从“容共”到“容国”——1924—1927年国共党际关系再考察

192 4— 1 92 7年间国共关系演变的复杂情形 ,实际远非过去人们认知中的“容共”或“联共”等语词所能简单概括。其时国共对相互关系的认知和表述既不尽一致 ,而且随着两党力量对比的变化 ,这种认知和表述亦发生相应的变化。无论“容共”还是“联共” ,都难以单独完整表述该时期国共关系的动态变化过程。 1 92 5年后 ,加入国民党的中共党员只是其中一部分而非全部 ;与此同时 ,大批国民党青年转入共产党。国共关系的初始形式在发生改变 ,亦即由初期中共党员加入国民党的单向流动 ,发展为两党党员之间的双向互动。到后期 ,中共党员加入国民党者渐少 ,而国民党青年转入中共者日多。另一方面 ,中共意识形态的强势宣导 ,中共对国民党地方组织和民众运动的日趋“包办” ,以及中共组织严密与国民党组织散漫的强烈反差 ,使国民党人感到共产党大有“反客为主”的态势 ,担心国民党“容共” ,将转化为共产党“容国”。国民党人对共产党“容国”的危机意识 。

Wind Power Industry in China

Base on the full and accurate statistical informa tion, the status and existing technical problems of wind power in China are analyzed in terms of yearly installed capacity, single unit capacity, regional distribution, investment as well as the market shares and the local ization of wind power units etc. The paper believes that wind power industry in China will grow by leaps and bounds in near future.

Discussion on Green Development of Fenlong for Yield Increase, Quality Enhancing, Water Retaining and Multiple Use of Natural Resources

Fenlong green ecological agriculture technology （Fenlong technology）, a new smash ridging farming method developed by Guangxi Academy of Agdcultural Sciences, has been elected as the recommended cultivation technique by the Ministry of Agriculture of China. It replaces the traditional plowshare with spiral drill, and its tilth depth is twice deeper than that by tractor tilthing. It also extends soil nutrient, moisture, oxygen and microorganism, the so-called ＂Four pools＂. Soil nutrient, oxygen, microorganism, light and rainfall use ratio is increased by 10%-100%, creating a platform for natural increase of more than 10% of crop yield. Its application to over 20 kinds of crops in 21 provinces has proved that the yield increases 10-30% with quality enhancing 5% and double water retaining capacity but no more input. When the application area of Fenlong could reach 67 million hm2, the amount of fertilizer can be reduced by 40-50 billion kg, saving 120-150 billion Yuan. In this paper, we put forward the strategy of ＂4＋1＂ （arable, saline-alkali soil, grasslands, Sponge City ＋ rivers） green development in China, and deepened the Fenlong cultivated tilled layer from 16.5 cm to 35 cm for 67 million hm2 arable land, ridged 13.3 million hm2 of saline-alkali soil for 35 cm, and also 35 cm for 67 million hm2 degraded steppe, which could have the following 3 effects： first, the 147 million hm2 of land with Fenlong cultivation could increase loosing soil to 315.491 billion m3, in＊ creasing by 159.26% for 120 million hm2 of arable land with the average tilled layer of 16.5 cm, which has loosing soil of only 198.1 billion m3, that is, the space of the land increases 1.6 times. Second, every hectare of plowland could store up to 450 m3/hm2 of natural rainfall, and the unused 60 m3 of saline-alkali soil and grasslands could store water of 102 billion m3, showing an increase of over 88.89% for the current plowland storage of 54 billion m3 at now, that is, double the natural rainfall storage capacity. Third, the two multiple increase of natural resources application can bring trillions of resource activation, environmental cleaning, food security, citizens, health, economic, ecological and social benefits, and makes the Chinese nation move forward in green development. Its application in ＂big scientific research＂ and ＂One Belt And One Road＂ will contribute Chinese strength to the world.

