论凉山彝族“克智”与“尔比”的混融性

"克智尔比"是经过彝族人民在长期生活中的不断锤炼和积累起来的知识与经验成果,是异常精妙绝伦的民间口头文学语。"克智"与"尔比"紧密相连,缺一不可。凉山彝族"克智尔比"伴随着人类话语的产生而形成和发展,其思想内容包罗万象,语言艺术独具一格,在民间中有广泛传播性。"克智尔比"语料不仅具有较高的文学价值,而且对研究彝族历史也是十分宝贵的素材。展演"克智尔比"能够起到沟通与增进感情,教育后代,以及鼓劲和安慰的作用。

彝族“尔比”对彝、汉族群差异性的认知

“尔比”作为彝语中的一种特殊形式,在彝族社会生活中具有无可争辩的权威性,对人们的思想观念和行为举止有着重要的规范意义。没有“异族意识”就没有“本族意识”,“尔比”中有很多有关族群差异认知方面的解说。内部认同作为一种自我肯定的延伸,在“尔比”中得到了充分的表现。

谈彝族“克智”与“尔比”的独特性和共用性

"克智"与"尔比"是一种独特的说唱艺术,是彝族人民根据长期的生产实践和生活经验中逐渐积累起来的精品语言,包涵着深刻的哲理和丰富的审美,在彝族的生活中占有十分重要的位置,被彝族人民称为"语言中的盐巴"。"克智"大多在婚丧节庆等重大场合中使用,"尔比"则适用于调解纠纷和教育场景之中。但"克智"与"尔比"也可以互相交融、互相掺合使用,从而形成了"克智"与"尔比"共用的独特语言格局。这种共用性主要体现在群众性、社会性、娱乐性和传播性上,具有普遍而深厚的群众基础。

试论“尔比”语体层的风格特征——与“克哲、格比、玛字”相比较

彝族口传文化里也有些像汉族文学诗、词、歌、赋等一样的韵文体文学式样,叫做lu33p44(尔比)、kh21?21(克哲)、k21pi33(格比)、ma44ts33(玛字)。其中最具代表性的是"尔比",过去搜集、整理、翻译、出版、研究得也较多。但大都就"尔比"而研究"尔比",未与其他近似的文学式样相比较来研究,这很难突显其特点。因此,本文将专门就"尔比"语体层的风格特征进行分析后,从几个方面,进一步与其他几种近似文体进行比较,突显其语体层的风格特点,以期对彝语文体论进行初步的建设性的探索有所裨益。

Efficient removal of Al(Ⅲ)and P507 from high concentration MgCl_(2)solution based on in-situ reaction strategy

For a highly efficient recycling of a wastewater containing a high concentration of MgCl_2,Al(Ⅲ)and P507 were scheduled to be removed in advance.In this study,the in-situ removal of Al(Ⅲ)and P507 from a high concentration MgCl_(2)solution at different pH values and Al/P molar ratios was investigated.The results showed that P507 formed organic complexes of Al_x(OH)_y~(Z+)-P507 at pH of 2.0-4.0.At pH of 4.0-5.0,Al(Ⅲ)precipitated and transferred into Al(OH)_(3)with a flocculent amorphous morphology.Active sites on the Al(OH)_(3)surface enhanced the removal efficiency of P507.At pH of 6.0-6.5,Al(Ⅲ)and Mg(Ⅱ)formed layered crystalline Al(OH)_(3)and MgAl_2(OH)_(8with)small pore channels and fewer active sites,resulting in a reduced removal efficiency of P507.When the Al/P molar ratio exceeded 13 and the pH was between 4.0 and 5.0,the removal rates of both Al(Ⅲ)and P507 were higher than98%,while the concentration loss of Mg(Ⅱ)was only 0.2%-0.9%.

