“山-城”眺望景观的规划控制研究--以赣州市为例

"山-城"眺望景观对感知山地城市魅力,彰显山地城市特色具有重要意义。以赣州市为例,构建眺望点、眺望目标和眺望视廊组成的眺望景观体系。"城中观山"眺望景观包括城中山景眺望、外围山景眺望和局部山景眺望,以山脊线以下30%山体高度可见为基准,划定城中山景的前景控制区和背景协调区、外围山景的视廊控制区和视廊协调区、局部山景的最不利眺望点视廊控制区。"山上望城"眺望景观包括城区眺望和地标眺望:眺望城区时,以120°视角确定核心眺望区域,对近景范围既有景观、中景范围"高层建筑墙"、远景范围城市天际线提出控制要求;眺望地标时,明确前景控制区与背景协调区的控制要求。"山体互望"眺望景观基于双向锥形视廊,明确控制要求。

嘉陵江沿线古城“山-水-城”景观特征研究

嘉陵江是长江水系中第二大支流,空间上连接南北丝绸之路,是巴蜀地区重要的文化廊道。在典型山地曲流环境中,其沿线古城蕴含了丰富的山水营建智慧。从自然环境、文化环境、行政建制三方面梳理了嘉陵江沿线古城的形成基础,并以上、中、下游8个古城为例,通过历史文献系统梳理及结合GIS平台的历史地图空间转译,提炼其“山-水-城”景观特征。具体为“宏观格局把控”方面“巴蜀要冲,控扼形胜”的城市选址、“襟江带河,群山四望”的山水格局、“江山聚结,生气聚集”的风水脉络;“中微观空间结构塑造”方面“迎山接水,不拘一格”的城市空间结构、“依形江山,因地制宜”的城市功能营建;以及“沿江山集群,南北人文关联”的“跨尺度风景审美经营”等在地特征,以期为巴蜀文化遗产保护与传承、西南山地宜居城乡建设提供参考。

基于“山-水-城”理念的历史文化环境保护发展模式探索

我国当前城市地区快速蔓延,文化遗产遭受冲击,历史特色逐渐丧失。本文回归中国传统城市营造理念,提炼出"山-水-城"融为一体的格局特色,并从文化、功能、审美三个角度对这一特色进行解读,建构"山-水-城"理念的解读框架。在此基础上,基于多尺度"山-水-城"空间单元概念,提出构建区域层面艺术骨架、维育城市层面景系、塑造景点层面场所精神等历史文化环境保护和发展思路。

襄阳“山-水-城”空间历史文化脉络研究

我国正处在快速城市化时期，加之长期以来对中国本土传统与山水自然要素紧密结合的营城方略不够重视，使得城市特色的减弱、历史记忆的消失、文化传承的断裂，成为了相当普遍的现象。随着相关政策对城镇建设提出的新要求，研究城市历史文脉就尤为迫切和重要。襄阳，因水而生，靠山而兴。汉江与襄水的交汇、背靠群山，产生了这座富饶并极具特色的山水之城。伴随着经济的快速发展和城市建设的大规模推进，襄阳传统的城市空间秩序被打破。本文在此背景下，首先对“山-水-城”、历史文化脉络的相关概念进行了解析，再通过对自然山水、人文标志两个空间要素的史料发掘和现场踏勘，分析了古代襄阳城与自然山水的轴线对位关系，构建了传统空间的历史脉络体系。

