“小学生”一词贬义色彩演变分析

“小学生”一词原本的含义是指小学上学的孩子,但在近段时间出现了“小学生”不等于“小学学生”的现象,“小学生”一词逐渐具有了贬义色彩,主要表现在讽刺某一些人的想法、思维方式以及对待事物的认知和思考能力幼稚甚至低下。本文基于北京语言大学语料库中心,即BCC语料库,及其他网络平台的语料,梳理“小学生”一词的使用情况,从词义演变的角度分析其具有贬义色彩的生成路径,包括词语的重新分析、词义的引申和词性的转化;同时在语用学的视角下解释“小学生”一词色彩义转变的动因。The original meaning of the term “pupil” refers to children attending primary school, but in recent times, there has been a phenomenon that “pupil” is not equal to “primary school student”, and the word “pupil” has gradually taken on pejorative overtones, which is mainly manifested in the satire of some people’s ideas, ways of thinking, and naive or even low ability to perceive and think about things. Based on the corpus of BCC and other online platforms, this paper sorts out the use of the term “pupil”, and analyzes its depreciative generation path from the perspective of word meaning evolution, including word re-analysis, word meaning evolution and part-of-speech transformation. At the same time, from the perspective of pragmatics, the motivation for the change of color and meaning of the term “pupil” is explained.

浅论培养小学生自信心的途径及方法

怎样在小学阶段提升学生们的自信成为了教育工作的重点,要给小学生一些机会,让他们展现自己,要注重教师与学生之间的互动,看重“家＋ 校”合作,加强“联动”效果.

探究语文评价 促进能力发展——“小学生语文学习能力科学评价”课题实验总结

我校的“小学生语文学习能力科学评价”课题实验，自1998年秋开题以来，我们始终保持不少于15个实验班的规模，并相对平均分布于各个年段。实验班的教师都是由责任心较强，业务素质较好的老师来担任。在实验过程中，我们逐步健全了课题实验的组织机构，先后成立了领导组、顾问组。

构建“小学生·大课堂”社会实践模式的探索

素质教育是基于学生实际发展需要和社会长远发展需求，以全面提高全体学生的基本素质为根本宗旨，以尊重个性人格、开发智慧潜能、促进主动发展、培养态度能力为主要特征的教育。素质教育的有效实施依赖于学校、社会与家庭的配合推进。构建“小学生·大课堂”社会实践模式是探索学校、社会与家庭合作育人机制，切实推进素质教育，服务于小学生健康快乐成长的实践探索。

促进小学生阅读能力有效提升的策略研究

阅读是学生认识这个世界,感受语言的魅力,感悟文化的力量的一种必要的成长途径。注重培养小学生的阅读能力是开启学生认知世界的大门的有效方法。从当前小学生阅读现状来看,小学生的阅读存在着时间短,范围小,且没有养成良好阅读习惯等问题,制约了小学生的阅读能力的提升。为了促进小学生阅读能力有效提升,本文从几个方面阐述提升阅读能力的一些策略。

小学生良好语文习惯的养成策略——基于苏州高新区实验小学校小学生语文学习习惯现状的调查

小学生良好语文习惯的养成牵涉到很多因素，性别、学段、家庭状态、个人兴趣指向、教师的要求等均会对学生的自我学业判断和学科共性习惯有所影响。具体而言，要特别注意给学生自我成长的空间，努力凸显他们作为学习主体的自主选择权、主动探索权，解放学生的四肢和大脑，让学生自主感受汉语言文化的美好，激发强大的内驱力量养成良好的语文习惯。

Anemia in Rural China’s Elementary Schools: Prevalence and Correlates in Northwest Area

[Objective] The goal of this paper was to measure anemia prevalence and identify factors that correlate with anemia among school-aged children in rural areas, provide a scientific basis for effective prevention and treatment. [Method] The data set covered three provinces in northwest area. We detected hemoglobin of the sample pupils randomly chosen from the 3rd-6th grade of 305 rural elementary schools in 26 poor counties, and carried out questionnaires among them. [Result] 25.24% of the pupils had anemia, most of them were girl and the lower grade stu- dents. The multiple-regression revealed that the eating habits and family condition had certain impact on their anemia. [Conclusion] Anemia is still a serious problem of rural pupils. Improving diet conditions, providing balanced meals, enhancing the knowledge of the principals, teachers and parents about anemia and the importance of students＇ nutritional status and health contribute to the prevention and treatment of anemia of rural pupils.

Determination on Biological Characteristics of Nematode Rhabditis(Oscheius)sp.

