《周礼正义》中的“散文”、“对文”研究

"散文"、"对文"为传统训诂学中的常见术语,它们主要是针对文献语言中同义词使用状况而言的。孙诒让《周礼正义》中广泛地运用此术语来研究同义词。我们描述了《周礼正义》中"散文"、"对文"所涉同义词的各种动态演变关系,并将其与之性质相似的"通言"、"析言"进行了比较,指出了二者之间的同与异。"散文"、"对文"为考查词类系统提供了参考,并启示我们,汉语词汇研究必须结合词语运用的具体语言环境,必须考虑汉民族文化的影响。

“互文”与“对文”在训诂学上的应用

"互文"与"对文"是古文中常见的两种语言形式。正因为"互文"与"对文"在古代书面语言中的大量存在,故而后人往往利用这一语言特征来解决阅读古书中的某些疑难问题。它被作为一种训诂方法提出来,主要是利用词、词组和句子的对应关系,来解决古书中的释义、校勘等方面的问题。据此,文章拟就"互文"与"对文"在训诂方面的运用问题,试作一些分析和探讨。

语文学习中“对文”知识的运用

"对文"属训诂学范畴,是古人"行文之法,立言之例"的一种,它是指在结构相同或相近,语义相关的对句或结构中,相对应的词语,在词义上往往具有相同或相近、相反或相对的关系.

“对文”:准确理解文言词语的抓手

“对文”是文言文表达中的一种特殊句法形式,在文言文阅读教学中,如果能抓住“对文”的句法及构词特点,就能帮助学生更好地学习文言知识。本文对教材中的“对文”现象进行了细致的梳理,并就其在教学中的运用价值进行了较为具体的研讨。在文言文教学中,教师如果能利用好这些语言表达特点,就能引导学生准确地理解文言词语。

论《论语》中的“殆”以及“对文见义”

《论语》中的四个“殆”字 ,都是“危险”“不安”的意义。王引之把其中的两个“殆”字解释为“疑惑” ,这是不妥的。“对文见义”不可滥用。如果应用它 。

郑玄《毛诗笺》基于对文语境的训释及其特色

《毛诗笺》在改易《毛传》时,对对文语境的不同理解是其中的影响因素之一。郑玄认定相对称的结构形式即为对文语境,其内部处在相同位置的语词在词性类别、语义特征方面应当保持高度一致。基于这一认识,郑玄对《毛传》相关训释中一些词性不一致的地方进行了调整,对于《毛传》所认定的类义关系也进行了进一步的细化处理。当《毛诗笺》与《毛传》就小序所代表的义理思想有不同理解时,郑玄则既照应经义思想,又遵循其自身对对文语境的理解,从而对相关语词进行成组的系统改易。从《诗经》本身的特点来看,郑玄基于对文语境所作出的一些训释未必可取,其屡用校勘改字的方式来贯彻自身训释理念的做法也多为人所诟病。这样一些训释虽然并非完全得当,但从训释生成的角度看,郑玄从中体现出的极为鲜明的训释理念是值得关注的。

Cross-cultural Communication： Culture Shock and How to Deal with It

Now the world has entered into an era of cross-cultural communication. Cultures influence and infiltrate one another. Willing or not, people must first encounter culture shock when they migrate from a familiar cultural background to a strange one. This thesis analyzes what causes culture shock and puts forward some suggestions to deal with it. Those who are about to go into a new culture environment may have some mental preparation.

Contrastive thematic analysis in research articles

Based on the theory of thematic complexity, a contrastive analysis on 2 sections selected from research articles-method and discussion, was conducted. The differences and similarities between the 2 sections in simple theme, multiple theme, textual theme, interpersonal theme, topical theme and thematic progression were analyzed and concluded. The author believes that the causes of the differences and similarities are the different genre features of the 2 sections and the academic features of the materials selected.

Application of cross-cultural cognitive pragmatic analysis to translation education

Translation is cross-cultural activity existing between two different language signs. In the process of translating, translators can not get out of the influence of cultural elements. From the angle of cross-cultural pragmatic contrasting, the author makes analysis of the problems of difference existing between the volume of information borne or transmitted between two different language signs in the process of translating under the influence of cultural elements, and points out that to study these problems, translators must consider a series of problems about cross-cultural cognitive context. This article also makes cross-cultural pragmatic contrastive analysis in world view difference, register difference, imaginative difference and metaphor difference. The author introduces the method of cross-cultural pragmatic contrastive analysis and suggests taking a series of measures to improve translation education.

