可爱的“小白”

不久前，舅舅家来了一个“新成员”——一只白白的小狗，因为它的毛白白的，我们大家都管它叫“小白”。

“小黑”和“小白”

我爸爸是一家塑料加工厂的老板，工厂所在的位置有些偏僻，所以，仓库的东西经常丢失。爸爸就从老家抱来两只小狗看家护院。

“小白板”激活小班课堂

在介绍＂小白板＂的应用背景前提下,比较出其特色,介绍其展示形式,阐释其等记录、展示、启智功能意义,为在小班化教育理念下激活课堂探获新路。

“小白嘴”麻山药绿色高产栽培技术

山药作为我国常食用的蔬菜品种之一,具有较高的食用价值和药用价值,任丘地区利用当地独特的气候和土壤条件发展山药种植。通过选择适宜的轮作模式及配套绿色栽培技术生产的“小白嘴”麻山药市场前景好,产品畅销国内外。

Visualizing the distribution of mitochondrial molecular mRNAs of cerebellar Purkinje cells by RNAscope

Objective To investigate the distribution of mitochondria-associated molecule mRNA in cerebellar Purkinje cells.Methods Transgenic technology was used to prepare Pcp2-tdTomato mouse labeled Purkinje cells.The mRNAs of mitochondria-associated molecules Mfn2,Mfn1,Ucp4,Drp1,Ucp2,Mcu and Nclx were detected in situ by RNAscope technique.Results The results of this study showed that Mfn2,Mfn1,Ucp4 and Drp1 were highly expressed in Purkinje cell body(Bin 3>10%).However,Ucp2,Mcu and Nclx were less expressed.In addition,Mfn2,Mfn1,Ucp4,Drp1,Ucp2,Mcu and Nclx were less expressed in dendrites.Conclusion Current research focuses on developing new and more specific molecules to regulate the activity of Purkinje cells and opening therapeutic windows for Purkinje cells related diseases.The molecule identification of potential drug targets,mechanisms of action,and structural basis of their activity will crucially promote preclinical development.

The Relationship of Methyl Jasmonate Enhanced Powdery Mildew Resistance in Wheat and the Expressions of 9 Disease Resistance Related Genes

[Objective] This study was carried out to determine the induction effect of jasmonic acid（JA）on powdery mildew resistance in wheat,the activation effect on the expressions of plant disease resistance related genes,and to investigate the relationship between the induced resistance and the gene expression patterns.[Method] Three powdery mildew susceptible cultivars of ＂Chinese Spring＂,＂Pumai 9＂ and ＂Zhoumai 18＂ typically representing different phenotypes in the field were employed.The powdery mildew was assessed by detached leaf assay,and real time quantitative RT-PCR was used to determine the expression patterns of 9 disease resistance related genes of PR1（PR1.1）,PR2（β,1-3 glucanase）,PR3（chitinase）,PR4（wheatwin1）,PR5（thaumatin-like protein）,PR9（TaPERO,peroxidase）,PR10,TaGLP2a（germin-like）and Ta-JA2（jasmonate-induced protein）in leaf of the three cultivars.[Result] MeJA application enhanced the powdery mildew resistances of ＂Chinese Spring＂,＂Pumai 9＂ and ＂Zhoumai 18＂.The induced powdery mildew resistance could be detected from 12 h to 96 h after MeJA treatment,and the peak value was at 24 h.Though there were differences between the three cultivars,MeJA significantly effect on the expressions of the 8 disease resistance related genes except TaGLP2a,and the peak values were at 12 h,24 h or 48 h after treatments.The strongest activation of MeJA was on PR9 and PR1 that their expressions could reach more than 100 times of the untreated samples.MeJA strongly activated PR2、PR4、PR5、PR3、PR10 and Ta-JA2,their expression could reach 10 to 70 times,and there was almost no activation effect on TaGLP2a.The induced powdery mildew resistance positively correlated with the induced expressions of the 8 disease related genes.[Conclusion] The induced powdery mildew resistance positively correlated with the induced expressions of the disease related genes.Jasmonate signalling plays a role in defence against Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici.and future manipulation of this pathway may improve powdery mildew resistance in wheat.