[ Objective] The study was aimed to determine the biological characteristics of Rhabditis （Oscheius） sp. isolated from a rhizosphere soil of alfalfa field in Hailar City, Hulunbuir League, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. [ Method] The last instar larvae of Galleria mellonella and Tenebrio molitor were used as insect hosts. The infectivity of nematode was determined, and its heat tolerance ability was measured by using water bath method. [Result] The infectivity of the nematodes was lower at the dosages of 10, 20 and 40 IJs/larva, but higher at the dosages of 80,160, 32.0 and 640 IJs/larva. The corrected mortality （CM） of G. mellonella at 96 h and T. molitor at 120 h were both above 90%. The nematode infectivity was highest at the dosage of 80 IJs/larva when the hosts＇ CM reached 100% after 120 h. About 25% nematode individuals could survive in 36℃ water bath for 2 d in the densities of 1 000 -5 000 IJ/ml, after 6 d, there were still 3% -9% individuals survived, until 9 d the nematodes died totally. A hundred percent of the nematode individuals died in 38℃ and 40 ~C water bath after 6 h and 2 h, respectively. [Conclusion] Rhabditis （ O. ） sp. has a higher potential to cause the host mortality and represents heat tolerance up to 36℃.

Effects of fire disturbance on the forest structure and succession in the natural broad-leaved/Korean pine forest

Investigations on charcoal in the soil, fire-scarred trees, stand composition, forest structure as well as regeneration status were carried out in the natural broad-leaved/Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forest after fire disturbance at Liangshui Nature Reserve on the mid-north of Xiaoxingan Mountains from 1990 to 1992, and the ecological effects of fire disturbance on the formation and succession of this kind of forest were analyzed according to the survey results. The average depth of charcoal in the soil was related to the timing of the fire. According to the characteristic of fire-scarred trees, the dynamic map of the fire behavior was drawn onto the topographic map. It showed that the dimension and extent of the fire disturbance was closely related with site conditions. Fire disturbance only led to a significant difference in stand composition and diameter class structure for the stands at different locations, rather than completely destroying the forest. After fire disturbance, the horizontal community structure was a mosaic of different patches, which were made up of different deciduous species or different sizes of Korean pines, and the succession trend of each patch was also different. In the sites with the heavy fire disturbance, the intolerant hardwood species were dominant, and there were a large number of regenerative Korean pine saplings under the canopy. In the moderate -disturbed sites, the tolerant hardwood species were dominant, and a small number of large size Korean pines still survived. In the light-disturbed sites, large size Korean pines were dominant.

Research Progress of Bactrocera dorsalis and Its Species Complex

Research progress of B. dorsalis and its species complex in Taiwan region and abroad was summarized from the aspects of classification, origin, transmission, distribution, host, biological characteristics and adaptability to environmental conditions, in order to provide references and basis for researching B. dorsalis and its species complex in China.

Pollination Biology of Ficus hispida in the Tropical Rainforests of Xishuangbanna, China

Ficus hispida L. (Moraceae) is a remarkable species in the ecosystem of tropical rainforests in Xishuangbanna, China. The figs and fig_pollination wasps (Chalcidoidae: Agaonidae) are highly co_evolved mutualists that depend completely on each other for propagating descendants. Pollination of all fig species is done by fig wasps; their unique symbiotic associates, the fig wasps, cannot develop in anywhere except in the fig syconia. The present paper reports on the biology and flowering phenology of F. hispida , as well as the propagation character and pollination behavior of the fig wasps (Ceratosolen solmsi marchali Mayr) based on our observations in the rainforests of Xishuangbanna, southern Yunnan of China. F. hispida is a dioecious tree that annually blossoms and bears fruits 6-8 times, with four to five fruit_bearing peaks. The male trees produce pollen and provide fig wasps with reproductive havens, while the female trees produce fig seeds after pollination by the female wasps. Pollen of F. hispida cannot escape from the dehiscent anthers until they are disturbed by fig wasps. The female wasps open the anthers and collect pollen with their antennal scrapes, mandibles and legs, and then carry pollen to the female receptive syconia where fertilization takes place. Meanwhile, some of the female wasps lay eggs in the male receptive syconia. It takes about 3-67 min to search for the receptive syconia for pollination, and 15-23 h to enter the female receptive syconia. The number of female wasps entering a syconium has close relation with the impregnation and seed_bearing rate of female flowers, as well as the oviposition and reproduction rate of the fig wasps themselves. F. hispida is endowed with a relatively high level of seed bearing (54.1%-82.5%, average 73.8 %). The wasp oviposition rate on the male flowers is between 72.3% and 93.8% with a mean of 84.4%.

Observation of the Morphology during Development of Encyrtus sasakii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in the Body of its Host Scale Insect Eulecanium kuwanai

Observed and compared the morphological characters of various instars of Encyrtus sasakii Ishii parasitized in Eulecanium kuwanai Kanda. Microphotographs were taken of the bodies. Study shows that： Encyrtus sasakii Ishii reproduces annually and overwinters as pupa in their host. Besides the individual differences resulting from development, the 1st and 2nd instar larvae have long breath pedicles in the end of abdomen, and with the larva molting during development, the exuvia accumulate at the end of the body, form a hollow sac called caudal sac that cover the breath pedicle during 3rd and 4th instar larvae. The scutulis of females are yellow, and foreside of wings is light fumed with a dark blotch covered by dense black thick hairs. While the males are black brown, the wing is light in color without a dark blotch.