Effect of mole ratio of Y to Zn on phase constituent of Mg-Zn-Zr-Y alloys

The phase constituent evolution of Mg-Zn-Y-Zr alloys with the mole ratio of Y to Zn both in the as-cast and as-annealed states at the Mg-rich corner was investigated by XRD and SEM/EDS analysis and was further explained from the ternary phase diagram calculation. The results show that the formation of the secondary phases in Mg-Zn-Y-Zr alloys firmly depends on the mole ratio of Y to Zn, and X （Mg 12 YZn）-phase, W （Mg 3 Y 2 Zn 3 ）-phase and I （Mg 3 YZn 6 ）-phase come out in sequence as the ratio of Y to Zn decreases. The mole ratios of Y to Zn with the corresponding phase constituent are suggested quantitatively as follows： the phase constituent is α-Mg ＋ I when the mole ratio of Y to Zn is about 0.164; α-Mg ＋ I ＋W when the mole ratio of Y to Zn is in the range of 0.164 0.33;α-Mg ＋W when the mole ratio of Y to Zn is about 0.33; α-Mg ＋W＋X when the mole ratio of Y to Zn is in the range of 0.33 1.32; and α-Mg ＋X when the mole ratio of Y to Zn is about 1.32. The results also offer a guideline for alloy selection and alloy design in Mg-Zn-Y-Zr system.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg,Ag and Zn multi-microalloyed Al-(3.2-3.8)Cu-(1.0-1.4)Li alloys

To develop super-high strength Al-Li alloy,the microstructures and mechanical properties of Mg,Ag and Zn microalloyed Al-（3.2-3.8）Cu-（1.0-1.4）Li alloys（mass fraction） with T8 temper were studied.The results showed that 1%of lower Li content restricted the strengthening effect of increasing Cu content,while simultaneous increase in Cu and Li contents contributed effectively to the enhancement of strength.The alloys were mainly strengthened by plenty of fine and well dispersed TI（Al2CuLi）precipitates.There were also some minor precipitates of θ＇（Al2Cu） and δ＇（Al3Li）,which became less in number density,even disappeared during the aging process.Meanwhile,higher Li content favored the formation θ＇ and δ＇ and a small amount of S＂（Al2CuMg） phases.In addition,strengthening effect and microstructure variation were analyzed through total non-solution mole fraction of Cu and Li and their mole ratio.To obtain Al-Li alloy with super-high strength,the total mole fractions of Cu and Li should be increased,and their mole ratios should also be kept at a certain high level.

Effect of Zn and Ti mole ratio on microstructure and photocatalytic properties of magnetron sputtered TiO_2-ZnO heterogeneous composite film

Series of TiO 2-ZnO heterojunction composite films with different n（Zn）/n（Ti） ratios were prepared by UDP450 magnetron sputter ion plating equipment, and the mole ratio of Zn to Ti was controlled by adjusting the current values of sputtering target. The effects of n（Zn）/n（Ti） on the microstructures of TiO2-ZnO films were investigated by SEM, AFM, Raman and XPS, and their photocatalytic decomposition of methyl orange solutions was evaluated. The results show that an increase in n（Zn）/n（Ti） typically results in a decrease in the grain size of composite films firstly and then an increase of grain size, while an increase in n（Zn）/n（Ti） leads to an increase in film roughness firstly and then a decrease in film roughness. Both grain size and roughness of TiO2-ZnO films reach the maximum and minimum at n（Zn）/n（Ti） of 1/9.3, respectively. The n（Zn）/n（Ti） shows little effect on the valences of Zn and Ti elements, which mainly exist in the form of TiO2 and ZnO phases. The n（Zn）/n（Ti） has influence on the amount of anatase/rutile TiO2 heterojunction in the film. With increase of the n（Zn）/n（Ti）, the absorption intensity of the composite film increases and the absorption region extends to 450 nm, which is redshifted as much as 150 nm in comparison with the pure TiO2 films. However, the photocatalytic abilities of heterogeneous composite films do not depend on the n（Zn）/n（Ti） but rather on the microstructures of the TiO2-ZnO composite films. Degradation rate of the film reaches the maximum and the photocatalytic decomposition of pollutants works best when n（Zn）/n（Ti）=1：9.3.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Chlordiazepoxide Using Its Charge-transfer Complex with 2,4-Dinitrophenol

