从“寰”与“奠”的性质变化看西周王土的“诸侯国”化

西周都城区域内有“县(寰)”与“郑(奠)”，两者相互关联，同时也与“王畿”、“畿内诸侯”、“郡县”等概念相涉。根据学者研究“县”、“奠”的性质是周王最早的直辖地域，属于“王土”，这是正确的。通过研究我们发现，“县”、“奠”的发展方向，不但像学者说的与后来的郡县有密切的关系，而且也有向“诸侯国”变化的趋势。

台空军“寰网”新一代防空作战指挥系统

近年来．台空军为了提升其战管雷达性能以及建立自动化区域管制系统。斥巨资打造＂寰网＂新一代防空作战指挥系统，本文主要对台空军＂寰网＇系统的建设．组成和发展等情况进行了论述，

CLINICAL STUDY ON MANIPULATIVE TREATMENT OF DERANGEMENT OF THE ATLANTOAXIAL JOINT

The derangement of the atlantoaxial joint is one of main cervical sources of dizziness and headache, which were based on the observation on the anatomy of the upper cervical vertebrae, analysis of X-ray film of the atlantoaxial joint, and the manipulative treatment in 35 patients with cervical spondylosis. The clinical diagnosis of derangement consists of: dizziness, headache, prominence and tenderness on one side of the affected vertebra, deviation of the dens for 1 mm-4 mm on the open-mouth X-ray film, abnormal movement of the atlantoaxial joint on head-rotated open-mouth X-ray film. An accurate and delicate adjustment is the most effective treatment.

CNPC Acquires Engineering Company to Enhance Refinery Business

China National Petroleum Corporation （CNPC） announced its acquisition of China Huanqiu Contracting and Engineering Corporation （HQCEC） in mid-June, which was under the administration of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission （SASAC）. It is a transnational engineering company boasting the EPC （engineering-procurement-construction） capability and strong ability in oil refining and chemical engineering fields.

西周都邑的卫戍分区:立足于铭文“還”的试探

西周铭文中的"還"字被释作"苑"、"咸"、"县"。通过辨析,以上注解均有不确。按《方言》,"還"释为"积",通"环",极可能是西周"师"具体驻屯在各地的卫戍分区,是以承担军事任务为主要职能的特殊地域组织,具有"耕战结合、军农一体"的典型特征,是国家军队实施分级管理和军事布控的重要方式。对西周铭文"還"的考释和重新解读,否定了"還"是"县"的观点,认为中国行政区划基层管理制度(县)的起源时间需谨慎对待。

Quantitative anatomic study of atlanto-odontoid joint and design of an artificial atlanto-odontoid joint for the orthopedic clinic

Objective： To observe and measure morphological parameters of the Chinese atlanto-odontoid joint anatomically in order to provide an anatomic data for designing artificial atlanto-odontoid joint used for substituting the destroyed atlanto-odontoid joint in the orthopedic clinic. Methods： The relative anatomic parameters of 32 sets of fresh Chinese adults ＇atlanto-odontoid joint specimens were measured with a digital caliper and a goulometer, including the width of anterior arch of atlas （ AW）, the thickness of atlas at the junction of anterior arch and lateral mass （ AD）, the thickness and height of anterior tubercle of atlas （ AT and AH ）, the middle height, length and width of the lateral mass （MHL, L and LW ）, the height, transverse and anteroposterior distance of odontoid process （DH, DW and DD）, the retroversion angle of odontoid process （ β° ）, the facial angle of odontoid process （ θ° ） and so on. The data were statistically analyzed in order to ascertain the morphological parameter ranges of artificial atlanto-odontoid joint. An artificial atlanto-odontoid joint was designed according to these data. The operations of anlanto-odontoid joint arthroplasty were conducted in 3 cases of adult cadaver specimens. Resnits： The width of AW was （ 20.45 ± 1.5 3 ） nun, AD （3.91 ±1.32） nun, AT and AH （9.43± 1.93） nun and （ 10.23± 1.32 ） mm, respectively, MHL and LW （ 13.68 ± 1.38 ） mm and （ 12.98 ±1.52 ） mm, respectively, DH （15.25±2.11）mm, DW and DD （9.69±1.38）mm and （ 11.26 ± 1.02 ） ram, respectively, β° （ 12.23 ± 4.27 ） degree, θ° （ 65.48 ±2.17 ） degree. The prosthesis was composed of atlas part, axis part and accessories. Neither the vertebral artery nor the medulla oblongata was injured. Conclusions： The design of artificial atlantoodontoid joint is feasible according to these parameters. The artificial joint can not only rebuild the stability of atlanto-axial joint, but also reserve the rotation function between atlas and axis. Every part of the joint has their own parameter ranges in purpose to firm fixation, convenient operation and good motion without further injury. The prosthesis can be used for patients suffering from compression of medulla oblongata and resection of dens when it is required.

