女性主义的谋杀——分析《秀拉》中的“小鸡”死亡事件

托尼.莫里森是美国当代著名的黑人女作家。黑人女性一直是其作品关注的焦点。小说《秀拉》展示了黑人女性寻找独立自我的过程,往往被看作女性主义文学的经典文本。通过对小说中"小鸡"死亡事件的分析,揭示"游戏——偶然死亡——葬礼"这一表层结构背后所隐藏的"结拜——蓄意谋杀——庆典"的象征结构,从而昭示小说的女性主义意义。

Interspecific Transition Among Caragana microphylla, C. davazamcii and C. korshinskii Along Geographic Gradient. Ⅱ. Characteristics of Photosynthesis and Water Metabolism

The characteristics of photosynthesis and water metabolism of Caragana microphylla Lam.,C. davazamcii Sancz. and C. korshinskii Kom. populations in different sites (117.6o-105.7o E, 44.6o-38.8o N)were studied. (1) From the east to the west, the responses of the three species to photosyntheticallyavailable radiation (PAR) in net photosynthesis rate increased, the relative humidity of the air whichcorresponded to the occurrence of maximum photosynthesis rate decreased, and the corresponding airtemperature increased. Along the same gradient, the before-noon superiority of the photosynthesis be-came evident, and the photosynthesis rate and the light use efficiency (LUE ) increased, while the transp-iration rate decreased, thus the water use efficiency (WUE ) increased notably, and the leaf water contentdecreased gradually. From the east to the west, the plants took a water-saving strategy step by step withhigher photosynthesis rate and lower transpiration rate. These physiological changes in the plants wereadaptable to the conditions of light, temperature and humidity in the habitat of the plants, and might be thebiological foundation for the geographical transition among C. microphylla , C. davazamcii and C. korshinskii.(2) The adaptation of photosynthetic system of C. microphylla , C. davazamcii and C. korshinskii to PAR, airhumidity and temperature exhibited the interspecific continuity, which was consistent with theenvironmental gradient. In different species and different sites, the diurnal changes of net photosynthesisrate, the daily cumulative value of net photosynthesis, the diurnal changes of transpiration rate, the dailycumulative value of transpiration, the water use efficiency and the diurnal changes of leaf water contentvaried with longitudinal descent (from the east to the west). The characteristics of photosynthesis andwater metabolism indicated that the geographical transition among C. microphylla , C. davazamcii and C.korshinskii was in gradual change, and these three species formed a geographical cline.

Interspecific Transition Among Caragana microphylla, C. davazamcii and C. korshinskii Along Geographic Gradient. Ⅰ. Ecological and RAPD Evidence

The former plant population survey has shown that three genetically-related species, Caraganamicrophylla Lam., C. davazamcii Sancz. and C. korshinskii Kom., form a geographical replacement series inNei Mongol Plateau. The present study on population distribution, taxonomy, morphology, development andgenetic structure demonstrated that the geographical distribution of these three species was successiveand in gradual change, thus forming a geographical cline which extended from the east to the west of NeiMongol Plateau. With an analysis of climate change over time, it was considered that the formation of thisgeographical cline was a result of plant adaptation to its natural environment.

Effects of Different Concentrations of Homologous Probiotics on Small Intestinal Mucosa Structure of 42-day-old Broilers

In the study, the methods of applied histology and histochemistry were used to determine intestinal villus length, crypt depth, the ratio of intestinal villus length to crypt depth, mucous membrane thickness and intestinal wall thickness of duodenum, jejunum and ileum of 42-day-old broilers, so as to study the effects of different conncentrations of homologous probiottcs on small intestinal mucosa struc- ture of the broilers. The results showed that the effect of 0.3% probiotics on small intestine mucosal structures was the best, such as the length of intestinal villus was the longest, the ratio of villus length to crypt depth was the largest, the thins of mucous membrane and intestinal wall was the thickest. These showed that 0,3% probiotics had best effect on improving and enhancing the digestion-absorption func- tion of the small intestine of the broilers.

在特殊学生教学中体现以人为本

教学背景与教学目标二期课改强调“以学生为本,以学生发展为本”。在一般的学校、一般的孩子身上,我们要运用多种方式来贯彻这一思想并不算特别难。可是,当我们面对的是特殊教育学校的一群口齿不清、语无伦次的弱智学生时,我们怎样才能做到以学生为本。

Immunogenicity of formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine inactivated infectious bursal disease virus in broiler chicks

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was inactivated by two different chemicals—formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine (BEI). Formaldehyde was used at 0.1% and 0.2%, while BEI was used at concentrations of 0.001 and 0.002 mol/L. These four vaccines were tested for their efficiency in generating humoral immune response in different groups of broiler chicks. Both BEI-inactivated vaccines gave relatively higher antibody titers and were almost twice as efficient as formaldehyde-inactivated ones.