Compatible taper and stem volume equations for Larix kaempferi(Japanese larch) species of South Korea

In this study, compatible taper and stem volume equations were developed for Larix kaempferi species of South Korea. The dataset was split into two groups： 80% of the data were used in model fitting and the remaining 2o% were used for validation. The compatible MB76 equations were used to predict the diameter outside bark to a specific height, the height to a specific diameter and the stem volume of the species. The result of the stem volume analysis was compared with the existing stem volume model of Larix kaempferi species of South Korea which was developed by the Korea Forest Research Institute and with a simple volume model that was developed with fitting dataset in this study. The compatible model provided accurate prediction of the total stem volume when compared to the existing stem volume model and with a simple volume model. It is concluded that the compatible taper and stem volume equations are more convenient to use and therefore it is recommended to be applied in the Larix kaempferi species of South Korea.

Empirical Research on Carrying Capacity of Human Settlement System in Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China

Using the theories of population carrying capacity and ecological elasticity in other fields for reference, the connotation of regional human settlement system was defined from the viewpoint of the complex relationship among the factors such as regional population, resources, environment and economic and social development in the context of China′s rapid urbanization. Then the concept and characterization methods of the regional human settlement carrying capacity were proposed by means of population scale. Furthermore, a model of carrying capacity-pressure-state-response(CPSR) on regional human settlement system was established by referencing pressure-state-response(PSR) model, and the Catastrophe Theory was introduced to determine the corresponding standards of multi-criteria programming and evaluation. Taking Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China as an example, an empirical analysis on evaluation of human settlement system from 2000 to 2012 was carried out. The results showed that the carrying capacity of human settlement system in Dalian was fluctuating between 9.6 × 106 to 10 × 106 persons with a quantitative stage of the dynamic regulation. During the research period the load index of human settlement system in Dalian dropped from 0.96 to 0.84 with a lower pressure of human settlement system than the national average level. And the emergency response grades of human settlement system in Dalian were kept in grade Ⅱ(orange warning) or grade Ⅲ(yellow warning). Human settlement system of Dalian was in slight security state as a whole, but the load had a tendency of increase in recent years. The related departments should pay close attention to regional human settlement system and take active measures to improve human settlement by both intensity control and total quantity control. By comparison, analysis and discussion, it was considered that the results were basically accordded with the current situations of human settlement in Dalian, and the evaluation results were more reliable, visualized and easily applied in practice. Therefore, the above-mentioned concepts, characterization and evaluation methods of the regional human settlement system and carrying capacity could provide a new thought and method for quantitative evaluation of human settlement.

Novel Operation Mechanism of Capacitorless DRAM Cell Using Impact Ionization and GIDL Effects

A novel operation mechanism of capacitorless SOl-DRAM （silicon on insulator dynamic random access memory） cell using impact ionization and GIDL （gated-induce drain leakage） effects for write ＂1＂ operation was proposed. The conventional capacitorless DRAM cell with single charge generating effect is either high speed or low power, while the proposed DG-FinFET （double-gate fin field effect transistor） cell employs the efficient integration of impact ionization and GIDL effects by coupling the front and back gates with optimal body doping profile and proper bias conditions, yielding high speed low power performance. The simulation results demonstrate ideal characteristics in both cell operations and power consumption. Low power consumption is achieved by using GIDL current at 0. luA when the coupling between the front and back gates restrains the impact ionization current in the first phase. The write operation of the cell is within Ins attributed to significant current of the impact ionization effect in the second phase. By shortening second phase, power consumption could be further decreased. The ratio of read ＂1＂ and read ＂0＂ current is more than 9.38E5. Moreover, the cell has great retention characteristics.