Using LSA and text segmentation to improve automatic Chinese dialogue text summarization

Automatic Chinese text summarization for dialogue style is a relatively new research area. In this paper, Latent Semantic Analysis （LSA） is first used to extract semantic knowledge from a given document, all question paragraphs are identified, an automatic text segmentation approach analogous to Text＇filing is exploited to improve the precision of correlating question paragraphs and answer paragraphs, and finally some ＂important＂ sentences are extracted from the generic content and the question-answer pairs to generate a complete summary. Experimental results showed that our approach is highly efficient and improves significantly the coherence of the summary while not compromising informativeness.

A Research on Bilingual Dictionary Based Sentence Alignment for Chinese English Parallel Corpus

Parallel corpus is of great importance to machine translation, and automatic sentence alignment is the first step towards its processing. This paper puts forward a bilingual dictionary based sentence alignment method for Chinese English parallel corpus, which differs from previous length based algorithm in its knowledge-rich approach. Experimental result shows that this method produces over 93% accuracy with usual English-Chinese dictionaries whose translations cover 31 88%～47 90% of the corpus.

Non-traditional Dialogues between Thoughts

The article considers a new and non-traditional form of dialogue. Calling it a ＂spiritual dialogue＂ or the intersection of thoughts, the author comments on this type of dialogue as a basis for interreligious, intercultural and intercivilizational dialogues, seeing it as their main motive force. In this study, firstly, traditional and non-traditional dialogues are compared and indicate their specific features on the basis of the work of the Eastern and the West thinkers. Then, the nontraditional dialogue has been considered in the context of modern information chaos. The last section of the article is devoted to the analysis of the basic principles of non-traditional dialogue, emphasizing the role of language. The conclusion of the article once again highlights the importance of non-traditional dialogue that starts in the inner world of the human being, which gives him a possibility to observe an object from two viewpoints and merge and these different views in the mind.

Ethics Aware Object Oriented Smart City Architecture

A novel initiative in providing advanced civic amenities is the idea of smart city driven by the lnternet of Things. Owing to a lack of consensus regarding what constitutes a smart city, diverse smart city architectures have been proposed. However, it is observed that adequate consideration is not given to the most important element of a smart city i.e. its people. In our opinion, energy efficient technologically driven city does not necessarily lead to a smart city. Ethics, tradition and law form essential ingredients of complex social palette that cannot be ignored. In this work we propose Ethics-Aware Object-Oriented Smart City Architecture （EOSCA） that has two distinguishing features. Firstly, we propose an object oriented layered architecture where an object represents an abstraction of a real world thing along with requisite security and ethics parameters. Secondly, we propose to integrate socio-cultural and ethical aspects within the smart city architecture by dedicating a separate ethics layer. Such enhancement not only addresses the challenge of privacy and security of a smart city, but also makes it people friendly by incorporating ethics. Such measures would facilitate social acceptance of smart city paradigm and augment its economic value.

The Philosophy of a Dialogue and the Process of Understanding the Identities and Alterities

The main subject of the research is in close connection with the contemporary theories of subject and cultural identity. It represents the point of view of the problems of globalization and boundaries from the perspective of the present historical position. It interprets contemporary reflections of the cultural, especially literary boundaries. The research is also a kind of analyze which is in connection with the decentralization of the identity through the images of the others. The main subject of the interpretation is the problems of the others as a measure of our personality, our past, and our future. Who we were and who we are now？ In this research, narrativity is understood as a constitutive impulse of many different spheres such as narrative literature and film, and as an influential element of the religious and philosophical texts. The main goal of the study is to present the deployment of the senses that are conducted to our origin. It means investigation of our understanding of where we come from and how can we find ourselves in the contemporary culture, first of all, how can we constitute the identity if we use the meanings that come from the past and make our identification in the present.

