管理者自经验中学习所造成的偏误：实验研究

本文提供实验证据说明偏误学习的一项根源。此一偏误来自决策者仅接收到有关已选方案的结果信息，而无法接收到有关被弃方案的结果信息。在以台湾的经理人作为实验对象的多期实验里，我们发现实验对象的推论与决策受到不完全结果信息的负面影响，即使是自认为已高度察觉到这种学习偏误的实验对象，也难免受此影响。实验证据进一步显示实验对象究系如何受到不完全结果信息(反馈)之影响而产生有偏误的推论，甚而作出次佳的决策。实验对象在开放式问卷所做的回答，也进一步提供洞见，告知在真实社会的情境里这种偏误的程度与影响，以及建议如何降低偏误程度与影响的方法。

Effect of Curcumin on Influenza Virus HIN1 and H3N2 in Vitro

Objective：To investigate the inhibitory effect of curcumin on influenza virus HIN1 and H3N2 in vitro, Methods：The directly killing role of cureumin extract in vitro to influenza virus type A subtype H1N1 and H3N2 was evaluated by the canine kidney cells （MDCK）, Results：The largest non toxic concentration of curcumin extract was 12, 5g/L and the effective inhibitory concentration to H1N1 and H3N2 was 6, 25G/1 AND 1,56g/L respectively, Conclusion： Curcumin extract have directly killing effect on H1N1 and H3N2 infections.

Experiment Study on the Ending Criteria of Charge and Discharge of Nickel-Hydride Battery

Charge and discharge characteristics of Ni/MH batteries are investigated with experiments. During battery’s working, the voltage, capacity, temperature and internal resistance were recorded, corresponding curves were depicted. Variations of the aforementioned four parameters are differently obvious. Ending criteria of charge and discharge of Ni/MH batteries are discussed on the basis of the curves. Voltage, capacity and temperature of a battery can be used as ending criteria during charge. When discharge takes place, voltage, capacity and internal resistance can be chosen as ending criteria. As a whole, capacity is more suitable for being used as ending criteria of charge and discharge than the other three parameters. At last, the capacity of a battery is recommended to be ending criteria of charge and discharge. The conclusions will provide references to different capacity Ni/MH batteries for electric vehicles.

High resolution GPR and its experimental study

We develop a high resolution ground penetrating radar system （LANRCS-GPR） based on the E5071B Vector Network Analyzer （VNA）. This system takes advantage of a wideband and adjustable frequency domain ground penetrating radar system and adds the characteristics of a network analyzer with ultra-wideband and high precision measurement. It adopts the LAN mode to concatenate system control that reduces construction cost and makes the system easy to expand. The high resolution ground penetrating radar system carries out real time imaging using F-K migration with high calculation efficiency. The experiment results of the system indicate that the LANRCS-GPR system provides high resolution and precision, high signal-to-noise ratio, and great dynamic range. Furthermore, the LANRCS-GPR system is flexible and reliable to operate with easy to expand system functions. The research and development of the LANRCS-GPR provide the theoretical and experimental foundation for future frequency domain ground penetrating radar production and also can serve as an experimental platform with high data gathering precision, enormous information capability, wide application, and convenient operation for electromagnetic wave research and electromagnetic exploration.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON DARCY′S LAW IN HELE-SHAW CELLS

The basic physics of unsteady Hele-Shaw flow at high Reynolds numbers is mainly studied by an experimental measurement. In order to confirm the Darcy′s law in Hele-Shaw cell, since there is an analogy between flow in cells and that in porous media, progressive water waves are utilized to build an unsteady flow in a Hele-Shaw cell, and which complex wave number is measured by a wave height gauge. Meanwhile, theoretical analyses are used to compare with experimental data. Result shows Darcy′s Law is not exactly correct for unsteady Hele-Shaw flows, and it is expected to conduct a modified Darcy′s Law.