Transoral atlantoaxial reduction plate fixation for irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation

Objective： To design a clinically applicable transoraipharyngeai atlantoaxiai reduction plate （TARP）, introduce the operation procedure, and evaluate its preliminary clinical effects. Methods： A novel TARP system, including butterfly titanium alloy plate, self-locking screws, atlantoaxial reductor and other operational instruments was developed. This system was applied clinically on five patients with irreducible atlantoaxiai dislocation of congenital or traumatic origin. During operation, the reduction was completed by the combined action of the plate and the atlantoaxiai reductor after transoral joint release and cord decompression. Bone graft granules were implanted between the bilateral atlantoaxiai joints and TARP was used to immobilize subsequently the atlas and axis. Results： Clinical application demonstrated that TARP could induce instant reduction and that the method was operationally feasible and its postoperationai effect was satisfactory. Conclusions： The design of TARP is novel. The operational procedure is simple and easy to use. Furthermore, instant reduction can be completed during the operation and the fixation is relatively stable. TARP is an ideal alternative for irreducible atlantoaxiai dislocation and may have excellent prospects for further clinical applications.

Application of CT 3D reconstruction in diagnosing atlantoaxial subluxation

Objective:To evaluate and compare the diagnosti c value in atlantoaxial subluxation by CT three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction . Methods:3D reconstruction findings of 41 patients with atlanto axial subluxation were retrospectively analyzed, and comparisons were made among images of transverse section, multiplanar reformorting (MPR), surface shade dis play (SSD), maximum intensity project (MIP), and volume rendering (VR). Results:Of 41 patients with atlantoaxial subluxation, 31 belon ged to rotary dislocation, 5 antedislocation, and 5 hind dislocation. All the ca ses showed the dislocated joint panel of atlantoaxial articulation. Fifteen case s showed deviation of the odontoid process and 8 cases widened distance between the dens and anterior arch of the atlas. The dislocated joint panel of atlantoax ial articulation was more clearly seen with SSD-3D imaging than any other metho ds. Conclusions:Atlantoaxial subluxation can well be diagnosed by CT 3D reconstruction, in which SSD-3D imaging is optimal.

订制:资本时代的东亚画像--16、17世纪尼德兰制图学派中的中国与亚洲

16世纪后半期到17世纪,伴随着大航海及全球贸易的拓展,欧洲迎来了现代地图学的黄金时代。其中最具代表性的作品,出自以安特卫普和阿姆斯特丹为活动中心的尼德兰制图学派。在此期间,欧洲制图学家不但出版了第一幅以“中国”命名的地图,也不断扩充对亚洲、尤其是东亚的地图学表现。但地图学的发展、地图书籍的流行,并不仅仅是地理知识积累的产物。在全球资本主义网络形成的年代,地图既是工具更是商品。尼德兰制图学派的兴盛,与印刷业在低地国家的繁荣、书籍市场的勃兴、制图学家的职业化,以及荷兰东印度公司在亚洲的贸易活动息息相关。欧洲社会对亚洲空间的新的权力关系想象,亦由此展开。从地图与资本主义关系的角度,可探究这一时期欧洲地图学发展以及欧洲对东亚的地理认知。