IAS-IFRS Adoption Impact on Accounting Information： The Case of France

The International Accounting Standards Board （IASB） has established international standards （International Accounting Standards （lASs） and International Financial Reporting Standards （IFRSs）） to ensure more comparability and transparency and also higher-quality financial statements. The creation of such standards by the IASB aims at achieving harmonization of accounting practices among countries. The objective of this research is to show that in accordance with the expectations of international organizations, the adoption of IAS-IFRS increases the information content of financial statements and also to identify the key accounting variables that have been affected by this adoption. This article used a sample of year observations of 150 French firms which have adopted IAS-IFRS since 2005 as data to study the association relationship between accounting variables and stock returns before and after the adoption of IASs. The findings of this paper show that the application of IAS-IFRS as accounting standards increases the information content of accounting numbers. Dividends, long-term debts, equity, and revenue variables are most correlated with stock returns. Their information content has reached 80% after the adoption, while it was 30% before.

A Proposal for a New Curriculum for EFL Education of China： Integrated Content-Based Instruction

Much debate has surrounded the question of whether middle-school students can learn academic content if they do not yet have a high level of proficiency in the English language, but content-based instruction has already been used to promote both the linguistic and academic development of CLD （culturally and linguistically diverse） students in the grade K-12 in Western countries. This proposal discusses the issues and dilemmas about the curriculum implementation in the EFL （English as a foreign language） education in China’s middle-schools and examines the nature of integrated contend-based （ICB） instruction by providing its rationale, definition, evolution, and delivery, and based on the above, it explores an excellent venue that the ICB could provide for Chinese student’s EFL learning and calls for the application of the curriculum of ICB into the EFL instruction in China’s secondary education.

Physico-Chemical Properties and Enzyme Activities of the Arable Soils in Lhasa,Tibet,China

An understanding of the physical,chemical,and biological properties of a soil provides a basis for soil use and management.This paper reports the major physico-chemical properties and enzyme activities of the soils of Lhasa's main arable lands and the factors that influence these soil properties.Composite and core samples were taken from the three main arable soil types(alluvial soil,subalpine arable steppe soil,and subalpine arable meadow soil) and were analysed using standard methods.The bulk density and the ventilation porosity ratio of the soils were close to the recommended values for arable lands,and the dominant soil texture was sandy.The soil moisture release rates were arable steppe soil > alluvial soil > arable meadow soil.Soil organic matter content,Cation-Exchange Capacity(CEC),total and available nitrogen content,and catalase activity of the arable meadow soil were higher than those of the alluvial and the arable steppe soils,while soil pH in the arable meadow was lower.Most of the measured properties did not show a significant variance among these three soils.However,the measured indices(apart from the total potassium) indicate that there are notable differences among the three types of soil.The results implied that the utilisation patterns of the arable soil or human activities,such as tillage practices and fertiliser applications,have a substantialeffect on the soil properties in this region.Our results suggest that the cultivation practices in the region have apparently positive impact on the soil organic matter,nutrient contents and bulk density probably due to the sound fertiliser management such as the applications of farmyard manure and chemical fertilisers.However,intense cultivation practices lowered the activity of most soil enzymes.The results demonstrate that the choice of soil management strategy had a significant impact on the soil physicochemical and biological properties in the region studied.

Type of Garment Value Chain Governance and Capacity of China Textile & Garment Enterprises

The textile and garment value chain is typical buyer-driven and captive governance. Based on the results of 153 questionnaires survey of textile and garment companies around China in 2008 as well as case studies, the roles of China textile and garment enterprises in value chain were showed in this paper. The survey covers several different sectors, in which companies have different decision power, strategies and performance, to f＇md how to take advantage of companies strengths, and gain long-term benefit enhancing its competence in global production network.

Conceptual Framework of Tourism Carrying Capacity for a Tourism City:Experiences from National Parks in the United States

There is no universally-accepted definition of tourism carrying capacity(TCC) .Numerical TCC focuses on use level and is considered as"a magic number"of the saturation point for tourism.There are several reasons why numerical tourism capacity is inadequate.Alternatively,tourism capacity can be defined in terms of limits of acceptable change,which shifts the focus from"how much use is too much"to"how much change is acceptable".This article proposes an improved conceptual framework for evaluating carrying capacity for the tourism city based on approaches used in US national parks,which consider the impact of human use on a city's economic,environmental/resource,and socio-cultural conditions.Based on the basic data of indicator values and relevant standards,the framework monitors the current indicators and predicts future indicator values;it can also be used to assess and predict TCC.

