培养学生运用事例论证事理的能力——例谈“对应分析”法

如何培养学生运用事例论证事理的能力．是议论文写作中的重点和难点。那么，如何培养学生的这一能力呢?我认为这要从以下五个方面入手。

也谈汉语新词的英译——以“老赖”与“艳照门”为例

汉语新词新译不断出现,"老赖"和"艳照门"成为近期热点,为力求翻译的准确性,从新词翻译的原则性出发,分别使用"对应法"和"类回译法"探讨这两个词的翻译,最终确认,"老赖"和"艳照门"的英译分别为deadbeat和Photogate。

The Factors Shaping Synonymous Codon Usage in the Genome of Burkholderia mallei

Burkholderia mallei is regarded as a potential biological weapon by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In this study, the main factors shaping codon usage in the genome of B. mallei ATCC 23344 were firstly reported. The results showed that the primary trend in codon usage variation in the B. mallei is due to translational selection; while compositional mutation bias is relatively the weaker influence and the hydrophobicity of each protein and gene length are only the minor influences. At the same time, 21 codons defined firstly as ＇optimal codons＇ might provide more useful information for the expression of target genes and development of a vaccine to prevent glanders.

Estimation of Acentric Factor of Organic Compounds with Corresponding States Group Contribution Method

A new estimation method was proposed by combining the corresponding state principle with the group contribution method through introducing the concept of assumed-critical properties. Combining it with the Reidel equation, a new acentric factor correlation equation (CSGC-Reidel) was developed. Contribution values of 70 groups were obtained by correlating acentric factor data of 228 organic compounds of 14 type substances including saturated hydrocarbons, unsaturated hydrocarbons, cyclanes, aromatics, oxygen compounds, nitrogen compounds,halohydrocarbons, etc. The average error of acentric factor is 3.52% between the literature data and the predicated with the new estimation method.

Epitaxial α″-Fe_(16)N_2 Films Grown on NaCl (001) by Facing Target Sputtering

There is a gr eat interest in obtaining epitaxial α″ nitride phase of iron because of their special ferromagnetic properties. α″ Fe 16 N 2 thin films have been prep ared by facing target sputtering (FTS) onto NaCl (001) substrates in a mixture of argon(Ar) and N 2 gases. The base pressure was 6×10 -5 Pa. During sput tering, the partial pressures of Ar and N 2 gases were kept constant at 0.3 Pa and 0.05 Pa respectively. The deposition rate was about 0.2 nm/s. The substrate temperature was held at about 100 ℃. Annealing of the films was sequentially ca rried out at 150 ℃ for 1 h in vacuum ( at least 10 -4 Pa ) to obtain α″ phase. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations and X ray diffract ion (XRD) patterns showed that the α″ Fe 16 N 2 epitaxially grew on the NaCl substrates. It was found that the arrangement of the SAD patterns exhibits perfect symmetries.By using super lattice reflections, the lattice constants a=b=(5.71±0.02)×10 -1 nm and c=(6.30±0.04) ×10 -1 nm of the α″ phase with a body centered tetragonal (BCT) structu re were determined, which was very close to the results obtained by Jack (a=b= 5.72×10 -1 nm, c= 6.29×10 -1 nm). The X ray diffraction patterns and the selected area diffraction patterns showed t hat α″ Fe 16 N 2 epitaxially grew on the NaCl (001) substrate with orien tation relationships α″ Fe 16 N 2 (001) ‖NaCl (001),α″ Fe 16 N 2 ‖NaCl .

ADAPTIVE KURTOSIS OPTIMIZATION AUTOFOCUS ALGORITHM

This paper proposes an autofocus algorithm used for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images, called Adaptive Kurtosis Optimization Autofocus Algorithm (AKOAA). The AKOAA can reduce the differ-ence between initial value and real value in focusing by adaptively adjusting the initial value, therefore effec-tively improve the local extremum problem in the Contrast Optimization Autofocus Algorithm (COAA) and speed up the convergence velocity. The principle and realization method of AKOAA are thoroughly investi-gated, and experimental results using real L-band SAR data show that the focus speed of AKOAA is nearly doubled compared with that of the COAA, and the image contrast of AKOAA is improved as well.