三峡库区“山-水-城”空间格局的生长模式与形成机理研究——以万州为例

“山-水-城”空间格局是城市人工环境与自然山水环境交互适应所形成的空间组织关系。通过阐明“山-水-城”空间格局的概念内涵,从地理学视角建立其分析框架,选取典型城市万州为研究区,利用田野调查、地形位置指数模型、MCR模型等方法,综合研究三峡库区“山-水-城”空间格局的演化过程、生长模式、形成机理与优化调控。研究发现:(1)三峡库区“山-水-城”空间格局演化是一个“生成-强化-解构-重组”螺旋式上升的生长过程。在对外开埠与移民搬迁等因素的综合作用下,万州“山-水-城”空间格局的构成要素、结构形态与地域功能不断演化与重组。(2)三峡库区城市扩张对山水生态网络的影响与反馈,以及山水环境变化对城市空间生长的限制与引导,形成独特的“山-水-城”空间格局与生长模式,包括6种动态生长模式与12种静态生长模式。(3)地域性空间组织关系的重构以及城市系统的选择,决定“山-水-城”空间格局的形成与演化,受“自然山水环境+社会经济转型”“地域特殊事件+山水环境变化”的综合驱动,三峡库区城市空间生长逐渐突破实体门槛的限制,并向下一阶段生长周期持续演进。由此,提出库区“山-水-城”空间格局的调控路径,为治山、治水、治城一体推进与系统治理提供支撑。

Distribution of primary school based on spatial network comprehensive model in low-income mountainous cities： a case study in Wanyuan, China

Focusing on the peculiarities of urban construction resulting from specific mountain terrains, the purpose of this study is to find out a suitable method based on a Spatial Network Comprehensive Model(SNCM) to reasonably plan and distribute primary schools in low-income mountain cities. The construction principles and advantages of the SNCM method are proposed and the method tested in Wanyuan city of Qinba Mountain area(Southwest China) to verify its feasibility and optimization. Taking account of the mountain terrain and its influence on user behavior, we used the SNCM method to build a comprehensive model which integrates the road slope and the walking speed of pupils into the basic spatial model. The model is used to calculate a reasonable layout of the primary schools and to validate the rationale. The results show that the SNCM method can be effectively applied in low-income mountainous cities. It can not only improve the accessibility and service efficiency of primary schools using as little capital-investment as possible, but also help the city grow in an intensive and efficient way.

Social Effect of Environmental Pollution on Valley-cities in Western China

Accompanied with the acceleration of urbanization and industrialization,the large and medium-scale valley-cities in the western China are facing environmental problems at respective levels in common. The urban environmental pollution causes economic losses,and also brings out negative effects on urban society. Based on the social investigation method,this paper aims to study the harms to urban society brought by environmental pollution. After the investigation to the inhabitants of six typical valley-cities:Lanzhou,Xining,Chongqing,Baiyin,Luzhou and Zigong,we found that the urban environmental pollution has resulted in negative influences with different levels on residents' physical,psychological,work,recreations,studies and social activities. The problem of environmental pollution has become a serious restriction to sustainable development of cities mentioned above. Herewith,it has become urgent to strengthen the government regulations for controlling urban environmental pollution.

Controlling factors of high-quality volcanic reservoirs of Yingcheng Formation in the Songnan gas field

Predicting high-quality volcanic reservoirs is one of the key issues for oil and gas exploration in the Songnan gas field.Core,seismic,and measurement data were used to study the lithologies,facies,reservoir porosity,and reservoir types of the volcanic rocks in the Songnan gas field.The primary controlling factors and characteristics of the high-quality volcanic reservoirs of the Yingcheng Formation in the Songnan gas field were investigated,including the volcanic eruptive stage,edifice,edifice facies,cooling unit,lithology,facies,and diagenesis.Stages with more volatile content can form more high-quality reservoirs.The effusive rhyolite,explosive tuff,and tuff lava that formed in the crater,near-crater,and proximal facies and in the high-volatility cooling units of large acidic-lava volcanic edifices are the most favorable locations for the development of the high-quality reservoirs in the Songnan gas field.Diagenesis dissolution,which is controlled by tectonic action,can increase the size of secondary pores in reservoirs.Studying the controlling factors of the high-quality reservoirs can provide a theoretical basis for the prediction and analysis of high-quality volcanic reservoirs.