Clinical observation of tuina manipulations for tic disorders in kids

Objective:To observe the clinical efficacy of tuina manipulations in treating different types of tic disorders(TD).Methods:Eligible TD patients were classified into three types,transient tic disorders(TTD),chronic multiple tic disorders(CMTD)and Tourette syndrome(TS),according to their disease duration and severity.The three types of children were treated with the same tuina manipulations.Changes in the Yale global tic severity scale(YGTSS)score,effective rate for tic,and cervical spine imaging examination results(including asymmetry of the lateral atlanto-dental interval,broadened anterior atlanto-dental interval,C2 spinous process deviation,occipito-atlanto-axial flexion/extension instability)were observed after 1-month and 3-month treatments respectively.Results:The YGTSS score changed significantly after 1-month and 3-month treatments compared with that before treatment(both P<0.01);the effective rate for TD was 46.6%and 86.7%respectively after 1-month and 3-month treatments;there were significant differences comparing the effective rate for tic between different types of TD after 1-month and 3-month treatments(all P<0.05);comparing the effective rate for tic after 1-month treatment with that after 3-month treatment for the same type,the intra-group differences were statistically significant[TTD group(P<0.01),CMTD group(P<0.01),TS group(P<0.05)];the abnormal parameter rates in neck imaging examination after 3-month treatment were significantly different from those before treatment(all P<0.01).Conclusion:Tuina manipulation is effective for TTD,CMTD and TS.It can correct the abnormal alterations of patients'cervical vertebrae,and its efficacy for TTD is most significant.

Discussing tuina for atlantoaxial subluxation in adults based on the theory of‘tendon-bone balance’

According to Chinese medicine,the atlantoaxial joint is a composite joint composed of tendons and bones,and the stability of the joint depends on the‘tendon-bone balance’involving tendons,ligaments,atlas and axis.Multiple causes of‘tendon off-position,joint subluxation’will lead to joint‘tendon-bone imbalance’,which will evolve into atlantoaxial subluxation(AAS),endangering human health.Chinese therapeutic massage(tuina)is a very effective treatment for AAS in adults,but conventional manipulations are prone to ineffectiveness or accidents due to neglect of the causal relationship of the‘tendon-bone imbalance’and inappropriate manipulations.Compared with conventional manipulations,the rational choice of modified manipulations under the guidance of‘tendon-bone balance’theory is more effective and less risky,and more worthy of clinical promotion.From the‘tendon-bone balance’theory,we considered the shortcomings of conventional manipulations,and introduced several modified manipulations that have their own strengths in‘tendon smoothing’and‘bone setting’,in order to provide new ideas for treatment of AAS in adults.

Clinical observation on acupuncture plus chiropractic treatment for cervical spondylosis

Objective： To observe the therapeutic effect of Governor Vessel-unblocking and yang-regulating acupuncture plus chiropractic treatment on upper cervical spondylosis. Methods： A total of 64 eligible cases were randomly allocated into an observation group （n=32） and a control group （n=32） according to the random digital table. Cases in the observation group were treated with Governor Vessel-unblocking and Yang-regulating needling method, fine adjustment of the upper cervical spine and lumbosacral Ban-pulling manipulation; cases in the control group were treated with routine acupuncture and same spinal adjustment as the observation group. The treatment was done once a day in both groups. The therapeutic efficacies were observed after 10 times of treatment. Results： The total effective rate was 78.1% in the observation group and 67.5% in the control group. The difference in the total effective rate between the two groups was statistically significant （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： Governor Vessel-unblocking and yang-regulating acupuncture and regulate yang plus chiropractic therapy is better than routine acupuncture plus chiropractic therapy in the therapeutic effect in the treatment of upper cervical spondylosis.

