孵化器“孵小扶强”的问题与对策

“孵小”是科技企业孵化器的特定功能。“扶强”是“孵小”功能的延伸。孵化器“孵小扶强”的内容“孵小”:实现科技成果产业化,需要各种环境、条件;“扶强”:加速科技企业规模化,需要继续扶持。提供物理空间和设施:办公场所、公共技术平台和实验室、小试或中试的生产场地、相应的生活后勤服务设施等。提供一系列的服务支持:企业的组建(可行性方案论证、工商注册等一条龙服务):团队素质的提高(管理能力和思路、团队精神、法规政策。

“孵”梦

鸡妈妈，你在孵蛋吗？能不能给我一个蛋？我要把我的梦装进蛋里，你会帮我把梦孵出来吗？

为科技型中小企业提供融资的“孵贷投”联动模式研究——以Z集团为例

本文以Z集团的实践为例,说明"孵贷投"联动模式能够在一定程度上解决科技型中小企业的融资问题并帮助其成长发展。但由于孵化投资体系不成熟、孵化器融资服务能力不足、创业金融服务环境及运营管理等方面的问题,影响了"孵贷投"联动模式实施的效果。通过建设多元化投资体系、提升孵化器融资服务能力、建立和完善风险联控机制及信息共享机制,在一定程度上能更有效解决科技型中小企业的融资问题。

Effects of Temperature on Determination of Protein Concentration with Coomassie Brilliant Blue Method

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of temperature on determination of protein concentration with Coomassie Brilliant Blue method,thus proving advice and guidance for accurate determination of protein concentration.[Method] With Coomassie Brilliant Blue method,the concentrations of different bovine serum albumin samples were determined under different temperatures and incubation time.[Result] According to the standard curve,when the determination range of protein concentration was 0-100 mg/ml,the determined protein concentration was relatively stable after incubation at 20 ℃ for 20-30 min.Furthermore,the determination result of higher protein concentration with Coomassie Brilliant Blue method was less affected by various factors.[Conclusion] In determination of protein concentration with Coomassie Brilliant Blue method,temperature,sample concentration and incubation time were important factors affecting the accuracy of experimental results.

Effects of Varying Temperature and Constant Temperature on Hatching Result of Fertilized Peacock Eggs

In order to investigate the effect of temperature on hatching result of fertilized peacock eggs, they were hatched under conditions of varying temperature and constant temperature respectively. The result shows that the hatching rate in the varying temperature treatment group （Group Ⅰ） is higher than that in the constant temperature treatment group （Group Ⅱ）. It suggests that the varying temperature treatment （high temperature in the early period, medium temperature in the middle period, slightly lower temperature in the late period, and slightly higher temperature in the hulling period） is in line with the optimum temperature variation in the hatching of fertilized peacock eggs, contributing the hatching of fertilized peacock eggs.

Study on Effects of Different Factors to Eggs Hatching Rate of Cryptotympana atrata by Orthogonal Design

[Objective] The paper aimed to explore influence of different factors on eggs hatching of Cryptotympana atrata,and optimize technical parameters in practice.[Method] By using hatching rate as index,L16（44）orthogonal design was employed to determine the effects of the four factors including temperature,salinity,photoperiod and pH.[Result] Photoperiod had obviously effects on hatchability of Cryptotympana atrata eggs.The optimal conditions for hatching were temperature 30 ℃,salinity 25%,photoperiod L12∶D12,and pH 6.[Conclusion]The research provided some scientific basis for indoor artificial incubation.

Research on Embryonic Development of Loach

[Objective] Aim to know the whole process of embryonic development of loach. [Method] DOM + LHRH-A2 was used to induce spawning of loach,then after fertilization,the embryos were cultured into freshwater water with temperature from 24 to 26 ℃ and pH from 7.0 to 7.5. The embryonic development of loach was observed and 27 concrete morphological characteristics and development time of loach from fertilized egg to newly hatched larval period were described in detail. [Result] The embryonic development of loach could be divided into cleavage stage,blastocyst stage,gastrula stage,neurula stage and organogenesis stage. The loach embryo from fertilized egg to out membrane period was 30 h 45 min in fresh water from 24 to 26 ℃ and pH from 7.0 to 7.5. [Conclusion] It provided important reference for studying artificial propagation and genetic breeding of loach.