Review of Shadow Detection and De-shadowing Methods in Remote Sensing

Shadow is one of the major problems in remotely sensed imagery which hampers the accuracy of information extraction and change detection.In these images,shadow is generally produced by different objects,namely,cloud,mountain and urban materials.The shadow correction process consists of two steps:detection and de-shadowing.This paper reviews a range of techniques for both steps,focusing on urban regions(urban shadows),mountainous areas(topographic shadow),cloud shadows and composite shadows.Several issues including the problems and the advantages of those algorithms are discussed.In recent years,thresholding and recovery techniques have become important for shadow detection and de-shadowing,respectively.Research on shadow correction is still an important topic,particularly for urban regions(in high spatial resolution data) and mountainous forest(in high and medium spatial resolution data).Moreover,new algorithms are needed for shadow correction,especially given the advent of new satellite images.

Sustainable Waterfront Development-A Case Study of Bahary in Alexandria, Egypt

Sustainable waterfront development is about creating a vision for an area and then deploying the skills and resources to realize it after involving a dialogue with the customer within an area. Also, it draws together many strands of place making such as environmental responsibility, social equity and economic viability, planning and transportation policy, architectural design into the creation of places of beauty and distinct identity. The development of waterfronts shapes communities around the water bodies and reflects the ability of cities to adapt to altered economic and social circumstances. The aim of this paper is to identify some approaches for applying sustainable waterfront development. By respecting the quality of life and defining sustainability in a broader context, a case will he made for enhancing the waterfront development, through the place making criteria, analyzing the Bahary waterfront in Alexandria, Egypt. The paper concludes some recommendations to develop Bahary waterfront based on the principles that are collected from the theoretical study in order to well design a waterfront responded to the wishes of the community.

Analysis on the Necessity and Feasibility of Implementing the Strategy of "Protecting Farmland in Flatland Areas and Constructing Mountainous Cities" in Yunnan Province

Yunnan is one of the most typical mountalnous provinces in western Chi-na. For the geographical features of mountalnous areas accounting for most parts and fIatIand areas accounting for smal parts, the contradiction between farmIand protection and construction guarantee is very prominent. In the first half of 2011, Yunnan Province estabIished creativeIy the strategy of ＆quot;protecting farmIand in fIat-Iand areas and constructing mountalnous cities＆quot; （hereinafter referred to as the strat-egy of ＆quot;constructing mountalnous cities＆quot;）, which was almed at protecting effectiveIy the Iimited and high quality arabIe Iand resources in fIatIand area and providing new construction area for new type of urbanization and industrialization, so as to achieve win-win situation between arabIe Iand protection and urbanization deveIopment. Im-pIementing this strategy in Yunnan Province is feasibIe, malnIy in the Iarge deveIop-ment potentials in the gentIe gradient between 8° to 25°. The gentIe sIope area be-tween 8° to 25° occupies 51% of the total Iand area in Yunnan Province, which is almost 140 times of the area of urban construction Iand in Yunnan in 2009. The surrounding areas of fIatIand or maln town in most counties （cities, regions） dis-tribute with different sizes of Iow hiI s and gentIe sIopes, thus mountalnous construc-tion Iand reserves are abundant, which benefits for impeI ing the strategy of ＆quot;con-structing mountalnous cities＆quot; in the Iight of Iocal conditions.

Genetic Polymorphism of Ten Microsatellites in Two Goat Breeds and Its Relationship with Heterosis