Anti-inflammatory Activity of Berbamine

Berbamine, a kind of alkaloid, was studied for anti-inflammatory activity. Thedrug was tested on carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema and kaolin-induced arthritis in rats.Berbamine has shown significant anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities.

Experimental Study on Double Blocking of T Lymphocytes Apoptosis Induced by Fas/FasL

Objective： To block the apoptosis of T lymphocytes induced by Fas/FasL in order to establish a method of the large-scale preparation of large amounts of tumor-specific cytoxic T-lymphocytes （CTL）. Methods： Liver cancer cells and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes （TIL） were isolated from FasL positive fresh specimens, and co-cultured. Specific CTL were activated and prepared in the presence of the co-stimulation of monoclonal antibody CD28. Then the blocking and activation of apoptosis of T lymphocytes was activated by soluble Fas receptor, which was detected by cytometry and DNA ladder test simultaneously. The apoptosis-blocking effect was compared with the control group. Furthermore, the changes of T cell proliferation and killing activity were detected by the method of ^3H thymidine incorporation and ^51Cr release test. Results： There was a significant increase in apoptosis rate in unblocking group compared with blocking group and quiescent group, with the unblocking group of 47.82%±0.13%, quiescent group of 3.76%±0.25%, and the blocking group of 8.22%±0.26% respectively （P〈0.01）. T cell-ladder appeared in unblocking group by DNA ladder test. Both the killing ability and proliferation rate of T cells were significantly increased after blocking. There was significant difference among blocking group, unblocking group and quiescent group （P〈0.01）. Conclusion： With this method we obtained large amounts of tumor-specific T lymphocytes, which was able to kill liver cancer cells effectively.

INVESTIGATION ON DRYING CHARACTERISTIC OF MEDICAL PILL USING MICROWAVE-CONVECTIVE DRYING

The combined microwave-convective drying is a novel drying method and has many advantages, such as swift drying, equable drying and sterilization. This paper studies the drying characteristic of medical pill in microwave-convective drying process. The influential parameters of pill drying characteristics including pill size, quality, air velocity, temperature and the input power of microwave, are experimentally investigated. Results show that the drying process is influenced by the intrinsic heat of microwave power, and the environment and the resistance of mass transfer. It has the advantage of the microwave-convective drying in saving energy, reducing labor intensity and sterilizing. The method with the high efficiency is suitable for pharmacy industry.

A critical role of IFNγ in priming MSC-mediated suppression of T cell proliferation through up-regulation of BT-H1

Bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells （MSCs） have been shown to possess immunosuppressive properties, e.g., by inhibiting T cell proliferation. Activated T cells can also enhance the immunosuppression ability of MSCs. The precise mechanisms underlying MSC-mediated immunosuppression remain largely undefined, although both cell-cell contact and soluble factors have been implicated; nor is it clear how the immunosuppressive property of MSCs is modulated by T cells. Using MSCs isolated from mouse bone marrow, we show here that interferon gamma （IFNγ）, a well-known proinflammatory cytokine produced by activated T cells, plays an important role in priming the immunosuppressive property of MSCs. Mechanistically, IFNγ acts directly on MSCs and leads to up-regulation of B7-H1, an inhibitory surface molecule in these stem cells. MSCs primed by activated T cells derived from IFNγ-/- mouse exhibited dramatically reduced ability to suppress T cell proliferation, a defect that can be rescued by supplying exogenous IFNγ. Moreover, siRNA-mediated knockdown of B7-H1 in MSCs abolished immunosuppression by these cells. Taken together, our results suggest that IFNγ plays a critical role in triggering the immunosuppresion by MSCs through upregulating B7-H1 in these cells, and provide evidence supporting the cell-cell contact mechanism in MSC-mediated immunosuppression.

Experimental analysis of high temperature capacitance variance of MLCC

High temperature capacitance variance of multi-layer ceramic capacitor （MLCC） is researched.Combined with the characteristics of MLCC,the application of MLCC in fuze is proposed,and the temperature stability of MLCC is also discussed.The experimental results indicate that the capacitance of low frequency MLCC is largely affected by temperature.

