孙中山“容共”政策之我见

通常我们把孙中山实行的三大政策表述为“联俄、联共、扶助农工”,其中“联共”的内涵是:以孙中山为首的国民党允许共产党员以个人身份加入国民党。照孙中山的话说;“来者不拒,所以晤吾党之量能容物。”

从“容共”到“容国”——1924—1927年国共党际关系再考察

192 4— 1 92 7年间国共关系演变的复杂情形 ,实际远非过去人们认知中的“容共”或“联共”等语词所能简单概括。其时国共对相互关系的认知和表述既不尽一致 ,而且随着两党力量对比的变化 ,这种认知和表述亦发生相应的变化。无论“容共”还是“联共” ,都难以单独完整表述该时期国共关系的动态变化过程。 1 92 5年后 ,加入国民党的中共党员只是其中一部分而非全部 ;与此同时 ,大批国民党青年转入共产党。国共关系的初始形式在发生改变 ,亦即由初期中共党员加入国民党的单向流动 ,发展为两党党员之间的双向互动。到后期 ,中共党员加入国民党者渐少 ,而国民党青年转入中共者日多。另一方面 ,中共意识形态的强势宣导 ,中共对国民党地方组织和民众运动的日趋“包办” ,以及中共组织严密与国民党组织散漫的强烈反差 ,使国民党人感到共产党大有“反客为主”的态势 ,担心国民党“容共” ,将转化为共产党“容国”。国民党人对共产党“容国”的危机意识 。

“联共”还是“容共”?

“联共”和“容共”都不是孙中山本人的原话,而是共产党和国民党后来对孙中山的中共政策的不同概括。但二者比较,“容共”比“联共”更能客观准确地反映当时国共合作的具体情况。当然,这只是基于历史事实的考察,决无任何贬低中共之义。

国共关系与日本--战争末期的“容共”纠葛

1944年下半年,随着战争局势的变化和国共力量的消长,日本政府和陆军参谋本部开始讨论拉拢中共的"容共"政策,推动这一政策的是外相重光葵,他根据对当时国际关系的观察和判断,希望以"容共"为前提调整日本与苏联的外交关系,遭到了中国派遣军特别是华北方面军的反对。重光葵的"对华新政策",军事方面以驱逐英美势力为目的,政治方面则承认存在重庆、延安、汪伪三个政权,以"中国人治理中国",意图分化国、共,维持与苏关系,因为这一政策也妨碍了华北方面军的反共宣传,和对中共华北游击队的清除,而遭到反对。1945年4月,日本政府又提出了"日中苏提携",在中国以"容共"为手段,利用苏联的影响谋求与重庆和延安达成妥协,最后因苏联反对而作罢。日本华北方面军一直宣传其驻军的目的是为了"防共",现在日本政府又打算承认中共的合法性,其战争末期的混乱可见一斑。

中共在抗战中的国际生存环境

无论是"幽灵"还是"曙色",自《共产党宣言》诞生那天起,共产主义运动便遭到了资本主义世界的梗阻和围堵。和西方一样,近代以来的日本,也一直对与共产国际有关的信仰和组织,保持着足够的警惕。然而,日本政府所设置的"防共"隔离墙,最终竟以"容共"的方式自我崩塌。其间经纬,扭曲而戏剧,矛盾而复杂。当我们去凝视中共百年生涯中的这一历史侧面时,党史中鲜为人知的细节与艰辛,或许能给今人带来别样的启示。

STUDY ON THE STARCH GRAFTED ACRYLATE MONOMERS AND ITS COMPATIBILITY FOR THE BLEND SYSTEM OF STARCH AND POLYETHYLENE

By means of initiation of the high temperature and shearing stress of an extruder,we synthesized the graft copolymer of starch with acrylate monomers based on the simple dry method.The effects of reaction conditions on graft copolymerization were discussed. Grafted starch used as a compatibilizer for the blend system of starch and polyethylene was further investigated. The results indicate that grafted starch as a compatibilizer can improve the mechanical properties and rheologic properties of the blend of starch and polyethylene.

Improvement of HydrophUicity and Blood Compatibility on Polyethersulfone Membrane by Blending Sulfonated Polyethersulfone

Polyethersulfone(PES) is widely used as biomaterials due to its thermal stability,mechanical strength,and chemical inertness.Nevertheless,their blood compatibility is still not adequate for hemodialysis and blood purification.In this study,the sulfonated polyethersulfone(SPES) was synthesized through an electrophilic substitution reaction,and PES/SPES blending membranes were prepared.The characterization of the SPES was studied by FTIR.The water adsorption and water contact angle experiments show that the hydrophilicity of PES/SPES blend membrane was improved as for the sulfonate group existing in the SPES.Moreover,PES/SPES blend membrane could effectively reduce bovine serum albumin adsorption and prolong the blood coagulation time compared with the PES membrane,thereby improving blood compatibility.