Comprehensive Measurement for Carrying Capacity of Resources and Environment of City Clusters in Central China

Studying the carrying capacity of resources and environment of city clusters in the central China has important practical guidance significance for promoting the healthy, sustainable and stable development of this region. According to their influencing factors and reciprocity mechanism, using system dynamics approaches, this paper built a SD model for measuring the carrying capacity of resources and environment of the city clusters in the central China, and through setting different development models, the comprehensive measurement analysis on the carrying capacity was carried out. The results show that the model of promoting socio-economic development under the protection of resources and environment is the optimal model for promoting the harmony development of resources, environment, society and economy in the city clusters. According to this model, the optimum population scale of the city clusters in 2020 is 42.80×106 persons, and the moderate economic development scale is 22.055×1012 yuan (RMB). In 1996-2020, the carrying capacity of resources and environment in the city clusters took on obvious phase-change characteristics. During the studied period, it is basically at the initial development stage, and will come through the development process from slow development to speedup development.

FGD Capacity Prediction of Thermal Power Plants in China

Through analyzing the proportion of SO2 emission from thermal power plants in the nationwide SO2 emis- sion in USA, Japan etc. developed countries, and the developmental course of thermal power installed capacity and the FGD capacity in USA, the FGD capacity of thermal power plants in China is forecasted from two angles. One is to predict FGD capacity in accordance with the policy in force in China. The other is to predict FGD capacity based upon the emission right trading policy. As compared, it is held that FGD equipment should be mainly installed on the large size units burning high sulfur coal according to the emission right trading policy. Such a method of work not only can economize large amount of investments and operation costs, but also can realize the same environmental effect.

Comparative Study on Differences of America-China Eco-Literature Viewpoints From the Perspective of Academic Compatibility

Facing the broad ＂eco-literature＂ subjects, this paper, first of all, taking eco-literature viewpoint and the theoretical connotation of eco-criticism viewpoint itself as the starting point, conducts a contrast study from the cultural origin-tracing on the American eco-literature viewpoint under the Western Bible vision and the Chinese natural eco-literature viewpoint of＂Oneness of Men and Nature＂ through the parallel comparison method; then from the visual angle of influential research is to further explore the academic compatibility in academic research： namely, the Western ecological literature consciousness begins to appear under the premise of the Western ecological civilization being destroyed, while the China＇s natural eco-literature of＂Oneness of Man and Nature＂ is based on a kind of unconscious affinity between people and nature in primitive age. Here it is necessary for us to point out that they cannot be mentioned in the same breath, because the modern ecological criticism is not the reduction of an ancient ecological thought, and also will lead to the academic non-compatibility in academic research. So only by correcting the people＇s misunderstanding in cognition, can we reach the unity of the natural ecological viewpoint and man civilized viewpoint so as to keep the harmony between human beings and nature.

The Connotation, Characteristics and the Enlightenments of Emergency Literacy--Be based on the curriculum of early literacy in China

Reading and writing germination thought is the most popular early reading and writing thought in the world. The children who are formed are learning to read and write in their lives. Children are the active learners of reading and writing. Children learn to read and write is a kind of social process and reading. And the development of the interrelatedness of writing, it demands that the early reading and writing course of children have four characteristics active curriculum orientation, integrated curriculum content, infiltration curriculum implementation and meaningful reading and writing environment. The Chinese current kindergarten read-write curriculum develops should respect the baby language law of development, fulfills the initiative construction the curriculum orientation that makes uniform baby’s read-write experience, the curriculum content link baby lives the world and the building interaction read-write scene, the establishment has the significance language environment.

