere, in civilizations as distant as China, India, Persia, Palestine and Greece. These turning points brought Confucianism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Prophetism, and, in Greece, Search for Truth. For historians, who claim their expertise on the past, methodological issues are at stake in any inquiry about an "axial age" or an "axial breakthrough." First, there is the epistemological question of historiography, a present narrative of the past that cannot, from a scientific point of view--that of the historians, erase varieties of past narratives (poetics, technical treatises, epigraphic decrees, vase paintings, etc.). Then, there is the new understanding of the constant interaction of what we call the political sphere with what we call the religious sphere, insofar as the distinction between a strictly political sphere, separate from the religious sphere, is now fully challenged. Finally, the polis as we understand it nowadays includes women's acts, as feminist scholarship has demonstrated through the past 35 years. This new depiction makes the "citizens" different: They can no longer be thought of as all the same and interchangeable.