How the Bcl-2 family of proteins interact to regulate apoptosis

Commitment of cells to apoptosis is governed largely by protein-protein interactions between members of the Bcl-2 protein family. Its three sub-families have distinct roles： the BH3-only proteins trigger apoptosis by binding via their BH3 domain to pro-survival relatives, while the pro-apoptotic Bax and Bak have an essential downstream role involving disruption of organellar membranes and induction of caspase activation. The BH3-only proteins act as damage sensors, held inert until their activation by stress signals. Once activated, they were thought to bind promiscuously to pro-survival protein targets but unexpected selectivity has recently emerged from analysis of their interactions. Some BH3-only proteins also bind to Bax and Bak. Whether Bax and Bak are activated directly by these BH3-only proteins, or indirectly as a consequence of BH3-only proteins neutralizing their pro-survival targets is the subject of intense debate. Regardless of this, a detailed understanding of the interactions between family members, which are often selective, has notable implications for designing anti-cancer drugs to target the Bcl-2 family.

Continuous Distillation Experiment with Rotating Packed Bed

The performance of a rotating packed bed （RPter solutioB） with three kinds of packings was investigated using alcohol/wan under continuous distillation conditions at atmospheric pressure. The effects of average high gravity factor （β）, reflux ratio （R）, and feedstock flux （F） on mass-transfer in distillation were examined separately. Experimental results indicated that the total number of theoretical units （NTU） of RPB increased with β, R, and F.Of the three kinds of packings, the wave thread packing of stainless steel （Packing-Ⅲ）-had the best mass transfer efficiency with the height equivalent of a theoretical plate （HETP） of approximately 7.35 mm- 23.58 ram, whereas the corrugated disk pacing of stainless steel,（Packing Ⅰ） had the worst one with the HETP of about 13.4 mm-48.07 mm.Correlations were cleveloped to describe the mass transfer efficiency for packings Comparing.experimental data with the data calculated by correlation, the average deviate obtained for each packing was 0.72%, 1.98%, and 2.7%, respectively, implying that the accuracy of correlations developed was reasonable.

Experimental study of therapeutic efficacy of Baicalin in rats with severe acute pancreatitis

AIM： To observe the therapeutic efficacy of Baicalin in rats with severe acute pancreatitis （SAP） and explore its therapeutic mechanisms. METHODS： The SAP rat models were randomly divided into the model control group, Baicalin treatment group, octreotide treatment group and sham operation group. All groups were randomly subdivided into 3 h, 6 h and 12 h groups with 15 rats in each group. The survival, ascites volume and pathological changes of pancreas in all rats were observed at different time points after operation. The plasma amylase content and serum TNF-α, IL-6, malonaldehyde （MDA） and PLA2 contents were also determined. RESULTS： The survival was not obviously different between the treated groups, and was significantly higher in treated groups at 12 h compared to the model control group （P 〈 0.05, 15 vs 10）. The ascites/body weight ratio at 3 h and 6 h was significantly lower in Baicalin treatment group compared to the model control group and octreotide treatment group （P 〈 0.05, 1.00 vs 2.02 and 1.43 and P 〈 0.001, 2.29 （1.21） vs 2.70 （0.80） and 2.08 （2.21）, respectively）. The contents of amylase, TNF-α, IL-6, MDA and PLA2 were significantly lower in the treated groups than in the model control group （P 〈 0.05, 4342 vs 5303, 5058 vs 6272 in amylase, P 〈 0.01, 21.90 vs 36.30, 23.80 vs 39.70, 36 vs 54.35 in MDA and 56.25 vs 76.10 in PIA2, or P 〈 0.001, 65.10 and 47.60 vs 92.15 in TNF-α, 3.03 vs 5.44, 2.88 vs 6.82, 2.83 vs 5.36 in IL-6, respectively）. The pathological scores of pancreas in the treated groups were significantly lower than that in the model control group （P 〈 0.05, 9.00 vs 10.05, 6.00 vs 9.00, 8.00 vs 10.05）, but no marked difference was found between the treated groups. CONCLUSION： The Baicalin injection has significant therapeutic effects on SAP rats, its effects are similar to those of octreotide. The Baicalin injection is also cheap and has a big application range, quite hopefully to be used in clinical treatment of SAP.