Fatigue life evaluation of girth butt weld within welded cast steel joints based on the extrapolation notch stress method

The fatigue life evaluation of the girth butt weld within the welded cast steel joint was studied based on the extrapolation notch stress method.Firstly,the mesh sensitivity of the finite element model of the welded cast steel joint was analyzed to determine the optimal mesh size.Based on the stress field analysis of the finite element model of the welded cast steel joint at the weld toe and weld root,the sharp model of the extrapolation notch stress method was applied to derive the effective notch stress of the rounded model belonging to the effective notch stress method,in which the key problem is to calculate the extrapolation point C,and the extrapolation point C has an exponential function relationship with the geometric parameters of the welded cast steel joint.By setting different values of geometric parameters,the corresponding value of parameter C is calculated,and then the functional relationship between the extrapolation point C and the geometric parameters can be obtained by the multiple linear regression analysis.Meanwhile,the fatigue life evaluation of the girth butt weld within welded cast steel joints based on the effective notch stress was performed according to the guideline recommended by the IIW(International Institute of Welding).The results indicate that the extrapolation notch stress method can effectively simplify the process of calculating the effective notch stress and accurately evaluate the fatigue life of the girth butt weld within welded cast steel joints.

Automatic detection of respiratory rate from electrocardiogram,respiration induced plethysmography and 3D acceleration signals

Respiratory monitoring is increasingly used in clinical and healthcare practices to diagnose chronic cardio-pulmonary functional diseases during various routine activities.Wearable medical devices have realized the possibilities of ubiquitous respiratory monitoring,however,relatively little attention is paid to accuracy and reliability.In previous study,a wearable respiration biofeedback system was designed.In this work,three kinds of signals were mixed to extract respiratory rate,i.e.,respiration inductive plethysmography(RIP),3D-acceleration and ECG.In-situ experiments with twelve subjects indicate that the method significantly improves the accuracy and reliability over a dynamic range of respiration rate.It is possible to derive respiration rate from three signals within mean absolute percentage error 4.37%of a reference gold standard.Similarly studies derive respiratory rate from single-lead ECG within mean absolute percentage error 17%of a reference gold standard.

Linear and Nonlinear Optical Absorptions of a Donor Impurity in Spherical Quantum Dots

An investigation of the optical properties of a hydrogenic donor in spherical parabolic quantum dots hasbeen performed by using the matrix diagonalization method.The optical absorption coefficient between the ground(L=0) and the first excited state (L=1) have been examined based on the computed energies and wave functions.The results are presented as a function of the incident photon energy for the different values of the confinement strength.These results show the effects of the quantum size and the impurity on the optical absorption coefficient of a donorimpurity quantum dot.

On the Group Based Cryptography

There are quite more applications of group theory. The recent application of group theory is public key （asymmetric） cryptography. All cryptographic algorithms have some weaknesses. To avoid its weakness, some special groups and methods can applied on. We will touch on group based public key cryptography and will give some suggestions in this area.

Online model identification of lithium-ion battery for electric vehicles

In order to characterize the voltage behavior of a lithium-ion battery for on-board electric vehicle battery management and control applications,a battery model with a moderate complexity was established.The battery open circuit voltage (OCV) as a function of state of charge (SOC) was depicted by the Nernst equation.An equivalent circuit network was adopted to describe the polarization effect of the lithium-ion battery.A linear identifiable formulation of the battery model was derived by discretizing the frequent-domain description of the battery model.The recursive least square algorithm with forgetting was applied to implement the on-line parameter calibration.The validation results show that the on-line calibrated model can accurately predict the dynamic voltage behavior of the lithium-ion battery.The maximum and mean relative errors are 1.666% and 0.01%,respectively,in a hybrid pulse test,while 1.933% and 0.062%,respectively,in a transient power test.The on-line parameter calibration method thereby can ensure that the model possesses an acceptable robustness to varied battery loading profiles.

Multi-objective optimization of p-xylene oxidation process using an improved self-adaptive differential evolution algorithm

The rise in the use of global polyester fiber contributed to strong demand of the Terephthalic acid （TPA）. The liquid-phase catalytic oxidation of p-xylene （PX） to TPA is regarded as a critical and efficient chemical process in industry [ 1 ]. PX oxidation reaction involves many complex side reactions, among which acetic acid combustion and PX combustion are the most important. As the target product of this oxidation process, the quality and yield of TPA are of great concern. However, the improvement of the qualified product yield can bring about the high energy consumption, which means that the economic objectives of this process cannot be achieved simulta- neously because the two objectives are in conflict with each other. In this paper, an improved self-adaptive multi-objective differential evolution algorithm was proposed to handle the multi-objective optimization prob- lems. The immune concept is introduced to the self-adaptive multi-objective differential evolution algorithm （SADE） to strengthen the local search ability and optimization accuracy. The proposed algorithm is successfully tested on several benchmark test problems, and the performance measures such as convergence and divergence metrics are calculated. Subsequently, the multi-objective optimization of an industrial PX oxidation process is carried out using the proposed immune self-adaptive multi-objective differential evolution algorithm （ISADE）. Optimization results indicate that application oflSADE can greatly improve the yield of TPA with low combustion loss without degenerating TA quality.