A new simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of chlordiazepoxide is described, based on the reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenol in water medium, apparently by a charge-transfer mechanism, to yield 1:1 complex with maximum absorption at 444 nm. Optimum experimental conditions for the determination have been studied. The linear calibration range, apparent molar absorptivity and relative standard deviation are 2.8~96.0 mgmL-1, 1.48103 and 0.32%, respectively. The method is accurate and has been successfully applied to the determination of chlordiazpoxide in tablets. The results are in good agreement with those obtained with the official method.

时间副词“比尔”考论——从吐鲁番出土文书说起

＂比尔＂作为表将来的时间副词,形成和主要使用于中古汉语时期,可译为＂不久、很快＂。与＂恒尔、俄尔、正尔、顿尔、瞥尔、忽尔、会尔、偶尔＂等＂~尔＂类词语的衍生机制不同,不是由时间副词＂比＂加词尾＂尔＂构成,而是介词短语词汇化的结果。考察过程中还发现：＂比＂表示与时间相关的意义时,其副词用法表过去,介词用法表将来,两者有较清晰的划分;＂尔＂作副词词尾时,只作时间副词的词尾。

Effects of tissue absorption on calculation of mean photon path length using modified Beer-Lambert law

The mean path length(MPL)of photons is a critical parameter to calculate tissue absorption coefficient as well as blood oxygenation using modified Beer-Lambert law,where in the differential path factor(DPF)is often assumed as constant over range of tissue absorption.By utilizing the Monte Carlo(MC)simulation of photon migrations in the leg,this study used four approaches to estimate MPL,and compared them with that determined by the MPL definition.The simulation results indicate that the DPF is remarkably affected by tissue absorption,at approximate 10% variation.A linear model is suggested to calculate MPL for measurements of tissue absorption as well as blood oxygenation using modified Beer-Lambert law.

A continued study on the bisoprolol and isosorbide dinitrate transdermal patches:cardiovascular protection in spontaneously hypertensive rats

The objective of the present study is to examine cardiovascular protective action of a newly developed transdermal patch by incorporating bisoprolol and isosorbide dinitrate in spontaneously hypertensive rats. As the combination therapy with these two synergistic drugs at low doses through a suitable form of administration could provide optimal therapeutic benefit, we further evaluated the effects of a 42 d period of anti-hypertensive treatment in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Rats were divided into the following five groups： control （blank patch）, bisoprolol fumarate tablets （BP-FT, 20.0 mg/kg, i.g.）, bisoprolol transdermal patch （BP-TP, 20.0 mg/kg）, isosorbide dinitrate transdermal patch （ISDN-TP, 20.0 mg/kg）, and the combination of BP and ISDN in a transdermal patch at low doses （8 and 12 mg/kg, respectively）. The effects of treatment were evaluated via biochemical indicators related to cardiovascular protection, structure and function. The combination therapy had synergistic anti-hypertensive effects and significantly reduced blood pressure with the benefit of controlling blood pressure variability compared to BP-FT and BP-TP. The combined treatment also reduced heart rate as well as BP-FT and BP-TP, while ISDN-TP had no evident effects on blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiovascular protection. Combination therapy was superior to BP-TP and BP-FT at increasing blood atrial natriuretic peptide and nitric oxide, while also reducing cardiac hydroxyproline and endothelin-1 with no difference in blood endothelin-1 and cardiac malondialdehyde levels. Cardiovascular remodeling differed among the groups, with the combination therapy reducing cardiac hypertrophy and the aortic media/lumen ratio. The consequential improvements in relaxation in response to cumulative concentrations of acetylcholine may explain the associated improvement in endothelial function. Combi- nation treatment with a transdermal patch exhibited a synergistic therapeutic effect. Such favorable cardiovascular effects with nitric oxide donors and β-blockade combination through a transdermal patch may provide long-term cardiovascular protection during anti-hypertensive treatment.