Pharmacokinetics of radioimmunotherapeutic agent of direct labeling mAb ^(188)Re-HAb18

AIM:To labed Anti-hepatoma monoclonal antibody(mAb) fragment HAb18 F(ab')_2 was labeled with 188 Re for the pharmacokinetic model of ^(188)Re-HAb18 F(ab')_2 and to evaluate its pharmacokinetic parameters in hepatoma- bearing nude mice. METHODS:HAb18 F(ab')_2 was directly labeled with ^(188)Re using 2-mercaptoethanol(2-ME)as reducing agents. Labeling efficiency and immunoreactivity of ^(188)Re-HAb18 F (ab')_2 were evaluated by Whatman 3MM paper chromatography and live cell assay,respectively. Biodistribution analysis was also conducted in nude mice bearing human hepatoma in which animals were sacrificed at different time points(1,4,18,24 and 24h)after ^(188)Re-HAb18 F(ab')_2 was injected through tail-vein into hepatoma-bearing nude mice.The blood and radioactivity of organs and mass were measured.The concentrations of ^(188)Re-HAb18 F(ab')_2 were evaluated with a pharrnacokinetic 3P97 software. RESULTS:The optimum labeling efficiency and immunoreactive fraction were 91.7% and 0.78%, respectively.The parameters of ^(188)Re-HAb18 F(ab')_2 were: T_(1/2),2.29h;Vd,1.49×10^(-9)L·Bq^(-1);AUC,20.49×10~9Bq·h· L^(-1);CL,0.45×10^(-3)L·h^(-1).^(188)Re-HAb18 F(ab')_2 could locate specially in hepatoma with high selective reactivity of HAb18 F(ab')_2.^(188)Re-HAbl8 F(ab')_2 was mainly eliminated by kidney.The maximal tumor to blood ratio was at 48h,and maximal tumor to liver ratio was at 18h. CONCLUTION:The pharmacokinetics of ^(188)Re-HAb18 F(ab')_2 fit a I-compartment model.^(188)Re-HAb18 F(ab')_2 can be uptaken selectively at the hepatoma site.

Alterations of intestinal immune function and regulatory effects of L-arginine in experimental severe acute pancreatitis rats

AIM： To discuss the changes of intestinal mucosal immune function in rats with experimental severe acute pancreatitis （SAP） and the regulatory effect of L-arginine. METHODS： Male adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into pancreatitis group, sham-operation group, and L-arginine treatment group. Animals were killed at 24, 48, and 72 h after SAP models were developed and specimens were harvested. Endotoxin concentration in portal vein was determined by limulus endotoxin analysis kit. CD3＋, CD4＋, CD8＋ T lymphoo/tes in intestinal mucosal lamina propria were examined by immunohistochemistry. Secretory immunoglobulin A （SIgA） in cecum feces was examined by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS： Compared to the control group, plasma endotoxin concentration in the portal vein increased, percentage of CD3＋ and CD4＋ T lymphocyte subsets in the end of intestinal mucosal lamina propria reduced significantly, CD4＋/CD8＋ ratio decreased, and SIgA concentrations in cecum feces reduced at 24, 48, and 72 h after SAP developed. Compared to SAP group, the L-arginine treatment group had a lower level of plasma endotoxin concentration in the portal vein, a higher CD3＋ and CD4＋ T lymphocyte percentage in the end of intestinal mucosal lamina propria, an increased ratio of CD4＋/CD8＋ and a higher SIgA concentration in cecum feces. CONCLUSION： Intestinal immune suppression occurs in the early stage of SAP rats, which may be the main reason for bacterial and endotoxin translocation. L-arginine can improve the intestinal immunity and reduce bacterial and endotoxin translocation in SAP rats.