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of Macheng black goat and its correlation with heterosis.[Method] Ten microsatellite markers were selected for polymorphism investigation and statistical analysis of Boer goat and Macheng black goat populations.[Result] The results showed that totally 175 alleles were found in 10 microsatellite loci; to be specific,the maximum number of detected alleles was 23,and the minimum number was 10; the effective number of alleles （Ne） was 6.4-18.1,with absolute difference value of 1.6-8.1 from the observed number of alleles.The highest gene frequency was 0.239 1 and the lowest was 0.002 7.The polymorphic information contents of all the ten microsatellite markers were above 0.95.The observed heterozygosity （Ho） ranged from 0.616 7 to 0.984 4 and the expected heterozygosity （He） ranged from 0.844 1 to 0.944 6.The average expected heterozygosity of Boer goat and Macheng black goat was respectively 0.894 0 and 0.906 7.Various body weight and body size indices of Boer goatxMacheng black goat hybrids were improved in varying degrees compared with Macheng black goat （with an increase range of 0.32％-30.06％）.The average heterosis rates of body height and chest girth were relatively high,while average heterosis rate of body weight was relatively low.[Conclusion] The genetic distance between Boer goat and Macheng black goat was 0.379 5,which is consistent with the geographical distribution of Boer goat and Macheng black goat populations and is fully relevant to the heterosis of Boer goat × Macheng black goat hybrids,indicating that investigating polymorphism via microsatellite loci is one of the feasible means to predict and analyze heterosis between varieties.

Urban Landscape Construction Guided by the Landscape City——a Case Study of Wanli District, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province

Mountains and waters serve as important elements for urban spatial mor-phology, structure and eco-environment. Since scientist Qian Xuesen proposed the concept of landscape city, it has been an effective way for urban development in case of thousand-city in the same appearance. In the study, we analyzed the con-cept, connotation and approaches and proposed the ways to landscape city.

The Scale of Constructing Mountainous Cities in Yunnan Province based on “Benchmark” Farmlands

In 2011, Yunnan provincial committee and government proposed the strat- egy of constructing mountainous cities in order to protect farmlands and guarantee crop safety, which makes full use of hills and gentle-slopes and transforms land use pattern. However, social and economic development performs unevenly in Yun- nan, supplemented by varied geographical conditions, so that constructing mountain- ous cities should proceed as per local conditions. The research proposed the con- trol of constructing mountainous cities provided crop safety under the principle of farmland protection and measured the quantities of demanded construction lands ac- cording to science of population prediction and ekistics, based on which the control scales of constructing mountainous cities were determined by multiplying basic farm- land coefficient and the area of newly increased construction lands. The research is of significance for guiding the construction of mountainous cities and avoiding the occupation of construction lands on farmlands.

Effects of Urbanization and Industrialization on Farmland System in Shandong Peninsula

[Objective] The aim was to study the effects of urbanization and industrialization on farmland system in Shandong Peninsula. [Method] In Shandong Peninsula, the effects were studied and analyzed using remote sensing and image interpretation with spatial data analysis and statistic data analysis. [Result] During researching periods in Shandong Peninsula, wasteland area changed from decreasing to increasing; farmland area was declining; orchard and forestry areas were increasing, mainly resulting from political policies and benefits maximization of farmers. Meanwhile, chemical fertilizers and agricultural mechanization are more frequently applied with industrialization and urbanization, leading significant effects on environment, industry and urban. [Conclusion] More policies should be formulated to promote harmonious development of society, economy and environment.

Quantitative evaluation of urban park cool island factors in mountain city

Evaluating how park characteristics affect the formation of a park cool island(PCI) is the premise of guiding green parks planning in mountain cities.The diurnal variation of PCI intensity was achieved,and correlations between PCI intensity and park characteristics such as park area,landscape shape index(LSI),green ratio and altitude were analyzed,using 3 010 temperature and humidity data from measurements in six parks with typical park characteristics in Chongqing,China.The results indicate that:1) the main factor determining PCI intensity is park area,which leads to obvious cool island effect when it exceeds 14 hm2;2) there is a negative correlation between PCI intensity and LSI,showing that the rounder the park shape is,the better the cool island effect could be achieved;3) regression analysis of humidity and PCI intensity proves that photosynthesis midday depression(PMD) is an important factor causing the low PCI intensity at 13:00;4) the multivariable linear regression model proposed here could effectively well predict the daily PCI intensity in mountain cities.

