新出“宗人”諸器所反映的西周宗族關係

新見流散西周青銅器中,有一組與名爲'宗人'的貴族相關的銅器,包括宗人簋兩件、伯或父鼎(作器者實爲'宗人')一件、叔安父簋一件、孝簋一件、叔友簋兩件。這組銅器年代在西周中期後段,銘文内容涉及西周世族的内部結構以及大、小宗之間的關係,十分重要。銘文記録'伯或父(伯氏)'、'凡姬'和'叔安父'先後賞賜'宗人'和'孝(叔友)',或爲他們製作祭器。本文首先分析銅器銘文中記録的人物關係,指出'伯或父'爲該家族大宗宗子,'凡姬'爲其夫人,是出身'周公之胤'凡氏家族的女子。'叔安父'應爲'伯或父'之世子。'宗人'是'伯或父'的小宗侄輩,'孝(叔友)'則是'宗人'的親兄弟。由此可見,西周時期世族内部的大宗和小宗之間保持着嚴格的宗法關係,在政治、經濟和祭祀等諸方面,小宗都服從於大宗,並從大宗獲取資源支持。而且大宗宗子的夫人(宗婦)和世子(法定繼承人)都在族内享有一定的支配權。這些都深化了我們對西周家族形態和宗法制度的認識。

释宗人簋铭文中的“渍腬”

宗人簋铭文中"飤洓■"之"■",当释为"渍腬"。"洓"读为"渍",指以美酒浸泡肉类。"■"所从之"■"与史墙盘中的"■"为一字,当为"求"字异体,史墙盘中的"求"读为"柔",故"■"可读为"腬",是一种嘉善之肉。"飤渍腬"指食用一种用美酒浸泡的肥美之肉。

A second thought on religionary theme in Updike＇s works

John Updike is a copious writer having a great influence on contemporary American literary history, whose artistic vision is mainly focused on the daily life of American middle class and their living conditions. The paper discusses the theme of religion in Updike＇s works from the perspectives of religion and science. It also analyzes the diversification of religion and summarizes the relationship between religion and the worldly life in America in the 20th century.

On Mechanisms of Human Behavior： The ＂Mind Blindness Phenomenon＂ in Philosophy, Religion, Science, and Medicine

The phenomenon described here has no scientific title, but occurs frequently in daily living, from science to philosophy, religion, and medicine. In every field of human endeavor, when a view is expressed, sharp and profound differences of opinion ensue. Initially, we coin this phenomenon as ＂understanding blindness＂ or ＂mind＇s awareness.＂ Thereafter, we decide to refer to it as ＂mind blindness,＂ a concept introduced to science by Professor Simon Baron-Cohen, who coins it for a cognitive disorder associated with autism, Asperger＇s syndrome, and schizophrenia. Baron-Cohen＇s usage has subsequently been extended to dementia, bi-polar disorders, antisocial personality disorders, and even normal aging. In our view, definition and identification of ＂mind blindness＂ in philosophy, religion, science, medicine, and at end-of-life care can help mankind to better understand mechanisms of human behavior, and the causes of conflicts, controversies, contradictions, and sharp differences of opinion in human life, and even to solve some of them.

Perception, Attitude, and Impact Change after Watching Faith-Based Films： A Comparative Study

Malaysia is a multi-religious country. Hence, it is important for everyone to understand each other＇s religion and culture to maintain peace and harmony in the country. This study was conducted to analyze the impact of Islamic films on youth （teenage, adolescent, and young adults） of various races, religions and gender. Specifically, the objectives of the study are： （1） to find out the level of perception on Islamic films among youth of various backgrounds, （2） to find out the level of attitude toward Islamic films among youth of various backgrounds, （3） to find out the level of impact change after watching Islamic films among youth of various backgrounds, and （4） to compare youth of various backgrounds on the relationships between perception, attitude, and impact change after watching Islamic films. The data were collected from a quasi-experimental research method, using questionnaire as the research instrument. From a total of 141 respondents, two-thirds are females and 70% are teenagers, representing different races and religions. Results showed that there was no difference between males and females. The differences were evident in the results for perception, attitude, and impact change for various races, religions, and age groups.

Doctors' faith

We make some efforts to find some connections between religion and medical science. Medical science can be regarded as sacred and holy as a religion for doctors to believe. The common points between them are the basis to successfully integrate them into doctors' faith. Furthermore, we explain that doctors need a faith to believe so as to meet the demand of humanitarian traits we should have and to do better in the scientific work and win in the battles with the diseases.