The role of NBS1 in DNA double strand break repair, telomere stability, and cell cycle checkpoint control

The genomes of eukaryotic cells are under continuous assault by environmental agents and endogenous metabolic byproducts. Damage induced in DNA usually leads to a cascade of cellular events, the DNA damage response. Failure of the DNA damage response can lead to development of malignancy by reducing the efficiency and fidelity of DNA repair. The NBS1 protein is a component of the MRE11/RAD50/NBS 1 complex （MRN） that plays a critical role in the cellular response to DNA damage and the maintenance of chromosomal integrity. Mutations in the NBS1 gene are responsible for Nijmegen breakage syndrome （NBS）, a hereditary disorder that imparts an increased predisposition to development of malignancy. The phenotypic characteristics of cells isolated from NBS patients point to a deficiency in the repair of DNA double strand breaks. Here, we review the current knowledge of the role of NBS1 in the DNA damage response. Emphasis is placed on the role of NBS1 in the DNA double strand repair, modulation of the DNA damage sensing and signaling, cell cycle checkpoint control and maintenance oftelomere stability.

Experimental and clinical study of influence of high-frequency electric surgical knives on healing of abdominal incision

AIM： To study the influence of high-frequency electric surgical knives on healing of abdominal incision. METHODS： Two hundred and forty white rats were divided into 10^0, 10^2, 10^5, and 10^8 groups and rat models of abdominal operation were induced by using electric surgical knives and common lancets respectively. Then they were respectively given hypodermic injections of normal saline and 0.2 mL quantitative mixture of Escherichia coil, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudornonas aeruginosa at a concentration of 10^2, 10^5 and 10^8. On the basis of the animal experiment, 220 patients undergoing abdominal operations （above type Ⅱ） were randomly allocated into one of following three groups： electric knife （EK, 93 cases）, electro-coagulation （EC, 55 cases） and control （72 cases）. High-frequency electric surgical knives were used to dissect abdominal tissues and electro-coagulation for hemostasis in EK group. Common lancets and electro-coagulation were applied in EC group. Common lancets and tieing silk suture were used in the controls. RESULTS： In all the groups except group 10^0, infection rate of incisional wounds made by electric surgical knives were remarkably higher than that with common lancets. Furthermore, there were significant differences in groups 10^2, 10^5, and 10^8 （P 〈 0.05）, but not in group 10^0 （P 〉 0.05） between EK and EC groups. Clinical studies showed a delayed wound healing in 16 cases （17.20%） in EK, 11 cases （16.36%） in EC and 2 cases （2.86%）in the control groups. A significant difference between EK and the control groups （χ^2= 8.57, P 〈 0.01）, and between EC and the control groups （χ^2 = 5.66, P 〈 0.05） was observed, but not between EK and EC （χ^2= 0.017, P 〉 0.05）. CONCLUSION： High-frequency electric knives may remarkably delay abdominal incision healing. Its application should be minimized so as to reduce the possibility of postoperative complications.

Experimental study of osthole on treatment of hyperlipidemic and alcoholic fatty liver in animals

AIM： To evaluate the effects of osthole on fatty liver, and investigate the possible mechanism. METHODS： A quail model with hyperlipidemic fatty liver and rat model with alcoholic fatty liver were set up by feeding high fat diet and alcohol, respectively. These experimental animals were then treated with osthole 5-20 mg/kg for 6 wk, respectively. Whereafter, the lipid in serum and hepatic tissue, and coefficient of hepatic weight were measured. RESULTS： After treatment with osthole the levels of serum total cholesterol （TC）, triglyceride （TG）, lower density lipoprotein-cholesterol （LDL-C）, coefficient of hepatic weight, and the hepatic tissue contents of TC and TG were significantly decreased. The activity of superoxide dismutase （SOD） in liver was improved. In alcohol-induced fatty liver rats, the level of malondialdehyde （MDA） in liver was decreased. In high fat-induced fatty liver quails, glutathione peroxidase （GSH-PX） in liver was significantly improved. The histological evaluation of liver specimens demonstrated that the osthole dramatically decreased lipid accumulation. CONCLUSION： These results suggested that osthole had therapeutic effects on both alcohol and high fatinduced fatty liver. The mechanism might be associated with its antioxidation.