Biomechanical evaluation of atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation technique

Objective: To compare the biomechanical differences among the atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation (Magerl) and other posterior fixation techniques. Methods: Seven preserved atlantoaxial complex specimens were harvested and fixated with Magerl, Magerl plus Gallie wiring, Magerl plus Brooks wiring, pure Brooks, pure Gallie, and Halifax interlaminar clamping fixation, respectively. The torque for every fixation technique was measured at the point of five degree rotation of the atlantoaxial joint. Results: The torque for Magerl was 6.59 N·m± 1.14 N·m , which was significantly higher than any other pure posterior techniques including Gallie ( 1.74 N·m± 0.31 N·m ). Brooks ( 4.06 N·m± 0.48 N·m) and Halifax ( 3.44 N·m± 0.87 N·m) (P< 0.01 ), but less than Magerl plus brooks ( 9.94 N·m± 1.45 N·m) (P< 0.01 ). No statistically significant difference was found between Magerl and Magerl plus Gallie wiring ( 7.61 N·m± 1.10 N·m) or between Brooks and Halifax. Conclusions: Compared with other pure posterior fixation techniques the atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation technique provides more torsion resistance capacity. It is also suggested that combined Gallie wiring do not add any biomechanical superiority to this technique.

Study on the angle of needling Yamen (GV 15) in atlanto-axial dislocation patients

Objective: To compare the risk angle and safety angle of n eedli ng Ya me n (GV 15) betwee n the atla nto-axial dislocati on (AAD) patients and healthy subjects. Methods: A total of 177 AAD patients diagnosed and treated at the Center of Upper Cervical Vertebra of Beijing Chin a-Japa n Frie ndship Hospital betwee n January 2010 and January 2018 were in eluded in the AAD group. Ano ther 207 healthy subjects were included in the normal group. There were totally 191 males and 193 females. The MRI sean was performed for the cervical vertebrae to measure the risk angle and safety angle of acup un cture at Ya me n (GV 15) on the sagittal image. Results: In the AAD group, the risk angle was (13.14±3.99)° and the relative safety angle was (10.31±3.23)° for the perpendicular needling, while the oblique needling risk angle was (9.09±3.09)° for the male;the risk angle was (12.12±2.74)° and the relative safety angle was (10.56±2.09)° for the perpendicular needling, while the oblique needling risk angle was (9.70±2.95)° for the female. In the normal group, the risk angle was (7.89±1.59)° and the relative safety angle was (10.21±3.55)° for the perpendicular needling, while the oblique needling risk angle was (16.07±1.77)° for the male;the risk angle was (6.93±1.45)° and the relative safety angle was (10.70±2.94)° for the perpendicular needling, while the oblique needling risk angle was (14.89±2.18)° for the female. The perpendicular needling risk angles for the males and females in the AAD group were larger than those in the normal group, and the differences were statistically significant (both P<0.01);for the inner-group comparison, there was no sigrHficant difference in the perpendicular needling risk angle between the male and the female in the AAD group (P>0.05);however, the perpendicular needling risk angle for the male was larger than the female, and the differenee was statistically significant in the normal group (P<0.01). There were no sign讦icant differences in the relative safety angle for both the male and the female between the AAD group and the normal group (both P>0.05). For the inner-group comparison, there was no sign讦icant differenee in the relative safety angle between the male and the female (P>0.05). The oblique needling risk angles for both the males and females were smaller in the AAD group than those in the normal group, and the differences were statistically sign讦icant (both P<0.01);the oblique needling risk angle for the male was not significantly different from that for the female in the AAD group (P>0.05);in the normal group, the oblique needling risk angle for the male was larger than that for the female, and the differenee was statistically significant (P<0.01). Conclusion: Un der the AAD condition, the risk angle and safety angle of acup un cture at Ya me n (GV 15) cha nge significantly, perpe ndicular n eedli ng should be better if performed slightly lower tha n the horiz on tai di recti on, and the oblique needling should be safer across the occipital foramen toward the occipital bone.