Time difference based measurement of ultrasonic cavitations in wastewater treatment

Intensity of cavitation is significant in ultrasonic wastewater treatment,but is complicated to measure.A time difference based method of ultrasonic cavitation measurement is proposed.The time differences at different powers of 495 kHz ultrasonic are measured in experiment in comparison with conductimetric method.Simulation results show that time difference and electrical conductivity are both approximately positive proportional to the ultrasonic power.The degradation of PNP solution verifies the availability in wastewater treatment by using ultrasonic.

Roll angle measurement with a large range based on the photoelectronic autocollimator

In this paper,we propose a roll angle measurement method with a large range based on the photoelectronic autocollimator.According to the corresponding relationship between the rotation position of the measured shaft and the spot position on the circular trajectory,the roll angle is calculated quickly and conveniently using a simple algorithm.Only a mirror,a coupler and a fine shaft are contained in the measurement system besides the photoelectronic autocollimator.Aiming at the terrible measurement error induced by the axis wobbly error,two measurement schemes are proposed,which are linking the fine precision shaft to the measured shaft for reducing the axis wobbly error and using the segment measurement to enlarge the radius of the circular trajectory.The experimental results show that the measurement error is decreased by ±0.38°.The roll angle error of the mechanism is ±0.14°,and the measurement precision is about ±2′.The proposed method can be widely used in the engineering fields.

Convergence of an adaptive mixed finite element method for convection-diffusion-reaction equations

We prove the convergence of an adaptive mixed finite element method(AMFEM) for(nonsymmetric) convection-diffusion-reaction equations. The convergence result holds for the cases where convection or reaction is not present in convection- or reaction-dominated problems. A novel technique of analysis is developed by using the superconvergence of the scalar displacement variable instead of the quasi-orthogonality for the stress and displacement variables, and without marking the oscillation dependent on discrete solutions and data. We show that AMFEM is a contraction of the error of the stress and displacement variables plus some quantity. Numerical experiments confirm the theoretical results.

Simple Closed-Loop Method to Compensate Interference Asymmetry in Time-Division Duplex MIMO-OFDM Systems

In wireless communications systems with time-division duplex (TDD) deployment, channel reciprocity and symmetric interference between transmitter and receiver sides are two widely-adopted assumptions for the design of optimal adaptation transmission mode. However, in practice, there is an undesirable but non-negligible effect, namely the asymmetric interference, that makes the assumptions no longer valid. In this paper, a simple closed-loop feedback method of compensating interference asymmetry in TDD multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system is proposed. The system makes the estimated interference at transmit-side be able to track the instantaneous receive-side interference dynamically. The proposed method maintains constant frame error rate (FER) by adopting adaptive modulation coding (AMC) and power loading. The final simulations have verified the effectiveness of the new method.

A Factor Decomposing Model of Water Use Efficiency at Sector Level and Its Application in Beijing

The paper explores the contribution of different factors affecting water use efficiency(WUE) of each sector and explores ways to improve WUE.A new Multi-Sector and Multi-Factors Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index(MLMDI) decomposition method was developed that enabled the identification of WUE by sector into 11 factors in terms of their order of importance.An application to Beijing at the 19 sector level was made for the period between 2002–2007.The water conservation effects of six measures proposed during the 12th-Five-Year-Plan of Beijing were assessed.It was found that,to decrease the transferred out and export of agriculture products and increasing water prices would be the top two most effective measures to promote water conservation.While the adjustment of direct water use structure would contribute in less significant way,the adjustment of industrial structure would have a negative effect.

SATI algorithm - the calculation of stress aligned HTI stiffness tensor for sandstone reservoir from wireline data

I present an algorithm that uses cross-dipole wireline data only in order to estimate the HTI stiffness tensor for sandstone formations under in-situ asymmetric lateral (azimuthal) stress conditions.The algorithm is based on the generalization of terms "excess compliance" and "fracture weakness" developed within the linear slip interface theory for fractured rocks and is applied here to describe the effect of grain contacts in loose sandstones.I introduce the term "plane of weakness" being oriented (aligned) orthogonal to theminimal horizontal principal stress direction in order to describe the overall effective weakness of sandstone caused by the different principal stresses.For the quantification of this phenomenon I use the anisotropic Gassmann model.As a result I am able to calculate a HTI stiffness tensor for the interval length of a saturated sandstone formation and the respective Thomsen's parameters.The input data required for these calculations have to be provided by wireline logging and will consist of porosity,density,P-wave velocity,fast and slow shear wave velocities and oil-water saturation ratio.The algorithm in its current form is applicable to sandstone reservoirs only.Its limitation is based on two assumptions,which state that all the measured anisotropy is induced by the present stress in sandstone and that the unstressed sandstone would be nearly isotropic.From a technical viewpoint this algorithm can be implemented fairly easily in data acquisition and interpretation software relying on correct estimation of anisotropy parameters.It is also cheap because it does not require any additional measurements apart from the cross-dipole logging.