Dynamic expression of apoptosis-related genes during development of laboratory hepatocellular carcinoma and its relation to apoptosis

AIM： To explore the expression of p53, bcl-2, bax, survivin and the cell apoptosis during the development of tree shrew hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）, the relationship between expression of these genes, its impact on HCC development, and its relation to cell apoptosis. METHODS： Tree shrew HCC was induced with aflatoxin B1 （AFB1）, and regular biopsy of liver tissues was carried out and the biopsy tissues were collected during cancer inducement. Liver biopsy tissue and HCC tissue were collected from 35 pre-cancerous experimental animals at wk 30 and 60 and at the 30^th, 60^th, and 90^th -wk. Liver biopsy tissues were collected from 13 blank control animals at wk 30, 60, and 90. Expression of p53, bcl-2, bax, and survivin at each stage was examined by immunohistochemistry method. Apoptotic cells were detected in situ by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling （TUNEL） technique. RESULTS： The apoptosis rate of normal hepatic cells was extremely low, whereas it increased during the formation of HCC. Expression of the apoptosis-related genes p53, bcl-2, bax, and survivin during the formation of HCC presented an increasing tendency. Expression of p53 did not noticeably relate to that of bcl-2, bax, and survivin, whereas expression of bcl-2 and bax was closely related. In HCC, p53 did not present a distinct relation to cell apoptosis, whereas its high level expression was probably related to liver cell proliferation. Survivin negatively correlated apoptosis index, and its overexpression could inhibit cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION： Apoptosis-related genes p53, bcl-2, bax, and survivin are all related to the occurrence of HCC. The anti-apoptosis effect of bcl-2 is influenced by bax, and ratio bcl/bax reflects more correctly the extent of cell apoptosis.

Expression and significance of ICAM-1 and its counter receptors LFA-1 and Mac-1 in experimental acute pancreatitis of rats

AIM： To investigate the role of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 （ICAM-1） and its counter receptors LFA-1 and Mac-1 in acute pancreatitis （AP）. METHODS： SD rats were allocated to AP group and control group randomly （25 rats each）. AP was induced by infusion of 5% chenodeoxycholic acid into the pancreatic duct, followed by ligation of pancreatic duct. The rats were sacrificed at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after induction of pancreatitis. Five rats were sacrificed at one time point in the two groups before the blood and specimens from pancreas and lung were obtained. Serum amylase and ascitic fluid were measured at each time point. Expression of ICAM-1 at different time points was assessed by immunohistochemistry in pancreas and lung, and the expression of LAF-1 and Mac-1 on neutrophils at different time points was detected by flow cytometer. RESULTS： Induction of AP was confirmed by the serum levels of amylase and histological studies. The expression of ICAM-1 in pancreas increased significantly than that in the control group at all time points （P 〈 0.05 orP 〈 0.01）, as well as the expression in lung except at 1 h. The expression of LFA-1 and Mac-1 on neutrophil in blood increased significantly in AP group than that in control group at several time points （P 〈 0.05 or P 〈 0.01）. The amount of ascitic fluid and serum amylase level of AP group increased significantly than that of control group at all time points （P 〈 0.05 or P 〈 0.01）. Parallel to these results, a significant neutrophil infiltration was found in pancreas and lung tissues of AP group rats. CONCLUSION： Our findings suggest the important role for ICAM-1, LFA-1 and Mac-1 in mediating the development of AP from a local disease to a systemic illness. Upregulation of ICAM-1, LFA-1, Mac-1 and subsequent leukocyte infiltration appear to be significant events of pancreatic and pulmonary injuries in AP.