The Effect of Three Culture Methods on Intensive Culture System of Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Different culture methods may affect the intensive culture system of Pacific white shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei) regarding water quality and growth and economic performance.This study evaluated the potential effects of three culture methods through cultivation of juvenile shrimps under consistent tank management conditions for 84 d.The three methods involved shrimp cultivation in different tanks,i.e.,outdoor tanks with cement bottom(mode-C),greenhouse tanks with cement bottom(mode-G) and outdoor tanks with mud-substrate(mode-M).Results showed that water temperature was significantly higher in mode-G than that in mode-C(P < 0.05).In contrast to the other two treatments,mode-M had stable pH after 50 d cultivation of shrimps.In the mid-late period,the average concentrations of TAN,NO2-N,DIP and COD were significantly lower in mode-M and mode-G compared with those in mode-C(P < 0.05).Despite lack of differences in the final shrimp weight among different treatments(P > 0.05),mode-M had significantly higher shrimp yield,survival rate and feed conversion rate(P < 0.05) than other modes.There were significant differences in revenue and net return among different treatments(P < 0.05).These demonstrated that the treatments of mode-G and mode-M were conductive to the intensive culture system of L.vannamei.

Investigation on the Rare and Endangered Plants in the Fenhe Source

Fouty-eight species of rare and endanged plants in the Fenhe Source,belong to 21 families 37 genera.There were 1specie of national second-class protected plant and 3 species of national third-class plants;4 species of first-class protected plants,6 species of second-class protected plants and 14 species of third-class protected plants in Shanxi Province.On the basis of analyzing the endanged reasons,related protection countemeasures were put forward in this article.

Three Hypotheses on the Performance of Plato＇s Dialogues

This article examines some ideas on reading Plato by three scholars, dating from different decades of the 20th century and setting off from various theoretical starting points, who explored an alternative possibility by suggesting theories that incorporate the element of＂dramatic＂ performance. According to Auguste Diès the written dialogue is a literary version of a dialectical duel actually held in the Academy between a distinguished visitor and a selected group of students. Through the so-called process of＂transposition＂, Plato transforms a real life event into an artful piece of literature recreating the original scene for educational purposes. Gilbert Ryle, on the other hand, held that the dialogues were primarily intended for dramatic recitation in public, with Plato himself delivering the words of Socrates. They were delivered orally to audiences, as a rule in the context of literary competitions, in which the other Socratics also took part. Finally, Holger Thesleff has once suggested that the （re）performance of the dialogues as an established activity in the Academy constitutes a necessary stage in the composition of new works and the revision of the old ones. In view of his conviction that Plato was the inventor of the dramatic philosophical dialogue he also seemed to have been the first one who explicitly, however cautiously, entertained the idea of theatrical presentation of Plato＇s dialogues-though he later changed his mind and fallen back to the theory of public reading.

Chin ese Local Operas Fascinate Parisians

The Second Chinese Theatre Festival took place in the winter of 2005 in Paris, France. The event, organized by China Cultural Center in Paris, has seen six local opera troupes from Hebei, Jiangsu, Jilin, Fujian and Guangdong provinces, showing to Parisians scores of traditional programs of Chinese operas. Chinese theatric art is not novel to French people. Over past decades in the history of modern China, Chinese opera masters, in particular, Peking opera singers, visited Paris many times and made traditional Chinese opera known to French people. For example, when visiting Paris half the century ago, master Cheng Yanqiu gave lectures on Peking opera, the first Chinese opera genre that was introduced to French people.

BAC end sequencing of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: a glimpse into the genome of Penaeid shrimp

Little is known about the genome of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). To address this, we conducted BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) end sequencing of L. vannamei. We selected and sequenced 7 812 BAC clones from the BAC library LvHE from the two ends of the inserts by Sanger sequencing. After trimming and quality filtering, 11 279 BAC end sequences (BESs) including 4 609 paired- ends BESs were obtained. The total length of the BESs was 4 340 753 bp, representing 0.18% of the L. vannamei haploid genome. The lengths of the BESs ranged from 100 bp to 660 bp with an average length of 385 bp. Analysis of the BESs indicated that the L. vannamei genome is AT-rich and that the primary repeats patterns were simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and low complexity sequences. Dinucleotide and hexanucleotide repeats were the most common SSR types in the BESs. The most abundant transposable element was gypsy, which may contribute to the generation of the large genome size of L. vannamei. We successfully annotated 4 519 BESs by BLAST searching, including genes involved in immunity and sex determination. Our results provide an important resource for functional gene studies, map construction and integration, and complete genome assembly for this species.