Applications of Laser Precisely Processing Technology in Solar Cells

According to the design method of laser resonator cavity, we optimized the primary parameters of resonator and utilized LD arrays symmetrically pumping manner to implementing output of the high-brightness laser in our laser cutter, then which was applied to precisely cutting the conductive film of CulnSe2 solar cells, the buried contact silicon solar cells＇ electrode groove, and perforating in wafer which is used to the emitter wrap through silicon solar cells. Laser processing precision was less than 40μm, the results have met solar cell＇s fabrication technology, and made fmally the buried cells＇ conversion efficiency be improved from 18% to 21%.

Introduction of the 2015 Law on Public Investments and Its Effects on Public Sector Accounting in Vietnam

The public sector has a key role to play in enhancing the local goods and services. The Government is fully aware of the fact that Vietnam needs a proper public sector as a product of the state＇s public policy, which provides high-quality and well-functioning educational, healthcare, or social security systems through the effective management and use of public funds. Those services need investments from them to achieve the objectives set by the official governments or the national programs annually. This paper introduces the content of law on public investments in Vietnam which will be effective in the year 2015. It employs an overview of this law and investigates the effect of public investment in infrastructure on economic performance in the case of Vietnam. Moreover, results suggest that there may be some effects on public sector accounting in Vietnam. This study compares between the 2015 law and accounting in non-business organizations in some aspects for clear clarification.

A NEW SWITCHED CAPACITOR RESONATOR AND ITS RESEARCH

In bandpass sigma delta modulator, resonator is the key block, This papcr proposed a new resonator which can simplify the circuit implementation when designing bandpass modulator with Iowpass prototype. The effect of finite gain, finite bandwidth, and path mismatch on the resonator is analyzed. The function of the proposed resonator and the devired equations about path mismatch have been verified by switched capacitor software SWITCAR.

High-performance porous carbon for supercapacitors prepared by one-step pyrolysis of PF/gelatin blends

A high-performance porous carbon material for supercapacitor electrodes was prepared by using a polymer blend method. Phenol-formaldehyde resin and gelatin were used as carbon precursor polymer and pore former polymer, respectively. The blends were carbonized at 800℃ in nitrogen. SEM, BET measurement and BJH method reveal that the obtained carbon possesses a mesoporous characteristic, with the average pore size between 3.0 nm and 5.0 nm. The electrochemical properties of supercapacitor using these carbons as electrode material were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and constant current charge-discharge. The results indicate that the composition of blended polymers has a strong effect on the specific capacitance. When the mass ratio of PF to gelatin is kept at 1：1, the largest surface area of 222 m2/g is obtained, and the specific capacitance reaches 161 F/g.

The Cynical Thrasymachus

In this paper, I revisit the question of the consistency of Thrasymachus＇ position on justice in the First Book of the Republic. The paper falls into four parts. （The first part is an introduction.） In the second part, I examine two influential interpretations of the sophist＇s views, George B. Kerferd＇s and Timothy D. J. Chappell＇s, and argue that neither one fully resolves the riddle of Thrasymachus. In the third part, I claim that the sophist has a ＂descriptive＂ theory of justice, not a ＂prescriptive＂ one, and that no moral command to act in any particular way follows from this theory. In the fourth and final part, I propose a new approach to the whole issue by arguing that the essential problem with Thrasymachus＇ theory is not the incompatibility between his two definitions of justice in 338c and 343c, as it is usually assumed, but the fact that in Book One he uses two different and irreconcilable conceptions of justice. It is because the sophist uses the term ＂justice＂ to mean different things in different parts of the text that his overall position is ultimately inconsistent.

A Common Fixed Point Theorem for Weakly Compatible Mappingsin Fuzzy Semi-Metric Space

In this paper, we establish a common fixed pointtheorem for three pairs of self-mappings in fuzzy semi-metric space which improves and extends similar known results in the literature.