湟源县 以十七大精神为指导 推动县域经济又好又快发展

党的十七大是在我国改革发展关键阶段召开的一次重要会议,学习贯彻十七大精神必须要进一步深化对县情的认识,按照十七大提出的新思路、新要求,立足当前,着眼长远,进一步充实完善工作思路,调整落实工作措施,全力推动湟源经济又好又快发展。一、进一步明确发展思路和目标,深刻理解把握科学发展观的内涵学习贯彻十七大精神,对于动员广大干部群众进一步解放思想,加快发展,深入贯彻落实科学发展观,开创湟源工作新局面具有重大的现实意义和深远的历史意义,必须作为当前和今后一个时期的首要政治任务抓紧抓好。要不断将学习贯彻十七大精神引向深入,全面准确领会十七大精神实质,深刻理解和把握科学发展观的内涵,把全县上下的思想和行动真正统一到十七大精神上来。

Impact of brine acidification on hatchability, survival and reproduction of Artemia parthenogenetica and Artemia franciscana in salt ponds, Bohai Bay, China

We studied the effect of pH （pH 5, 6, 7 and 8） on the hatching percentage, survival and reproduction of Artemia strains in Bohai Bay salt ponds. Strains included parthenogenetic Artemia from Bohai Bay （BHB）, Artemiafranciscana from San Francisco Bay, and A. franciscana artificially produced in salt ponds in Vietnam. The latter was included as a potential inoculum for biological management of salt ponds. The hatching percentage of cysts after 24 h and the survival rate of the tested Artemia strains were significantly reduced when exposed to a culture medium at pH 5 for 18 d （P〈0.05）. The tolerance of Artemia to 48 h acid exposure varied with developmental stage, increasing in the following order： juvenile, nauplii, pre-adult, with maximum tolerance in adults. All strains of Artemia tested could not reproduce at pH 5. At pH levels from pH 6-8, a higher pH generally resulted in a shorter brood interval and enhanced ovoviviparity. Hence, we suggest that brine acidification has a negative impact on Artemia populations in the Bohai Bay saltworks. Inoculation of Artemia with either local parthenogenetic Artemia or exotic A. franeiscana should be feasible at pH 7-8.

Morphological changes and allometric growth in hatcheryreared Chinese loach Paramisgurnus dabryanus(Dabry de Thiersant, 1872)

The length-weight relationship and allometric growth patterns of hatchery-reared Chinese loach, Paramisgurnus dabryanus(Dabry de Thiersant, 1872), were determined from hatching to 60 days after hatching. A best power model was estimated for the length-weight relationship during the early life stages. Positive allometric growth for the head segment, trunk length, tail length and eye diameter was also found in the early life stages, while body depth, tail depth, tail fi n length, pectoral fi n length and barbel length displayed a negative coeffi cient. During the subsequent early developmental stage, the growth coeffi cients showed a clear and common tendency towards isometry for all measured body ratios. The allometric growth changes in Chinese loach during the early stage are possibly the result of selective organogenesis directed towards survival priorities.

Effects of temperature and salinity on the development of embryos and larvae of the veined rapa whelk Rapana venosa(Valenciennes, 1846)

The major population of the veined rapa whelk Rapana venosa （Valenciennes, 1846）, which is an important fishery resource, is facing a large decline in China. We studied the effects of incubation temperature （16-34℃ at salinity 30） and salinity （5-45 at 25℃） on the incubation period and subsequent larval development. In the temperature experiment, the shortest incubation period was 12 days at 34℃, the lower temperature limit was 16~C, the longest mean shell length （1 193＋17 pan） occurred at 25℃ and the highest survival rate 72.28%＋5.62% was observed at 28℃. In the salinity experiment, the shortest incubation period was 15 days at 25. The salinity tolerance range was 15-40, the longest mean shell length （855-4-9 μm） and the highest survival rate 72.93%~4.85% were both observed at 35. This study demonstrated that, during the egg-mass stage, temperature and salinity regimes influence later growth and survival of larvae. These observations deepen our understanding of the ecology and conservation of natural populations of Rapana venosa.