A Humanist God？ On the troubled Relationship Between Humanism and Religion Today

The relationship between humanism and religion has always been difficult, since the Renaissance. If we look at the Humanist Associations active today in the world, we find that the relationship has become almost a declared war. Religion appears to be the greatest enemy of humanism, i.e., of the humanity. Authentic humanism seems to be exclusively secular and atheistic： you can do good only if there is no God. In this contribution I look at some programmatic documents of Humanist Associations to understand the reasons for this contrast, in the background of secularization. The result is that some criticisms of religion -- its potential for violence and obscurantism -- are historically and theoretically justifiable but partial. Indeed, they show a poor and narrow vision of religion that leads to a narrow view of the human experience. A more complex vision of man requires a more complex vision of religion. A complex vision of man includes the most ＂irrational＂ and enigmatic aspects of our being, as love, death, pain, desire, imagination and even freedom and creativity. On this basis we can appropriately understand the historical and existential role of religion. Otherwise, if God is the one painted by humanists, God would not be good, let alone a good humanist.

Abuses of Women in Inheritance Across Cultures： An Exploratory Study of Its Prevalence and Religious Panacea

The patriarchal nature of African society generally lays emphasis on the superiority of men over women in every sphere of life. When a woman dies, in most African societies, her legacy is usually inherited by the husband, children, and her family. But if a man dies, the widow, usually experiences false accusations of killing her husband to deny her share of her husband＇s properties. This paper examines how the dynamics of cultural practices in Nigeria promotes abuse of inheritance rights of women and discusses the possibilities of using Islamic inheritance rules as a divine solution to the abuse of inheritance rights of women. The research questions as follows： what is the nature of women＇s rights to father＇s estate？ What is the nature of widow＇s right to the husband＇s estate？ What is your perception about the Islamic law of inheritance？ The data for this study were collected using questionnaire and simple percentage was used for the analysis. In this respect, a questionnaire was administered to 220 women who were purposely selected from the three major tribes in Lagos state, Nigeria. The result showed that various cultures in Nigeria favour male child, grant male higher rights to land and other properties and promote abuse of inheritance rights against women.

Explaining How Uruguay Became a ＂Religious Ghetto＂

Given Latin America＇s historical and robust religiosity, how do sociologists explain that Uruguay became an extremely secular society since the turn of the twentieth century？ Earliest attempts to interpret and explain Uruguayan secular society came in the 1960s from Uruguayan scholars. Typically, these studies were produced by religious practitioners, or at least researchers sympathetic to religion, who attributed weak religiosity, at least weak Catholicism, to two factors： the lack of a colonial heritage and European immigration. Counterfactuals to the ＂weak institution＂ and the ＂social base＂ claims are based on new research, especially as it pertains to immigration and settlement patterns among Italian and Spanish immigrants. The counter-arguments presented here, while not entirely invalidating the ＂social base＂ and ＂weak institutional church＂ claims make it more difficult to assume that urban demographics and ecclesiastical history in Uruguay are significantly correlated to the secularization of Uruguayan society. This study is important because it creates theoretical space that should stimulate researchers to consider alternative causes for Uruguayan secular society that provide greater explanatory power by integrating historically contingent evidence in the context of theoretical explanation

Inescapable Choices in Runaway

Runway （2006） is the masterpiece of Alice Munro who is a famous Canadian female writer, concerns about women＇s living status. Through depiction of women＇s living states in some smal which shows her I places of Canada, Munro explores women＇s dilemmas that may lead to their inescapable and hopeless situation. The motif of Runway is running away： running away from family, marriage, religion, virtue, betrayal, and even themselves, but the result of running away is no escape and still lingering at their depressed origins. The cause of this situation is women＇s escape from their inescapable choices, as in the different phases of female＇s initiation some choices do more harm than good. Through the analysis feminine living wisdom about the balance husband, and child of the text and the comparison between different in dilemmas is explored from three aspects： the heroines, choice of Munro＇s religion,

Revisiting Contemporary Judaism in Modem Israel

Today＇s society in Israel is divided and tom on many issues, including religion, and Jewish and Israeli identity, yet occasionally, a single event emerges which combines several divisions. One such issue is the ＂identity crisis＂ also known as the question of ＂Who is a Jew？＂. This is a thorny complex problem, and one which has not yet been awarded a clear-cut constitutional solution. For example, it continues to be debated whether the religious definition should be the decisive factor, that is, should a Jew defined as an individual born to a mother who is Jewish or has been converted according to halacha, or whether Israeli identity is the more critical element and whether any individual born in or immigrated to Israel who served in the army, works and pays taxes in Israel, and identifies with the state＇s values should be identified as a Jew？ In this paper, the author wishes to focus on equally complicated issue, although one has attracted less attention. This is the issue of halachic polarization or extremism that characterizes Judaism in modem Israel. Following a brief historical explanation, the author defines the problem at hand, and propose a solution.

Managers in making The Zen management way

In the 21st century every manager in making requires a unique balance in personal, professional, family and social life so that he/she can enjoy and motivate himself to make others happy around him or her. The ego plays a major role in our life. Practicing Zen in management takes the manager to a level of egolessness. Zen finds its source in the experience of Shakyamuni Buddha, who in the process of enlightenment came across the elements of mindfulness and concentration--The noble eightfold path. These are key elements of success for the ＂managers in making＂. The purpose of this paper consists in rethinking today＇s management systems in order to look for ways of management which are better adapted to human life. It is assumed that a management practice which takes into consideration of the characteristics of human life must be accepted by a large number of people and would be effective and sustainable. This paper highlights the eight elements of＂The noble eightfold path＂ and its effective implications in management for the ＂managers in making＂ process--A guide towards success.