Inpatient capsule endoscopy leads to frequent incomplete small bowel examinations

AIM： To examine the predictive factors of capsule en- doscopy （CE） completion rate （CECR） including the ef- fect of inpatient and outpatient status.METHODS： We identified 355 consecutive patients who completed CE at Rush University Medical Center between March 2003 and October 2005. Subjects for CE had either nothing by mouth or clear liquids for the afternoon and evening of the day before the pro- cedure. CE exams were reviewed by two physicians who were unaware of the study hypotheses. After retrospective analysis, 21 cases were excluded due to capsule malfunction, prior gastric surgery, endoscopic capsule placement or insufficient data. Of the remain- ing 334 exams [264 out-patient （OP）, 70 in-patient （IP）], CE indications, findings, location of the patients [IP vs OP and intensive care unit （ICU） vs general medical floor （GMF）] and gastrointestinal transit times were analyzed. Statistical analysis was completed us- ing SPSS version 17 （Chicago, IL）. Chi-square, t test or fisher exact-tests were used as appropriate. Multivari- ate logistic regression analysis was used to identify variables associated with incomplete CE exams. RESULTS： The mean age for the entire study popula- tion was 54.7 years. Sixty-one percent of the study population was female, and gender was not different between IPs vs OPs （P = 0.07）. The overall incomplete CECR was 14% in our study. Overt obscure gastroin- testinal bleeding （OGB） was significantly more com- mon for the IP CE （P = 0.0001）, while abdominal pain and assessment of IBD were more frequent indications for the OP CE exams （P = 0.002 and P = 0.01, respec- tively）. Occult OGB was the most common indication and arteriovenous malformations were the most com- mon finding both in the IPs and OPs. The capsule did not enter the small bowel （SB） in 6/70 IPs and 8/264 OPs （P = 0.04）. The capsule never reached the cecum in 31.4% （22/70） of IP vs 9.5% （25/ 264） of OP ex- aminations （P 〈 0.001）. The mean gastric transit time （GTT） was delayed in IPs compared to OPs, 98.5 ± 139.5 min vs 60.4 ± 92.6 min （P = 0.008）. Minimal SB transit time was significantly prolonged in the IP com- pared to the OP setting [IP = 275.1±111.6 min vs OP = 244.0 ± 104.3 min （P = 0.037）]. CECR was also sig- nificantly higher in the subgroup of patients with OGB who had OP vs IP exams （95% vs 80% respectively, P = 0.001）. The proportion of patients with incomplete exams was higher in the ICU （n = 7/13, 54%） as com- pared to the GMF （n = 15/57, 26%） （P = 0.05）. There was only a single permanent SB retention case which was secondary to a previously unknown SB stricture, and the remaining incomplete SB exams were due to slow transit. Medications which affect gastrointesti- nal system motility were tested both individually and also in aggregate in univariate analysis in hospitalized patients （ICU and GMF） and were not predictive of incomplete capsule passage （P 〉 0.05）. Patient loca- tion （IP vs OP） and GTT were independent predictors of incomplete CE exams （P 〈 0.001 and P = 0.008, respectively）. CONCLUSION： Incomplete CE is a multifactorial prob- lem. Patient location and related factors such as sever- ity of illness and sedentary status may contribute to incomplete exams.

Common misconceptions about 5-aminosalicylates and thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease

Misconceptions are common in the care of patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).In this paper,we state the most commonly found misconceptions in clinical practice and deal with the use of 5-aminosalicylates and thiopurines,to review the related scientificevidence,and make appropriate recommendations.Prevention of errors needs knowledge to avoid making such errors through ignorance.However,the amount of knowledge is increasing so quickly that one new danger is an overabundance of information.IBD is a model of a very complex disease and our goal with this review is to summarize the key evidence for the most common daily clinical problems.With regard to the use of 5-aminosalicylates,the best practice may to be consider abandoning the use of these drugs in patients withsmall bowel Crohn's disease.The combined approach with oral plus topical 5-aminosalicylates should be the first-line therapy in patients with active ulcerative colitis;once-daily treatment should be offered as a first choice regimen due to its better compliance and higher efficacy.With regard to thiopurines,they seem to be as effective in ulcerative colitis as in Crohn's disease.Underdosing of thiopurines is a form of undertreatment.Thiopurines should probably be continued indefinitely because their withdrawal is associated with a high risk of relapse.Mercaptopurine is a safe alternative in patients with digestive intolerance or hepatotoxicity due to azathioprine.Finally,thiopurine methyltransferase(TPMT)screening cannot substitute for regular monitoring because the majority of cases of myelotoxicity are not TPMT-related.