Diatom diet selectivity by early post-larval abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta under hatchery conditions

Benthic diatoms constitute the primary diet of abalone during their early stages of development. To evaluate the dietary preferences of early post-larval abalone, Haliotis diversicolor supertexta, we analyzed the gut contents of post-larvae that settled on diatom films. We compared the abundance and species diversity of diatom assemblages in the gut to those of the epiphytic diatom assemblages on the attachment films, and identified 40 benthic diatom species in the gut contents of post-larvae 12 to 24 d after settlement. The most abtmdant taxa in the gut contents were Navicula spp., Amphora copulate, and Amphora coffeaeformis. Navicula spp. accounted for 64.0% of the cell density. In the attachment films, we identified 110 diatom species belonging to 38 genera. Pennate diatoms were the dominant members including the species Amphiprora alata, Cocconeis placentula var. euglypta, Cylindrotheca closterium, Navicula sp. 2, and A. coffeaeformis. Nano-diatoms （〈20 pm in length） accounted for a considerable proportion of the total species number and cell density of the diatom assemblages in the gut contents and on the films. This suggests that nano-diatoms are important to the efficient production of abalone seed. The difference of the composition and abundance of diatoms between in the guts and on the biofilms suggests that early post-larval grazing was selective. An early post-larval abalone preferred nano-diatoms and the genera Navicula and Amphora during the month after settlement.

Effects of salinity on egg and fecal pellet production, development and survival, adult sex ratio and total life span in the calanoid copepod, A cartia tonsa:a laboratory study

The ef fects of salinity on the copepod, A cartia tonsa in terms of daily egg production rate(EPR), hatching success, fecal pellet production rate(FPR), naupliar development time and survival, sex ratio, and total life span were determined in laboratory conditions through three experiments. In experiment 1, EPR, hatching success, and FPR of individual females were monitored at salinities of 13, 20, 35 and 45 during short-periods(seven consecutive days). Results show EPR was aff ected by salinity with the highest outputs recorded at 20 and 35, respectively, which were considerably higher than those at 13 and 45. Mean FPR was also higher in 35 and 20. In experiment 2, the same parameters were evaluated over total life span of females(long-term study). The best EPR and FPR were observed in 35, which was statistically higher than at 13 and 20. In experiment 3, survival rates of early nauplii until adult stage were lowest at a salinity of 13. The development time increased with increasing of salinity. Female percentage clearly decreased with increasing salinity. Higher female percentages(56.7% and 52.2%, respectively) were signifi cantly observed at two salinities of 13 and 20 compared to that at 35(25%). Total longevity of females was not af fected by salinity increment. Based on our results, for mass culture we recommend that a salinity of 35 be adopted due to higher reproductive performances, better feeding, and faster development of A. tonsa.

Embryonic and larval development in barfin flounder Verasper moseri (Jordan and Gilbert)