Research Progress of Heat-tolerance of Brassica campestris ssp. Chinensis

Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis, also known as non-heading Chinese cabbage, is an important vegetable widely distributed in southern China. High temperature is the most common adversity factor in vegetable production, because Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis is a thermophilic vegetable, which can＇t well grow at high temperature. In summer and autumn, high temperature stress would prevent Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis from growing and result in poor quality of its seedlings, seriously influencing yield and quality of the vegetable in later period. In this paper, present situation and latest advances in heat resistance research of Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis in recent years were reviewed at home and abroad. The research tendency in Bassica campestris ssp. chinensis was also described, providing reference for breeding of heat-resistant Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis.

Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase Gene from Triticum aestivum

To isolate genes related to resistance to Erysiphe graminis DC. ex Merat f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), differential display analysis was conducted for mRNA extracted from the seedlings of the wheat-Haynaldia villosa 6VS/6AL translocation line 92RI37 that contains the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm21. A full-length cDNA named TaPK1 was isolated. BLAST analysis revealed that it was significantly homologous to Glycine max (L.) Merr. protein kinase (GmPK6) cDNA. TaPK1 encodes a 416 amino acid long polypeptide, which belongs to serine/threonine protein kinase family, also has tyrosine kinase specificity. TaPK1 is a novel protein kinase from wheat.

Heat Shock Proteins Inducement in Wheat Seedling

High temperature is an important limiting factor to the improvement of wheat yield. When suffered hot stress,wheat will produce a series of heat shock proteins to adapt this adversity. In different upgrowth phases,or different heat-resistant crop varieties,the heat shock protein exist differences. Therefore,study on differences of heat shock protein has significant theoretical and practical meaning for researching heat resistance of wheat. By using SDS-PAGE method,the inducing conditions and manifestation of heat shock protein were studied,which provided theoretical basis for yield increasing of wheat.

Cloning, Characterization and Chromosome Localization of Two Powdery Mildew Resistance-Related Gene Sequences from Wheat

Reverse_transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT_PCR) was performed using cDNAs as templates from wheat_ Haynaldia villosa 6VS/6AL translocation line and 'Yangmai 5' induced with fungus Erysiphe graminis , and degenerate primers designed based on the conserved amino acid sequences of known plant disease_resistance genes. The cDNA sequences encoding cyclophilin_like and H +_ATPase_like genes were first isolated and characterized in wheat. The putative amino acid sequences of the two clones showed that they were highly homologous to those of cyclophilin proteins and H +_ATPases isolated from other plants. Thus they were designated as Ta_Cyp and Ta_MAH . The obvious expression differences could be observed between wheat_ H. villosa 6VS/6AL translocation line and susceptible wheat cultivar 'Yangmai 5', implying that the two genes may be related with the resistance of wheat_ H. villosa 6VS/6AL translocation line to disease. Southern blot indicated that the wheat genome contained 2-3 copies of Ta_Cyp gene and one copy of the Ta_MAH gene. Chinese Spring nulli_tetrasomic line analysis located the Ta_Cyp homologous genes on wheat chromosome 6A, 6B and 6D. Southern blot using Ta_Cyp clone as a probe showed that the polymorphic bands existed among the H. villosa , amphiploid of Triticum durum _ H. villosa , wheat_ H. villosa 6VS/6AL translocation line and 'Yangmai 5', suggesting that Ta_Cyp homologies exist in wheat genome as well as on the short arm of chromosome 6V in H. villosa .

Expression changes of microtubule associated protein 1B in the brain of Fmr1 knockout mice

Objective To explore the regulatory effect of fragile X mental retardation protein （FMRP） on the translation of microtubule associated protein 1B （MAP1B）. Methods The expressions of MAP1B protein and MAP1B mRNA in the brains of 1-week and 6-week old fragile X mental retardation-1 （FmrI） knockout （KO） mice were investigated by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and in situ hybridization, with the age-matched wild type mice （WT） as controls. Results The mean optical density （MOD） of MAP1B was significantly decreased in each brain region in KO6W compared with WT6W, whereas in KO1W, this decrease was only found in the hippocampus and cerebellum. MAP1B in 6-week mice was much less than that in 1-week mice of the same genotype. The results of Western blot and in situ hybridization showed that MAP1B protein and MAP1B mRNA were significantly decreased in the hippocampus of both KO1W and KO6W. Conclusion The decreased MAP1B protein and MAP1B mRNA in the Fmrl knockout mice indicate that FMRP may positively regulate the expression of MAP1B.