The Extremal Problem on Cartan-egg Domain of the First Type

In this paper,we study the extremal problem on Cartan-egg domain of the first type by using some inequalities.The extremal mapping and extremal value between the first type of Cartan-egg domain and the unit ball when k≤1 and k=2,m=2 are constructed.

Effect of Supplementation of Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Diets on Growth Performance and Total Lactic Bacteria iin Small Intestine of Broiler

The effect of supplementation of conjugated linoleic acid （CLA） in diets on growth performance and total lactic bacteria （LAB） in small intestine of broiler. One hundred sixty eight broilers （Arbor Acres; 1 wk old） were randomly assigned to 8 groups. Each group （male 21 and female 21 broiler chickens） was further randomly divided into 3 replicates of 7 chickens were assigned to 4 dietary treatments （0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% CLA）. Feed consumption and BW were recorded at every 7-day period. On day 56, and each week were collected at ileal content in small intestine for the total count of lactic acid bacteria （LAB）. There were highly significant differences in body weight gain, average dairy feed intake, average dairy gain and feed conversion ratio among the treatments （P 〈 0.01）. Moreover, our results revealed that the highest detection trend from the ileal occurred during the period in the supplementation of CLA.

Potassium Concentration by Natural ^40K-^40Ar Y Rays Detection in Four Basic Diet Products （Milk, Eggs, Wheat and Corn）

The purpose of this paper is double： first to measure the natural radioactivity in any food by detecting the omnipresent radiation of ^40K, and then to use this date to obtain the concentration of the important mineral nutrient K, by dividing the specific activity of the sample （Bq/g） by the specific activity of elementary K （31.19 Bq/g）. The method implies the γ rays detection emitted by natural ^40K-^40Ar present in foodstuff, by using a 3 × 3＂ low background NaI （TI） scintillation detector coupled to a PC charged with the Maestro Program. When this detection system is calibrated in order to determine its efficiency for 1461 KeV γrays emitted during ^40K-^40Ar decaying, it is possible to measure easily and with enough precision the specific activity due to natural ^40K present in any foodstuff. Once this figure is divided by the constant value of ^40K specific activity of elementary K, the concentration of this element in the foodstuff sample is established. This paper describes the procedure and shows the results obtained with four basic diet products： milk （powdered, light and cream）, eggs （yellow and white）, wheat （whole and refined flour） and corn （whole and cornstarch flour）. The possible application of this study seems to be to establish the necessary threshold to evaluate the importance of any possible radioactive contamination, as well as to measure the concentration of the mineral nutrient K in foodstuff, by means of an easy, practicable method. Also, it might be useful as an experiment for teaching purposes.

The structure of the nucleosome core particle of chromatin in chicken erythrocytes visualized by using atomicforce microscopy

The structure of the nuclosome core particle of chromatin in chicken erythrocytes has been examined by usingAFM. The 146 hp of DNA wrapped twice around the corehistone octamer are clearly visualized. Both the ends ofentry/exit of linker DNA are also demonstrated. The dimension of the nucleosome core particles is- 1-4 um inheight and ～13-22 um in width. In addition, superbeads(width of - 48-57 urn, beight of-2-3 nm) are occasionallyrevealed, two turns of DNA around the core particles arealso detected.

Sexual size dimorphism and female reproduction in the white-striped grass lizard Takydromus wolteri

Sexual size dimorphism （SSD） has long attracted the attention of biologists, and life-history variation is thought to play an important role in the evolution of SSD. Here we quantified SSD and female reproductive traits to identify potential asso- ciations between SSD and female reproduction in the white-striped grass lizard Takydromus wolteri. In a population from Chuzhou, China, the largest male and female were 53.0 mm and 57.5 mm in snout-vent length （SVL）, respectively. Females were larger in SVL and abdomen length, whereas males were larger in head size and tail length. Females produced up to five clutches of eggs during the breeding season, with large females producing more clutches and more eggs per clutch than small ones. As a result, large females had a higher annual fecundity and reproductive output. Egg size was positively correlated with matemal SVL in the first clutch, but not in subsequent clutches. These results suggest that T. wolteri is a species with female-biased SSD, and that fectmdity selection, in which large females have higher fecundity due to their higher capacity for laying eggs, is likely correlated with the evolution of SSD in this species

Tail loss affects fecundity but not offspring traits in the Chinese skink Eumeces chinensis