Broodstock of Verasper moseri （Jordan and Gilbert） aged 3-4 years old were selected, and reinforced cultivation was conducted to promote maturation under controlled water temperature and photoperiod conditions. Fertilized eggs were obtained by artificial fertilization, and the development of embryos, larvae and juveniles was observed continuously. The results showed that the fertilized eggs of V. moseri were spherical, with transparent yolk and homogeneous bioplasm, and had no oil globule inside. The average diameter of the eggs was 1.77＋0.02 mm. The eggs of V. moseri were buoyant in water with salinity above 35. The cleavage type was typical discoidal. Young pigment cells appeared when olfactory plates began to form. Hatching occurred at 187 h after fertilization at a water temperature of 8.5℃. The newly hatched larvae, floating on the water surface, were transparent with an average total length of 4.69±0.15 mm. During the cultivation period, when the water temperature was raised from 9 to 14.5℃, 4-day old larvae showed more melanophores on the body surface, making the larvae gray in color. The pectoral fins began to develop, which enabled the larvae to swim horizontally and in a lively manner. On days 7-8, the digestive duct formed. The yolk sac was small and black. The yolk sac was absorbed on day 11. Larvae took food actively, and body length and body height clearly increased. The rudiments of dorsal and anal fin pterygiophores were discernible and caudal fin ray elements formed on day 19. On day 24, the larval notochord flexed upwards, and the rays of unpaired fins began to differentiate. Pigment cells converged on the dorsal and anal fin rays, and the mastoid teeth on the mandible appeared. On day 29, the left eyes of juveniles began to move upwards. Depigmentation began in some juveniles and they became sandy brown in color on day 37. Most juveniles began to settle on the bottom of the tank. The left eyes of juveniles migrated completely to the right side on day 50, when the average body length attained 2.5±0.18 cm, and juveniles accomplished metamorphosis to young. The embryonic and larval characters of several flounder species are compared.

Study on Hatching Rate of Artemia fanciscana Cysts in Different Sources of Saline

A comparison of Arternia cysts hatching （Artemia franciscana） were conducted on bleaching and non-bleaching with sodium hypochloride on five dilution of salt solution by using sea water, sea salt solution, artificial sea salt solutions, iodine added cooking salt solution, and rock salt solutions. All solutions were adjusted at 30 ppt of salinity in 1 litter cylinder. The experiment was carried out with Factorial Experiment in CRD. After 24 hours, a randomized count of living Artemia was taken a photograph of Artemia size by stereo microscope. A statistic analysis showed that all data of bleaching and non-bleaching were no significant difference （P 〉 0.05）. The hatching ability of Artemia cysts in solutions was examined and the results showed that sea salt solution was 327.33 × 103.4. 28,536.5263 Nauplii/liter, sea water 316 ×10^3± 20,420.5779 Nauplii/liter, artificial sea salt solutions 314.33× 10^3 ± 34,268.5473 Nauplii/liter, iodine added cooking salt solution 309.66 ± 10^3 .4- 22,898.3260 Nauplii/liter, and rock salt solutions 305.33 ± 10^3 ± 25,579.9401 Nauplii/liter, respectively. The body length of Artemia was compared and the data showed that there was no significant difference （P 〉 0.05）. The highest body length was found in sea salt solution 527.32 ± 4.70μm, sea water 521.65±8.51 μm, artificial sea salt solutions 522.08 ± 10.04 μm, iodine added cooking salt solution 522.67 ±7.87 μm, and rock salt solutions 516.33 ±11.15μm, respectively.

Viral Diseases of Olive Flounder in Korean Hatcheries

In order to elucidate the state of diseases, especially viral diseases, and to prevent viral diseases from occurring in olive flounder hatcheries, a range of studies, including epidemiological study, were performed from 1997 to 2003. The location of the hatcheries investigated includes several representative sites in the east （Kangnung, Uljin, Pohang, Yangsan, Ulsan, Pusan）, south （Wando, Changheung, Goheung, Yeosu, Namhae, Tongyeong, Geoje, Jeju） and west （Seosan, Kunsan, Gochang, Yeongkwang, Mokpo, Chindo） costal areas of the Korea Peninsula. A total of 2000 cases have been examined in 7 years, in which mortality caused by viral agents accounts for 22%, or 446 cases. Mortalities associated with viral infection considerably increased from 14% in 1997 to 27% in 2003. A variety of viral diseases were observed, and the occurrences of viral epidermal hyperplasia, viral ascites and viral deformity, viral nervous necrosis, and hirame rhabdoviral disease are 14%, 51%, 25%, and 8% respectively. By investigating the viral infection of broodstock flounder, the infection rate of marine birnavirus （MABV） in hatcheries was identified to be approximately 30%, therefore, it is highly necessary to acquire and keep non-infected broodstock fishes.