Biological Basis & Microclimate Effects of Intercropping in Jujube Field

Objective] This study aimed to explore the biological basis and microcli-mate effects in intercropping jujube orchard. [Method] From 2009 to 2011, jujube was intercroped with wheat, peanut, soybean, garlic, watermelon, vegetables etc. By fixed observation and simultaneous mobile observation, the field microclimate factors such as the air temperature, surface temperature, air relative humidity, wind speed, etc. were measured, with mono-crop farmland as the control. [Result] The competi-tion relationship existed between jujube trees and the intercropped plants for re-sources such as il umination, fertilizer, and water; however there were differences in phenological phases and the critical periods in needing for water, fertilizer and il u-mination between jujube and intercropped plants. Meanwhile, there was significant difference （P〈0.05） in the variation of agricultural microclimate environment in jujube field compared with that in control farmland. Compared with the control, the air tem-perature in intercropping jujube orchard was reduced by 0.2 to 0.7 ℃, the earth surface temperature reduction ranged from 2.1 to 2.5 ℃, the relative air humidity increased by 3.7% to 6.8% and the wind speed decreased by 0.2 to 0.4 m/s. [Conclusion] Al above results showed that intercropping in jujube orchard could be promoted in central China and northern China areas.

新时期人物通讯采写的三个关键性问题

随着新媒体的日益兴盛,众多读者获取信息的途径和日常关注点已不再是报纸杂志电视,而是转移到了微信微博等,就人物通讯而言,更加需要增强其吸引眼球的效果,不仅要第一时间把读者吸引过来,更重要的是要让读者欲罢不能,把篇幅相对较长的人物通讯读下去,读完后还能意犹未尽,掩卷沉思,收获良多。在采写人物通讯的过程中,只有把握好三个关键性问题,才能增强其感染力、吸引力和影响力。

Effects of Low Temperature on Freezing Injury of Various Winter Wheat Cultivars at Different Sowing Time

Freezing injury is one of the major disasters for the production of winter wheat in the North China Plain, which leads to a significant decrease of wheat yield. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of subfreezing temperature on freezing injury of various winter wheat cultivars at different sowing time. Three wheat cultivars, including Zhengmai 9023, Wanmai 48 and Wanmai 50, were sowed on 25 September and 5 October, respectively. Plant anatomy was applied to investi- gate the impact of subfreezing temperature on cells of three wheat cultivars, results showed that severe plasmolysis occurred in wheat sowed earlier suddenly encoun- tered subfreezing temperature without cold acclimation, compared with wheat sowed at proper sowing time. The degree of plasmolysis of different cultivars and tissues of wheat had significant differences and showed positive correlation with subfreezing temperature. Wanmai 50 had the highest cold resistance compared with Zhengmai 9023 and Wanmai 48, and there was no significant difference between Zhengmai 9023 and Wanmai 48. This study concluded that wheat cold resistance may be im- proved by adopting proper cultivars and sowing dates.

Study on the biological characteristics of Homalotglus flaminus

Homalotglus flaminus (Dalman) is an important natural enemy of the Chilocorus kuwanae. Its biological character-istic, life history, the action style on hosts were studied at Hongqi Forest Farm, Daqing City, Heilongjiang Province from June 1998 to October 2000, in order to control H. flaminus and raise the control ability of Chilocorus kuwanae to Quadraspidiotus gigas pest. The observed results indicated that H. flaminus has two generation one year in study area, the pupating span is 12.7 d, life span of females and males is 17.6 d and 10.8 d respectively, egg span is 10 d, and the sex ratio of females to males is 1:3.

Identification of a Novel snoRNA Gene in Arabidopsis thaliana L.

[ Objective] To identify a novel snoRNA gene in Arabidopsis thalianan. [ Method ] Genome sequence of Arabidopsis thalianan was screened by using bioinformatics methods, and the sequence structure, organization form and function of typical candidate gene were analyzed. [ Result] The identified snR95 box H/ACA snoRNA had conservative component and structural features of box C/D snoRNA family, possessed two more than 10 nt long rRNA antisense elements. The result revealed that the novel snoRNA is a partial counterpart of the rice Z270, named box C/D snoRNA -AthZ270. [ Conclusion ] Z270 snoRNA in Arabidopsis thalianan has different function with common snoRNA.

Impact of exergames on physical activity and motivation in elementary school students: A follow-up study

The present study was built upon a previous study on the new generation video game, exergame, in elementary school physical education （PE）. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of exergames on elementary children＇s in-class physical activity （PA） intensity levels and perceived situational interest over time. The results indicated that students＇ situational interest dropped dramatically over two semesters, but their PA intensity increased over time. The results showed that boys and girls were equally active in the exergaming lessons, but boys perceived their gaming experiences more enjoyable than girls did. The findings suggest that exergames may be a possible means to enhance PA in PE. However, whether exergaming is a sustainable way to motivate children in PA is questionable.

Biomechanical behavior study of dog‘s small intestines

The biomechanical behavior of dog's duodenum and jejunum were studied and a formulation of the stress strain relation is presented in this paper. The results obtained indicated that the exponential coefficient α and the incremental duodenum of the elastic modulus are both larger than those of the jejunum. It means that the duodenum is more deformable than the jejunum. The experimental results of this work provide basal data for kinematics study of a robotic endoscope.