Religion and Feminism in the Short Story of Alifa Rifaat-- The Voice of the ＂Voiceless＂

This paper is an attempt to bring to the foreground a better understanding and appreciation of the work and impact of an Arab Muslim woman writer whose work, characters, thoughts, settings, and words sink very sensitively into the depth of being of her oriental women characters. They are very local and they reflect a typical oriental and distinct religious sentiment, along with an underlying predicament or suffering because of some lack in their love life, both emotional and sexual. This paper will attempt to analyze how the short story written by Alifa Rifaat （1987） deal with the thorny issues Of religiosity and sexuality that might appear as two opposing poles, yet they mix and blend within same characters exposing different aspects of the human being living within dilemmas of personal needs and social dictates of tradition, taboo, and culture. For a non Arab reader, this should be an interesting and informative cross-cultural issue.

Between the Religious Tolerance and Confessional Loyalty： The Orthodox Church in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from John Herbinius’ Point of View

John Herbinius （1633-1679） was a well-known Lutheran theologian and writer. Living long time on the territory of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth （in contemporary Vilnus）, he wrote a description of the Kyiv religious caves, which was published in 1675 in Jena. The purpose of this research is to contribute to the further understanding and interpretation of the church history and inter-confessional relations on the territory on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the middle of the 17th century, and its later influence on historical and cultural development. Herbinius, being deeply connected with the West-European Protestant world, and at the same time, living in multi-cultural and multi-religious Vilnius, tried to maneuver between the religious tolerance and confessional loyalty, the adherence to the ideas of German reformation and a personal friendship with the Orthodox clergy. The methodology of this work includes historical, inter-confessional, heuristic, biographical, reader-orientated, and linguistic approaches, textual, contextual, and comparative analysis. This article has shown that the Protestant author percepted and treated the Orthodox Church in a very positive way： Church customs, canonical law, and discipline, clergy, and even monasticism did not provoke any criticism from his side. However, on the questions of iconolatry and confessional exclusivism of the Orthodox Church Herbinius could not refrain from criticism. They evidently contradicted his views on real Christian piety and religious tolerance.

Status and Citizenship Rights of Minorities and Coexistence in Islam

the more attention is paid to rights of minorities, the more grounds will be there for peaceful coexistence. This paper will first discuss theoretical and ideological bases of status and citizenship rights of minorities before focusing on ＂citizenship status of minorities＂ and ＂citizenship rights of minorities＂ from the viewpoint of Islam. Islam here means the collection of Quran, Prophet Muhammad＇s （S） Sunnah, and Imam Ali＇s （AS） conduct. The main question of this paper is ＂what status and rights have been considered by Islam for minorities to allow peaceful coexistence in a Muslim society？＂ ＂Minority＂ here includes both religious and non-religious minorities. ＂Rights＂ here means that part of ＂assets,＂ ＂means,＂ ＂political and social leverages,＂ ＂privileges,＂ and ＂conditions＂ which the majority is bound to by law, religious and common sense to provide for minorities. The word ＂status＂ here means to respect, serve, and provide suitable conditions which are provided just out of respect for human values not due to legal compulsion. In this paper, we will first discuss theoretical and ideological fundaments of minorities＇ rights before discussing ＂citizenship status of minorities＂ and ＂citizenship rights of minorities＂ from the viewpoint of Islam. By Islam, we mean Quran as well as Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad （S） and conduct of Imam All （AS）.

Religious Beliefs in Pre-lslamic Poetry

The subject of this study is how pre-Islamic poets viewed religious beliefs and how the Arabs dealt with such beliefs in the period that preceded the emergence of Islam, known as the/ahiliyya. The study discusses Arab religious beliefs and rites, which were filled with mythical elements such as idol worship, treating some animals as sacred, and worship of the sun, plants, certain inanimate objects and birds. It describes the various stages through which these beliefs passed, from sanctification of trees and caves, through the worship of the sun and the stars, to idol worship and more. The study then proceeds to inquire into the traces of mythology to be found in Arabic poetry. It shows how humans did not only inherit their forefathers＇ beliefs, but also their ideas, and explains how poets were able to embody reality by means of artistic symbols that reflected such elements of their lives as emotions and objective mental states. Subsequently the study discusses the sanctity which the Arabs ascribed to some animals, and which they worshipped in the hope of obtaining a blessing, maintaining an intimacy with the animal or averting evil. Many Arabs in those days believed in the sanctity of animals, the sun, the moon and Venus, thought that trees and other p｜ants possessed a spirit, and considered some animals to be deities with extraordinary powers, among them the viper, the crocodile, the bull, the gazelle and the goat. Finally, the study shows how pre-lslamic Arabic poetry can serve as a reliable document that reflects the society of the times, and how even the restricted amount of verse that has survived from those times can provide considerable information about mythical elements that go back to the remotest times.