CCS in China:Opportunities, Challenges and Solutions

The economic growth, energy structure and environmental capacity in China determine that CCS (carbon capture and storage) is an important strategic approach for China to confront the climate changes. In this paper, current status in China is firstly presented regarding policy making, technology research and development, pilot project and international cooperation. Then the opportunities of exploring CCS are analyzed from the viewpoint of application potentials, cost and China's circumstances. The challenges to CCS are pointed out with respect to energy consumption, technologies, funding and environment. Finally some suggestions are put forward on CCS development.

Ancient and modern, compatibility of Chinese and Western --Analysis of Huang Dufeng Painting Aesthetics Thought

Mr. Huang Dufeng is the master to paint landscapes, flowers, birds and people. In artistic practice, he clearly saw that in addition to using the ink to express the appearance, there exists its independence of aesthetic nature. In addition, Mr. Huang Dufeng is aware of vital importance of the spirit manifesting in the traditional painting. He has foresight in the face of treating the mutual development of Chinese and Western painting. In the meantime to advocate learning western painting, he all along emphasize that we should flourish the specific beauty of Chinese painting. He has showed a wide range of subjects, breaking the bondage of ＂four gentlemen＂ and pioneered the art image of angelfish. By discussion on Mr. Huang Dufeng through the painting features and process of thinking, he insisted on aesthetics concept of ＂Ancient and modern, compatibility of Chinese and Western＂.

The Link Between Internet Financial Reporting and Information Asymmetry for American Depository Receipts

We provide evidence on the effect of the presentation format and information content of Internet financial reporting on the market value of American Depository Receipts and on country-specific variables that drive Internet financial reporting. A two-stage Heckman approach was used to determine if Internet financial reporting adds incremental value to firms beyond the decision to cross-list in the United States. The results indicate that investors more highly value firms that provide information in multiple formats. We also find that country-specific variables affect the information content, but not the presentation format of disclosures on corporate websites. The results uncover a disconnection between what the market values （presentation format） and what the firms believe the market values （information content）. This implies that firms are not entirely aware of investors＇ information wants and that they are not utilizing their resources in the manner that will have the most impact on their market value.

The Cynical Thrasymachus

In this paper, I revisit the question of the consistency of Thrasymachus＇ position on justice in the First Book of the Republic. The paper falls into four parts. （The first part is an introduction.） In the second part, I examine two influential interpretations of the sophist＇s views, George B. Kerferd＇s and Timothy D. J. Chappell＇s, and argue that neither one fully resolves the riddle of Thrasymachus. In the third part, I claim that the sophist has a ＂descriptive＂ theory of justice, not a ＂prescriptive＂ one, and that no moral command to act in any particular way follows from this theory. In the fourth and final part, I propose a new approach to the whole issue by arguing that the essential problem with Thrasymachus＇ theory is not the incompatibility between his two definitions of justice in 338c and 343c, as it is usually assumed, but the fact that in Book One he uses two different and irreconcilable conceptions of justice. It is because the sophist uses the term ＂justice＂ to mean different things in different parts of the text that his overall position is ultimately inconsistent.

Electromagnetic Compatibility Technology of Electric Vehicles and Its Development Trend

The electromagnetic compatibility of electric vehicles is not only the important technology issue in researches,development and industrialization of electric vehicles,but also the key research area of ISO.In this paper,both national and international standards of electromagnetic compatibility of electric vehicles are analyzed;it is also suggested that our standards of electromagnetic compatibility of electric vehicles be improved from several aspects such as testing items,test procedures,limit value,etc.The electromagnetic environment of electric vehicles is analyzed in terms of interfering sources,providing the solutions to electromagnetic compatibility and measures of reducing electromagnetic interference.Advanced equipments introduced into Chinese electromagnetic compatibility testing laboratories accelerate the pace of the researches on related technologies and standards;China will develop the standards system which covers from the complete electric vehicle to the key components,promote the technology improvement and industrialization work of Chinese electric vehicles,transform the latest achievements and advanced experiences of Chinese electric vehicles industry to the related standards and contribute the development of international standards.