从新兴虚词到话语标记——“事实上”与“实际上”的固化历程探微

"事实上"与"实际上"在连用成分的一体化、表义成分的专一化和语音单位的弱化等因素共同作用下,逐渐固化成词;在表义上由主观对比发展到主观评注,呈现出话语标记的特征。在主观视点及语体范围中,二者也呈现出不同的表达功能及语域环境。

浅谈话语标记“实际上”在会话中的功能

作为话语标记,“实际上”在会话中使用频率很高,发挥着重要作用。本文首先根据话语标记的基本特征,将“实际上”界定为话语标记,然后指明其在话轮中可出现的位置为开端、中间和末尾,出现在中间的频率最高,最后重点考察其在会话当中的功能,包括语篇连贯功能和人际互动功能。语篇连贯功能包括引发话轮、占据话轮和维持话轮,维持话轮功能包括补充、释因、转折和总结四个方面。人际互动功能包括主观评价、缓和语气和反预期三个方面。

“实际上“”事实上”在不同语体中的立场表达特点

"实际上"与"事实上"在不同语体中的句法表现及立场表达各有不同。"实际上"在谈话体、科技语体和新闻报道体中都多位于句中,在语义上多表关联,主要体现的是两个立场主体间的互动。"事实上"在谈话体中多位于句中,表关联,主要体现的是两个立场主体之间的互动;在科技语体和新闻报道体中多位于句首,表补注,多体现立场主体与立场客体之间的互动,但也同时体现了两个立场主体之间的互动。"实际上"的使用频数总体上高于"事实上",而"事实上"的表实程度高于"实际上"。

Pure q P-wave least-squares reverse time migration invertically transverse isotropic media and its application to field data

The anisotropic properties of subsurface media cause waveform distortions in seismic wave propagation,resulting in a negative infl uence on seismic imaging.In addition,wavefields simulated by the conventional coupled pseudo-acoustic equation are not only aff ected by SV-wave artifacts but are also limited by anisotropic parameters.We propose a least-squares reverse time migration(LSRTM)method based on the pure q P-wave equation in vertically transverse isotropic media.A fi nite diff erence and fast Fourier transform method,which can improve the effi ciency of the numerical simulation compared to a pseudo-spectral method,is used to solve the pure q P-wave equation.We derive the corresponding demigration operator,migration operator,and gradient updating formula to implement the LSRTM.Numerical tests on the Hess model and field data confirm that the proposed method has a good correction eff ect for the travel time deviation caused by underground anisotropic media.Further,it signifi cantly suppresses the migration noise,balances the imaging amplitude,and improves the imaging resolution.

A Proposed Benchmark to Evaluate Investment in Maritime Hub Ports

This paper concerns in studying the evaluation of investment in sea hub ports, in terms of investment＇s real cost, types of investments, their aims, the direct and indirect effects of these investments, and the various methods used to assess the expected returns from such projects, in order to propose a criterion for investment in sea hub ports. Through divining methodological framework into three sections： the first one covers the topic of investment in general, its types, purposes, and its determinants; While the second section covers the different definitions of ports and types of investment projects in them, their nature, purposes and effects; Section three concentrates on the appropriateness of the methods used to evaluate sea port project, concluding a benchmark formula to be used in evaluating maritime hub port investment projects.

基于智力城镇化的特色小镇产业培育探索——以辽宁通远堡镇为例

我国城镇化正处于劣势的体力城镇化阶段,特色小镇作为新型城镇化的主力军,体力化威胁仍不可避免。为缓解特色小镇体力化困境,文章基于智力城镇化的相关理论,以辽宁通远堡镇为例,围绕特色产业展开智力化培育的探索。结合链式产业思维,以智力投入、智力主体、智力产出三大环节为基础,以智力要素创新性地打造智力链条,构建可持续的特色产业,带动城镇化转型升级,以期为辽宁省乃至全国特色小镇培育提供借鉴。

The Ecological Water Demand of Different Vegetation Types in the Bashang Area,Northwest Hebei Province

In order to construct stable vegetation for reducing wind and sand disasters and soil erosion in the Bashang Area of Northwest Hebei Province in China,it is very important to understand the ecological water demand of different vegetation types in this area.Based on observed data and the Irmak-Allen formula,we investigated the ecological water demand and ecological water shortage of arbor,shrub and grassland in Bashang Area of northwestern Hebei province.The results showed that the actual evapotranspiration values of the three vegetation types in the growing seasons in the study area from high to low were arbor forest(401.81 mm),shrub(358.78 mm)and grassland(346.02 mm).The minimum ecological water requirements of arbor forest,shrub and grassland in the growing season were 243.96 mm,218.35 mm and 211.36 mm,respectively,and the optimal ecological water requirements were 472.99 mm,423.34 mm and 409.77 mm,respectively.In addition,the optimal ecological water shortage values were 198.56 mm for arbor forest,148.91 mm for shrub and 135.34 mm for grassland.The ecological water shortage of vegetation has obvious seasonality,with the largest water shortage in May and June,and a lower and steady water surplus in July to October.Therefore,an artificial water supplementation in May and June would alleviate the drought stress of the vegetation.The rainfall in Bashang Area of Northwest Hebei Province can meet the requirements of minimum ecological water demand for arbor forest,but the gap between the rainfall and the optimal ecological water requirement is too large to support good growth of an arbor forest,which could explain why the degradation of poplar protective forests has occurred in Bashang Area.