Reproduction and biological characteristic of Chouioia cunea

Chouioia cunea Yang is a natural enemy for many kinds of crop and forest pests, particularly for Hyphantria cunea Drary, which is an international quarantine pest. The experiment of rearing Chouioia cunea with Tussah (Silkworm) pupa were carried out by 搕hree-cut method?and inoculating method. The results showed that three-cut method is effective way for breed-ing Chouioia cunea, with a parasitical rate of 95%. The biological characteristics and the life cycle of Chouioia cunea were ob-served and described and more hosts of Chouioia cunea were found. 揟hree-cut method?as a new technique of rearing Chouioia cunea has been put into practice.

Embryogenesis and Development of Isolated Microspore in Chinese Cabbage

[Objective] The aim was to observe embryogenesis and development of isolated microspores in Chinese cabbage. [Method] Chinese cabbage F 1 hybrids were used as the experimental materials, and optical microspore was employed to observe the embryogenesis and development of isolated microspores. [Result] Cells swelled after heat shock treatment, which was the critical factor of embryoid induction. Three pathways equal division, unequal division and germination of microspores were discovered to lead to the embryogenesis from isolated microspores after swelling. Microspore could grow directly to embryoid through germination path way. Equally divided microspores formed the original embryos after successive multiple equal divisions. Original embryos could develop into cotyledon-shaped embryos via globular, heart-shaped and torpedo-shaped embryos. The large one of the two cells from unequally divided microspores continued to divide and finally formed a polar embryoid. [Conclusion] The study will provide cytological basis for high induction frequency and embryoid of Chinese cabbage.

Relationship between the Hypersensitive Response of Wheat to Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici and Hydrogen Peroxide,Three Enzyme Activities Changes

[Objective] The research aimed to study the relationship between the hypersensitive response of wheat to Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici and hydrogen peroxide,3 enzyme activities changes and lay the foundation for discussing the resistant physiological mechanism of wheat to B.graminis.[Method] Taking B.graminis Bgt 17 and Bgt 6 and wheat cultivar Yang 158 as test materials,the number of hypersensitive cells and activities of POD,PPO and SOD in wheat leaves treated by H2O2 were determined.[Result] The mastoid...

Cloning and Characterization of the Na^+/H^+ Antiport Genes from Triticum aestivum

The Na+/H+ antiport genes namedTaNHX1andTaNHX2were cloned by screening a salt_stressed wheat cDNA library using rice Na+/H+ antiport cDNA fragment as the probe. Sequencing analysis showed thatTaNHX1was 2 029 bp in length and contained a complete ORF of 1 638 bp. TheTaNHX1encodes a polypeptide of 546 amino acids with a transmembrane domain DIFFIYLLPPI.TaNHX2was 1 693 bp in length consisting of a partial ORF followed by a 3′_UTR of 808 bp. The amino acid sequence of these two genes were about 70% identical to the known NHX genes from rice, Arabidopsis and Atriplex. A RT_PCR assay showed that the level ofTaNHX1transcripts was increased and reached a steady higher level in the seedlings after 3 h treatment with 400 mmol/L NaCl.

Composition Analysis of HMW-GS in Australian Wheat Cultivars

[Objective] The aim was to provide information for the breeding of wheat in China.[Method] 64 wheat cultivars from Australia were analyzed by SDS-PAGE to determine their high molecular weight（HMW） glutenin subunit combinations.Then,the cultivars had good HMW-GS were screened.[Result] A total of nine alleles were identified at Glu-1.Glu-A1 encoded two subunits,1 and null subunit,and 1 was the major type,the frequency was 59.37%;Glu-B1 encoded five subunits,7,7＋8,7＋9,14＋15,17＋18,and 7＋8 was the major type,the frequency was 56.2%;Glu-D1 encoded two subunits,2＋12,5＋10,and 2＋12 was the major type,the frequency was 70.3%.Furthermore,12 subunit combinations were detected,and the composition of ＂1,2＋12,7＋8＂ was the major type.The quality scores of these cultivars ranged from 4 to 10,with an average of 7.4.[Conclusion] The quality of these varieties was good.