Green Multicast Grooming Based on Cross-Shared Protection in Optical WDM Networks

Currently,multicast survivability in optical network obtains more attention.This paper focuses on the field of multicast grooming shared protection in green optical network and designs a novel auxiliary graph and a shared matrix to address the survivable multicast resource consumption.This paper also proposes a new heuristic called Green Multicast Grooming algorithm based on spanning path Cross-Shared protection(GMGCSP),in which network reliability,energy efficiency and resource utilization are jointly considered.Simulation results testify that,compared to other algorithms,the proposed GMG-CSP not only has lower blocking probability and higher bandwidth utilization ratio,but also saves more energy.

Self-assembly and electrochromic property of electroactive tetraaniline-b-PEG diblock copolymer

A kind of amphiphilic rod-coil diblock copolymer consisting both of tetraaniline(TAni)and polyethylene glycol(PEG)blocks,TAni-b-PEG,was synthesized.The diblock copolymer shows excellent electrochromic properties,especially,in switching time and coloration efficiency compared with tetraaniline.TAni-b-PEG is able to self-assemble into spherical structure,which is attributed to the formation of conducting channels and increase of ion-exchange capacity of TAni-b-PEG,implying that a block copolymer with electrochromic block and high ionic conductive block simultaneously possesses improving electrochromic properties.

Assessment of Levator Hiatus by 3D Ultrasound Volume Contrast Imaging in Normal Nulliparas

The ability of 3D ultrasound volume contrast imaging in C-plane （VCI-C） in the assessment of female levator hiatus was analyzed in eighty normal nullipaxas. Interoperator variability in levator hiatus measurements was analyzed. The comparison of the axial image of magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） and C-plane image of volume contrast imaging （VCI） in thirty normal nulliparas was also done. It shows that VCI-C can clearly demonstrate the structure and accurately quantitates the size of the levator hiatus. It is reliable, convenient and without contraindication in assessment of female levator hiatus. The technology opens up entirely new modality for assessing female pelvic floor.

Quantum well sub-bands probed by photo-excited, capacitance-sensitive resonant tunneling spectrum

By combining resonant tunneling spectra with capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics under photo-excitation, we have developed photo-excited, capacitance-sensitive resonant tunneling spectrum (PC-RTS) for probing the quantized levels of quantum wells in valence band. Inter-well tunneling events have been identified and are in good agreement with the calculated level scheme in the valence band of a quantum well-barrier-quantum well heterostructure. Compared to conventional resonant tunneling spectrum, our method shows remarkable advantages in higher sensitivity for discriminating electronic structures.

Novel three-dimensional nerve tissue engineering scaffolds and its biocompatibility with Schwann cells

Objective： To develop a novel scaffolding method for the copolymers poly lactide-co-glycolide acid （PLGA） to construct a three-dimensional （3-D） scaffold and explore its biocompatibility through culturing Schwann cells （SCs） on it. Methods： The 3-D scaffolds were made by means of melt spinning, extension and weaving. The queueing discipline of the micro-channels were observed under a scanning electronic microscope （SEM）.The sizes of the micropores and the factors of porosity were also measured. Sciatic nerves were harvested from 3-day-old Sprague Dawley （SD） rats for culture of SCs. SCs were separated, purified, and then implanted on PLGA scaffolds, gelatin sponge and poly-L-lysine （PLL）-coated tissue culture poly-styrene （TCPS） were used as biomaterial and cell-supportive controls, respectively. The effect of PLGA on the adherence, proliferation and apoptosis of SCs were examined in vitro in comparison with gelatin sponge and TCPS. Results： The micro-channels arrayed in parallel manners, and the pore sizes of the channels were uniform. No significant difference was found in the activity of Schwann cells cultured on PLGA and those on TCPS （P〉0.05）, and the DNA of PLGA scaffolds was not damaged. Conclusion： The 3-D scaffolds developed in this study have excellent structure and biocompatibility, which may be taken as a novel scaffold candidate for nerve-tissue engineering.

A weighted network evolving model with capacity constraints

Most of existing works on complex network assumed that the nodes and edges were uncapacitated during the evolving process,and displayed "rich club" phenomenon.Here we will show that the "rich club" could be changed to "common rich" if we consider the node capacity.In this paper,we define the node and edge attractive index with node capacity,and propose a new evolving model on the base of BBV model,with evolving simulations of the networks.In the new model,an entering node is linked with an existing node according to the preferential attachment mechanism defined with the attractive index of the existing node.We give the theoretical approximation and simulation solutions.If node capacity is finite,the rich node may not be richer further when the node strength approaches or gets to the node capacity.This is confirmed by analyzing the passenger traffic and routes of Chinese main airports.Due to node strength being function of time t,we can use the theoretical approximation solution to forecast how node strength changes and the time when node strength reaches its maximum value.