Optimization of Cr/Mo molar ratio in FeCoCrMoCBY alloys for high corrosion resistance

The corrosion behavior of bulk metallic glasses(BMGs)(Fe41Co7Cr15Mo14C15B6Y2)100-xCrx(x=0,4,8,12,molar fraction,%)was investigated in1mol/L HCl aqueous solution with electrochemical tests.The electrochemical measurements demonstrate that the passive current density of Fe-based amorphous alloy is reduced by about one order of magnitude,and meanwhile,the stability of passive film can be guaranteed by the Cr/Mo molar ratio.The Mott–Schottky(M–S)curves show that the passive film is the densest when the molar ratio of Cr/Mo is between1.37and1.69.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)analysis was performed to clarify chemical states of elements in the passive films.The results show that the corrosion resistance of the alloy is related to the molar ratio of Cr/Mo.The stability of passive film is determined by the synergistic action of Cr and Mo elements.The main component of the passive film is Cr3+oxide.When the potential is greater than0.5V(vs SCE),Mo6+ions play an important role in keeping the stability of the passive film.The appropriate molar ratio of Cr/Mo can reduce the dissolution rate of the passive film.

Copper partitioning between granitic silicate melt and coexisting aqueous fluid at 850°C and 100 MPa

Experiments on the partitioning of Cu between different granitic silicate melts and the respective coexisting aqueous fluids have been performed under conditions of 850 ℃, 100 MPa and oxygen fugacity （fO2） buffered at approaching Ni-NiO （NNO）. Partition coefficients of Cu （Dcu = Cfluid/Cmelt） were varied with different alumina/alkali mole ratios [Al2O3/（Na2O ＋ K2O）, abbreviated as Al/ Alk], Na/K mole ratios, and SiO2 mole contents. The DCu increased from 1.28 ± 0.01 to 22.18 ±0.22 with the increase of Al/Alk mole ratios （ranging from 0.64 to 1.20） and Na/K mole ratios （ranging from 0.58 to 2.56）. The experimental results also showed that Dcu was positively correlated with the HCl concentration of the starting fluid. The Dcu was independent of the SiO2 mole content in the range of SiO2 content considered. No Dcu value was less than 1 in our experiments at 850 ℃ and 100 MPa, indicating that Cu preferred to enter the fluid phase rather than the coexisting melt phase under most conditions in the melt-fluid system, and thus a significant amount of Cu could be transported in the fluid phase in the magmatichydrothermal environment. The results indicated that Cu favored partitioning into the aqueous fluid rather than the melt phase if there was a high Na/K ratio, Na-rich, peraluminous granitic melt coexisting with the high Cl^- fluid.

Hydrogenation of Silicon Tetrachloride in Microwave Plasma

This study investigated the hydrogenation of silicon tetrachloride （SIC14） in microwave plasma. A new launcher of argon （Ar） and hydrogen （Ha） plasma was introduced to produce a non-thermodynamic equilibrium activation plasma. The plasma state exhibited a characteristic temperature related to the equilibrium constant, which was termed ＂Reactive Temperature＂ in this study. Thus, the hydrogenation of SIC14 in the plasma could easily be handled with high conversion ratio and very high selectivity to trichlorosilane （SiHC13）. The effects of SiC14/Ar and H2/Ar ratios on the conversion were also investigated using a mathematical model developed to determine the op- timum experimental parameters. The highest hydrogenation conversion ratio was produced at a H2/SiCl4 molar ratio of 1, with mixtures of SICl4 and H2 to Ar molar ratio of 1.2 to 1.4. In this plasma, the special system pressure and incident power were required for the highest energy efficiency of hydrogenating SIC14, while the optimum system pressure varies from 26.6 to 40 kPa depending on input power, and the optimum feed gas （He and SiCI4） molar en- ergy input was about 350 kJ. mo1-1.