Storage and Density of Soil Organic Carbon in Urban Topsoil of Hilly Cities:A Case Study of Chongqing Municipality of China

Rapid urbanization results in the conversion of natural soil to urban soil,and consequently,the storage and density of the soil carbon pools change.Taking Chongqing Municipality of China as a study case,this investigation attempts to better understand soil carbon pools in hilly cities.First,the vegetated areas in the study area were derived from QuickBird images.Then,topsoil data from 220 soil samples(0-20 cm) in the vegetated areas were collected and their soil organic carbon(SOC) densities were analyzed.Using the Kriging interpolation method,the spatial pattern of SOC was estimated.The results show that the SOC density exhibited high spatial variability in the urban topsoil of Chongqing.First,the SOC density in topsoil decreased according to slope in the order 2°-6° < 25°-90° < 0°-2° < 6°-15° < 15°-25°.Second,the newly developed areas during 2001-2010 had a lower SOC density than the areas built before 1988.Third,urban parks and gardens had a higher SOC density in topsoil,residential green land followed,and scattered street green land ranked last.For hilly cities,the variability of terrain affects the distribution of SOC.The Kriging results indicate that Kriging method combining slope with SOC density produced a high level of accuracy.The Kriging results show that the SOC density to the north of the Jialing River was higher than the south.The vegetated areas were estimated to amount to 73.5 km2 across the study area with an SOC storage of 0.192 Tg and an average density of 2.61 kg/m2.

Characteristics and Mechanism of Agricultural Transformation in Typical Rural Areas of Eastern China:A Case Study of Yucheng City,Shandong Province

Rural off-farm employment,rapid loss of agricultural land,and advanced technology popularization had led agricultural production in Chinese typical rural areas come at a critical transformation and upgrade stage.Based on sample survey data gathered from 401 households in Yucheng City,Shandong Province,this paper focuses on the characteristics and mechanism of agricultural transformation in typical rural areas of the eastern China.It was found that 74.3% of households surveyed kept at least one member engaging in off-farm employment,and 57.1% looked forward to expanding the operational scale of arable land,while just 13.7% had actually transferred their agricultural land.Since growing off-farm employment does not result in the collapse of traditional subsistence agriculture,therefore,agricultural production in Yucheng City is at an incomplete transformation phase from traditional small-holder farming to modern scale economy.It is caused by both macro environments and family characteristics,while urban-rural dual structure,imperfect rural development policy and agricultural technology popularization make peasant economy strengthen upon maintenance,and small-holder farming becomes peasant's natural response owing to pluriactivity,local off-farm employment,reverse elimination,etc.In order to achieve smooth agricultural transformation of typical rural areas in the eastern China,it needs to promote professional differentiation among peasants,under clear policies adopted by central government.Providing comprehensive services for agricultural production and improving production skills and knowledge of farmers who are still living in the countryside will effectively stimulate the process of agricultural transformation.

王维《终南别业》异文异议之通考

王维诗《终南别业》存在很多异文,其中最经典的名句“行到水穷处,坐看云起时”,还被指剽窃。虽然与现在通行版本不同的异文在古籍版本中都属于少数,但有几字颇为可取,比如“偶然值邻叟”中的“邻”比“林”精彩得多。而古籍文献中,最早的诗题《入山寄城中故人》,也比《终南别业》更契合诗意。“剽窃”之说虽然流传甚广,却找不到任何真凭实据,应属诬陷。

Failure mechanism and stability control technology of rock surrounding a roadway in complex stress conditions

To solve the problem of supporting three downhill coal structures in the Yongan Coal Mine of Shanxi Jincheng, we studied the regular development of stress and plastic zones and characteristics of deformation of rock surrounding roadway groups after a period of roadway driving, mining one side as well as mining both sides, we used FLAC 3D for our numerical and theoretical analyses. Field test were carried out, where we revealed the deformation mechanism of roadways and its coal pillars in complex stress conditions. We proposed a roadway stability control technology using backwall grouting with high-water rapid hardening material and combined support with bolt and cable anchoring after mining both sides. Our field practices showed that deformation of rock surrounding roadways can be controlled with this technology.