We used the Chinese skink Eumeces chinensis as a model animal to study the effects of tail loss on reproductive in- vestment and offspring traits. A total of 147 wild-captured adult females were divided into four groups according to their tail con- ditions. Tail breaks occurred most frequently in the proximal portion of the tail and least frequently in the distal portion, with the middle portion in between. This finding suggests that tail breaks occurring in nature often entails substantial energetic costs in E. chinensis where the tail is a major site of energy storage. The proportion of females that laid eggs was higher in females with in- tact or completely regenerated tails than in those with broken tails. Following whole-tail autotomy, the clutch size was reduced by 17%, and the clutch mass was reduced by 14%. Females undergoing substantial tail autotomy reduced reproductive investment, and they did so by reducing the number but not the size of eggs produced. None of the egg and hatchling traits was affected by tail loss. Comparing our data with those reported for other oviparous and viviparous skinks allows us to draw two general conclu- sions： one is that fecundity （clutch or litter size） is affected by tail loss in all species so far studied, whereas offspring size is af- fected by tail loss in some species, but not in others; the other is that the reduction in fecundity following tail loss is more evident in species lacking abdominal fat bodies

Reproductive traits of the gray ratsnake Ptyas korros from three geographically distinct populations

Abstract We collected gravid gray rat snakes Ptyas korros from three geographically distinct populations in China, Chenzhou （CZ）, Jiangshan （JS） and Dinghai （DH）, to study geographical variation in female reproductive traits. Egg-laying dates differed among the three populations such that at the most northern latitude egg-laying was latest, and earliest at the most southern latitutde. Clutch size, clutch mass, egg mass, egg shape, within clutch variability in egg sizes and relative clutch mass differed among the three populations, whereas post-oviposition body mass did not. Except for egg-laying date, none of the traits examined varied in a geographically continuous trend. CZ and DH females, although separated by a distance of approximately 1100 km as the crow flies, were similar in nearly all traits examined. JS females were distinguished from CZ and DH females by their higher fecundity （clutch size）, greater reproductive output （clutch mass） and more rounded eggs. Our data do not validate the prediction that larger offspring should be produced in colder localities. The absence of an egg size-number trade-off in each of the three populations presumably suggests that P. korros is among species where eggs are well optimized for size within a population.

Bayesian model predicts the aboveground biomass of Caragana microphylla in sandy lands better than OLS regression models

Aims In forest ecosystems,different types of regression models have been frequently used for the estimation of aboveground biomass,where Ordinary Least Squares(OLS)regression models are the most common prediction models.Yet,the relative performance of Bayesian and OLS models in predicting aboveground biomass of shrubs,especially multi-stem shrubs,has relatively been less studied in forests.Methods In this study,we developed the biomass prediction models for Caragana microphylla Lam.which is a widely distributed multi-stems shrub,and contributes to the decrease of wind erosion and the fixation of sand dunes in the Horqin Sand Land,one of the largest sand lands in China.We developed six types of formulations under the framework of the regression models,and then,selected the best model based on specific criteria.Consequently,we estimated the parameters of the best model with OLS and Bayesian methods with training and test data under different sample sizes with the bootstrap method.Lastly,we compared the performance of the OLS and Bayesian models in predicting the aboveground biomass of C.microphylla.Important Findings The performance of the allometric equation(power=1)was best among six types of equations,even though all of those models were significant.The results showed that mean squared error of test data with non-informative prior Bayesian method and the informative prior Bayesian method was lower than with the OLS method.Among the tested predictors(i.e.plant height and basal diameter),we found that basal diameter was not a significant predictor either in OLS or Bayesian methods,indicating that suitable predictors and well-fitted models should be seriously considered.This study highlights that Bayesian methods,the bootstrap method and the type of allometric equation could help to improve the model accuracy in predicting shrub biomass in sandy lands.

Qualitative and quantitative analyses of influenza virus receptors in trachea and lung tissues of humans,mice,chickens and ducks

To accurately determine the expression and distribution patterns of two infuenza virus receptors （SAa2,3-gal and SAa2,6-gal） in trachea and lung tissues of humans, mice, chickens and ducks, we analyzed lectin immunofluorescence stainings of various tissue sections qualitatively and quantitatively. Results from the qualitative analysis showed that both influenza virus receptors were expressed in lung tissues of humans, mice, chickens and ducks as well as trachea tissues of mice and ducks. However, SAa2,6-gal receptor was expressed only in the human trachea tissue and SAa2,3-gal receptor was expressed only in the chicken trachea tissue. Results from the quantitative analysis demonstrated that both receptors were expressed in trachea tis- sues of human and mouse, as well as in lung tissues of humans, chickens and ducks. Meanwhile, our results also showed that the expression and distribution of influenza virus receptors in the same tissue were not always uniform, indicating that their distribution and expression in various tissues are not simply the distinction between the presence or absence of receptors, but rather the difference in the amount of expressed receptors.