Shape change in viable eggs of the collembolan Folsomia candida provides insight into the role of Wolbachia endosymbionts

The endosymbiotic bacteria of the genus Wolbachia that infect the collembolan species Folsomia candida are responsible for facilitating parthenogenetic reproduction in their hosts. This study made empirical observations of the development of eggs of F. candida which contained normal populations of Wolbachia and of eggs which were cured of Wolbachia by treatment with the antibiotic rifampicin. A marked increase in egg size accompanied by a significant change in shape from spherical to discoid occurred in viable eggs three to four days after laying. These changes did not occur in the universally inviable eggs which came from the antibiotic treatment or in the 7% of untreated eggs which were naturally inviable. We infer that Wolbachia plays a critical role in zygotic or embryonic development during or before the first three days after laying and we draw on existing knowledge in speculating on the developmental mechanisms that Wolbachia may influence.

Vertebral deformities in hatchery-reared and wild-caught juvenile Japanese flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus

The present study compared vertebral deformities of hatchery-reared and wild-caught juvenile Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. A total of 362 hatchery-reared flounder （total length 122.5- 155.8 mm） were collected from three commercial hatcheries located in Yantai, East China, and 89 wild fish （total length 124.7 161.3 mm） were caught offYangma Island near Yantai City （37°27′N, 121°36′E）. All the fish were dissected, photographed, and images of the axial skeleton were examined for vertebral deformities. Compared with wild-caught flounder in which no deformed vertebrae were detected, 48 （13.3%） hatchery- reared fish had deformed vertebrae. The deformities were classified as compression, compression-ankylosis, and dislocation-ankylosis. The vertebral deformities were mainly localized between post-cranial vertebra 1 and 3, with vertebrae number 1 as the most commonly deformed. The causative factors leading to vertebral deformities in reared Japanese flounder may be related to unfavorable temperature conditions, inflammation, damage, or rupture to the intervertebral ligaments under rearing conditions. Furthermore, no significant difference in the total number of vertebral bodies was observed between wild-caught （38.8±0.4） and hatchery-reared flounder （38.1±0.9） （P〉0.05）. However, the number of vertebral bodies of hatchery-reared and wild-caught flounder ranged from 35 to 39 and from 38 to 39, respectively.

Speciation of chromium in soil inoculated with Cr(Ⅵ)-reducing strain,Bacillus sp.XW-4

Cr(Ⅵ)-amended soil was inoculated with Cr(Ⅵ)-reducing strain,Bacillus sp.XW-4 and incubated at 28 ℃in an incubator. Cr(Ⅵ)reduction,available Cr and Cr fractionin soils were studied.The results show that addition of Bacillus sp.XW-4 can promote Cr(Ⅵ)reduction,but inoculation of this strain has a negative effect on the decrease of available Cr content in soil.In controls (without this strain)amended with 100 and 200 mg/kg of Cr(Ⅵ),Cr(Ⅵ)contents decrease to about 41 and 92 mg/kg respectively after incubation of 4 d,while in soil inoculated with XW-4,Cr(Ⅵ)contents decrease to about 18 and 60 mg/kg,respectively.The content of available Cr in soils with inoculation of XW-4 is higher than that in controls.Chromium is partitioned into water soluble Cr,exchangeable Cr,precipitated Cr,Cr bound to organics and residual Cr.The highest content of Cr is observed in residual form and water soluble Cr is not detected for all treatments after 42 d,but the soils inoculated with Bacillus sp.XW-4 contain higher content of exchangeable Cr and lower content of precipitated Cr than the soil without the inoculum.Inoculation of Bacillus sp.XW-4 can increase chromium activity in soils.