x_F(or y)-Dependence of Nuclecir Absorption and Energy Loss Effects on J/ψ Production

By means of the nuclear parton distribution studied only with lepton deep-inelastic scattering experimental data, the J/ψ ＂normal nuclear absorption＂ and energy loss effects are studied in a GIauber formalism at HERA and RHIC energies. Assuming that the absorption cross section σabs increases with the charmonium-nucleon center of mass energy, the results reveal a significant dependence of the aabs on rapidity g at RHIC energies. The initial-state energy loss effect, which is found important only at HERA energies, is also considered, and its influence should be eliminated when we studied the absorption effect at low collision energies. Finally, we also present the theoretical prediction for LHC.

George Orwell＇s Experiment With the Ironic Narrative Structure in Nineteen Eighty-Four

This study seeks to establish the major relevance of the ironic vision embodied in the narrative structure in George Orwell＇s early novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. After providing a comprehensive satisfying examination of the cultural phenomenon that goes by the name of ＂Modernism＂, the world in which the young George Orwell began his literary career; the study will present a critical analyses exploring Orwell＇s novel concerning the past-war ironic dystopian vision, with special reference to his experiment with the ironic narrative techniques and structure.

Condition to Gain More Profits and Promote Cooperation by Tit-for-Tat Strategy in Finite and Repeated Prisoner＇s Dilemma

As a basic study to prevent accidents or concealment caused by violation of rules or regulations （which are regarded as uncooperative behavior）, an attempt was made to clarify the condition necessary for promoting cooperation when the tit-for-tat strategy is adopted in the finite and repeated prisoner＇s dilemma situations. A mathematical model, in which three different strategies （tit-for-tat, all defection （individualism）, and all cooperation （altruism）） exist, was constructed in order to demonstrate the condition that can promote cooperative behaviors. As a result of an agent-agent computer simulation, it was shown that the tit-for-tat strategy promoted more cooperation than other strategies when the number of agents adopting the tit-for-tat strategy was dominant in the population and the discount parameter was larger. Next, it was explored how the tit-for-tat strategy in the finite and repeated prisoner＇s dilemma promotes cooperation using a human-agent computer simulation. In other words, the condition under which cooperative behavior is encouraged was clarified. In the simulation experiment, the discount rate was controlled as an experimental variable. As well as the first experiment above, the dominant occupation of the tit-for-tat strategy was found to lead to the promoted cooperation. Concerning the effect of discount parameter on the cooperative behavior, the cooperation rate tended to increase with the increase of discount parameter only when the t-t-for-tat strategy is dominant. As a whole, the type of change of discount parameter did not affect the cooperation rate.

Conceptions of Intuition in Poincar6＇s Philosophy of Mathematics

The aim of this paper is to contribute to the identification and characterization of the various types of intuition put forward by Poincar6, taking his texts as a laboratory for looking for what intuition might be. I will stress that these diverse conceptions are mainly formulated in the context of Poincar6＇s controversies in opposition to logicism, to formalism, and in the context of Poincar6＇s very peculiar conventionalism. I will try to demonstrate that, in each case, Poincar~ comes close to a specific tradition （Kant, of course, but also Leibniz and Peirce）.

How Do Physicists Create Time？

In the first part of this paper, different perspectives of time proposed in Aristotle＇s philosophy of nature, classic mechanics, thermodynamics, and the theory of relativity, will be presented. Later on, we explore the phenomenological approach of duration by Henri Bergson and Mauro Dorato＇s naturalistic proposal, which defines the ＂present＂ moment based on neuroscientific experiments. In the second part of the paper, the topic of scientific creativity is introduced, paying particular attention to David Bohm＇s ideas. Finally, the previously analysed perspectives are used to answer the following question： How do physicists create time？

考证为近代史研究服务的几点经验

自本期起本刊新辟“治史箴言”栏目 ,不定期刊登专家、学者的宝贵治学经验 ,希望藉此对青年朋友们有所启发和帮助。

Realistic interpretation of quantum mechanics and encounter-delayed-choice experiment

In this paper, a realistic interpretation(REIN) of the wave function in quantum mechanics is briefly presented. We demonstrate that in the REIN, the wave function of a microscopic object is its real existence rather than a mere mathematical description.Specifically, the quantum object can exist in disjointed regions of space just as the wave function is distributed, travels at a finite speed, and collapses instantly upon a measurement. Furthermore, we analyze the single-photon interference in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer(MZI) using the REIN. Based on this, we propose and experimentally implement a generalized delayed-choice experiment, called the encounter-delayed-choice experiment, where the second beam splitter is decided whether or not to insert at the encounter of two sub-waves along the arms of the MZI. In such an experiment, the parts of the sub-waves, which do not travel through the beam splitter, show a particle nature, whereas the remaining parts interfere and thus show a wave nature. The predicted phenomenon is clearly demonstrated in the experiment, thus supporting the REIN idea.

Exploring Chinese Experimental Literary Translation： Translation of Latin American Magic Realism into Modern Chinese

The main purpose of this paper is to develop useful empirical research methods to advance the understanding of experimental Chinese literary translation. This will be based on an empirical corpus-based study of two modern Chinese versions of Gabriel Garcfa Marquez＇s One Hundred Years of Solitude. The case study reveals that in translating linguistic events, textual features and cultural phenomena that are unknown to the target audience, for example, magical realism, into Chinese, translators may adopt a range of translation strategies and tactics that lead to significant differences between the genre of the translation and the corre- sponding genre in the target language. New linguistic expressions and writing techniques introduced by experimental literary translation will either be normalised by existing writing conventions or be accepted by the target readership which in turn will expand and enrich the target language and cultural system.

Gut passage of epigeous ectomycorrhizal fungi by two opportunistic mycophagous rodents

Mycophagists can influence fungal diversity within their home ranges by ensuring the continued and effective dispersal of spores from one site to another. However, the passage of spores through the digestive tract of vertebrates can affect the activity and viability of the spores ingested. This phenomenon has been rarely documented in opportunistic mycophagists consuming epigeous fungi. Using laboratory experiments, we investigated the activity and viability of spores of two epigeous ectomycorrhizal fungal species （Laccaria trichodermophora and SuiUus tomentosus） after passage through the digestive tract of two opportunistic mycophagous small rodents, the volcano mouse Peromyscus alstoni and the deer mouse P maniculatus. We found that passage through the gut of either species of rodent had a significant effect on spore activity and viability for both fungal species. The proportion of active spores （0.37-0.40） of L. trichodermophora in the feces of both species of rodents was less than that recorded for the control （0.82）. However, the proportion of active spores （0.644）.73） of S. tomentosus in the feces of each species of rodent was higher than in the control （0.40）. On the other hand, the viability of spores was lower （0.26-0.30 in L. trichodermophora and 0.604）.69 in S. tomentosus） for both fungi when consumed by either rodent relative to the controls （0.90 in L. trichodermophora and 0.82 in S. tomentosus）. These findings suggest that these rodent species may be effective dispersers of both epigeous fungi [Current Zoology 57 （3）： 293-299, 2011].