Design Guideline of Ultra Thin Body MOSFET

Simulation method is used to provide a guideline f or ultra thin body(UTB) MOSFET designs.Three important parameters of the UTB MOS FE T,i.e.the raised S/D height,Ge mole fraction of the Ge xSi 1-x gate,and the silic on body thickness,are comprehensively analyzed and optimized.The optimal region of feasible Ge mole fraction and the silicon body thickness for low operating po wer device are given.As the simulation results show that through changing Ge mole fraction coupl ed with the silicon body thickness tuning,UTB device with good performance can b e obtained.

Silica-alumina molar ratio and some factors effect on the synthesis of zeolites from fly ash

In order to improve the activity and eliminate some impurities, pretreatment was used before hydrothermal synthesis. The fly ash was mixed with an aqueous NaOH solution, the alkali melted fly ash was also adopted, which is hydrothermally treated at about 104 ℃, and the liquid/solid ratio was controlled at 6：1. In order to control Si/Al molar ratio, SiO2 or Al2O3 powers were added to the fly ash. The results of XRD and SEM show that the alkali melted can activate fly ash and eliminate its quartz and mullite, along with the improvement of Si/Al molar ratio and alkalinity. In addition, zeolite Na-A changes into sodalite gradually, and nepheline is the synthesized intermediate product. Those results were discussed on the basis of a formation mechanism of zeolite from fly ash.

Adsorption and desorption properties of D318 resin for Cr(Ⅵ)

The adsorption capability of D318 resin for Cr（Ⅵ） was investigated by chemistry analysis. Experimental results show that D318 resin has the best adsorption ability for Cr（Ⅵ） at pH=3.16 in HAc-NaAc medium. The statically saturated adsorption capacity of the resin is 265.4 mg/g. The thermodynamic adsorption parameters, enthalpy change AH and free energy change AG298 of the adsorption reaction are 4.81 and -5.16 kJ/mol, respectively. The apparent activation energy Ea is 22.4 kJ/mol. The adsorption behavior obeys the Freundlich isotherm. The molar coordination ratio of the functional group of resin to Cr（Ⅵ） is 3：2. Cr（Ⅵ） adsorbed on D318 resin can be eluted by 5%NaOH-5%NaCl quantitatively.

Chemical vapor deposition of SiC at different molar ratios of hydrogen to methyltrichlorosilane

Chemical vapor deposition(CVD) of SiC from methyltrichlorosilane(MTS) was studied at two different molar ratios of H2 to MTS(n(H2) /n(MTS) ) . The total pressure was kept as 100 kPa and the temperature was varied from 850 to 1 100 ℃ at a total residence time of 1 s. Steady-state deposition rates as functions of reactor length and of temperature,investigated at different n(H2) /n(MTS) values,show that hydrogen exhibits strongly influences on the deposition rate. Especially,the deposition of Si co-deposit can be obtained in broader substrate length and at higher temperatures with increasing hydrogen partial pressure. Influence of hydrogen on the deposition process was also studied using gas phase composition and deposit composition analysis at various n(H2) /n(MTS) . SEM micrographs directly show the variation of surface morphologies at various n(H2) /n(MTS) . It can be found that the crystal grain of the deposit at 1 100 ℃ is better developed and the crystallization is also improved with increasing n(H2) /n(MTS) .

王安忆爱情书写的破碎共鸣——以《长恨歌》与《我爱比尔》为例

王安忆小说《长恨歌》与《我爱比尔》都以一个女性的爱情探索为主线,展示女性在追求两性关系中对于身体、性爱、爱的片面误读而导致的爱情破产与觉醒,王琦瑶与阿三在这种追逐中共同验证着跨时代的破碎共鸣。其对爱情内涵意蕴的挖掘、对两性关系的思考具有深刻现实意义。