Variations in Phytic Acid Content and Their Relationship with Protein Content and Kernel Morphological Characters of Chinese Winter Wheat Cultivars

[Objective] The aim of this study was to determine the variation of phytic acid content （PAC） and its frequency distribution, as well as the relationship between PAC and protein content, kernel characteristics in 161 Chinese winter wheat cultivars from four regions. [Method] One hundred and sixty-one winter wheat varieties from China Wheat Zones I, II, III and IV （Table 1） were grown in a randomized block de- sign, in the 2009-2011 cropping season; and then the indexes for describing the grain morphological characteristics such as the thousand kernel weight （TKW）, kernel length （KL）, kernel width （KW） and kernel thickness （KT） were measured; the phytic acid content （PAC）, protein content and sedimentation value were also determined; finally, the relationship between PAC and protein content, kernel characteristics were analyzed. [Result] The PAC in the cultivars tested ranged from 0.92% to 1.95% with a mean value of 1.41%. Protein content ranged from 12.60% to 19.20%, with a mean of 15.24%. Most （53.4%） of the wheat genotypes had a PAC value in the range of 1.25% to 1.55%. No significant correlation was found between PAC and protein content, sedimentation value, while protein content and SDS sedimentation value was significant correlated, which suggested the possibility of breeding wheat cultivars that have a low PAC but a high protein content and good gluten quality. There was a high correlation between TKW and KW （,.=0.79）, KL （r=0.50） and KT （r=0.64）. PAC was found having no significant correlation with TKW, KW, KL and KT. [Conclusion] The result suggests the possibility of breeding wheat cultivars that have a low PAC but high kernel weight.

Molecular Detection of Resistance Genes to Stripe Rust and Powdery Mildew in Common Wheat Cultivar Yunmai52

Yunmai52, developed by crossing with common wheat-Haynaldia villosa6AL/6VS translocation line 92R149 as a resistant parent in 1992, was a common wheat cultivar approved and released in 2007 in Yunnan Province, China, which is characterized by high resistance to powdery mildew and stripe rust. In this study,an F_2 population derived from a cross K78S/Yunmai52 was constructed to investigate the resistance genes, where K78 S is a wheat male sterile line susceptible to powdery mildew and stripe rust. Phenotypic identification of the parents, F_1 and F_2 populations and chi-square analyses showed that F_1 population was immune to stripe rust and powdery mildew; the segregation ratio of resistance and susceptibility to powdery mildew（χ~2=1.10χ~2_（1,0.05）=3.84） and stripe rust（χ~2=0.15χ~2_（1,0.05）=3.84） fit to a 3：1 ratio in F_2 population, indicating that Yunmai52 harbors a dominant stripe rust resistance gene and a dominant powdery mildew resistance gene. The individuals were further detected with a marker co-segregated with Pm21（SCAR_（1400）） and two markers closely linked with Yr26（XWe173 and Xbarc181）. The results showed that polymorphic bands could be amplified between the parents and between resistance and susceptibility gene pools at the same locus. Randomly 96 individuals of F_2 population were selected for verification. The results showed that the phenotype was significantly correlated with the genotype. The detection accuracy of markers SCAR_（1400）, XWe173 and Xbarc181 was 100%, 97.91% and 92.70%, respectively.Yunmai52 harbored powdery mildew resistance gene Pm21 and stripe rust resistance gene Yr26, which were both derived from 6AL/6VS translocation line 92R149.In addition, the results also demonstrate that Pm21 and Yr26 are two genes conferring durable resistance to powdery mildew and stripe rust in wheat.

Molecular Cloning the Gene of Small Heat Shock Protein in the Mitochondria and Endoplasmic Reticulum of Tomato

A cDNA Library was constructed with the heat shocked tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) flowers and then was screened with the probes of mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum conservative regions that were cloned by using RT-PCR. The complete cDNAs of mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum small heat shock protein ( shsp) were selected out from the cDNA library. Furthermore, the temperature responses of these shsp genes were determined. Northern hybridization showed that the heat response temperatures of both genes in tomato flower were lower than that in leaf and that mitochondria shsp in leaf was cold-inducible. In this paper, the molecular features of the cloned genes, the causes of the uncommon heat response temperatures of sHSP in newer and the cold inducible character of mitochondria shsp gene in leaf were discussed.