福建省建设用地资源“山-海-原”一体化优化配置

针对福建省建设用地后备资源紧缺等问题,从"山-海-原"("山"指低丘缓坡地,"海"指沿海滩涂地,"原"指低效用地)角度对建设用地资源进行优化配置.利用经济发展适宜性和生态安全评价指数数据,基于多目标规划模型理论创建建设用地"山-海-原"一体化优化配置模型,优化配置2020年福建省土地开发指标.研究表明,1)利用夜间灯光数据评价的经济发展适宜性与GDP年际变化显著正相关.福建省经济发展适宜性从东部沿海向内陆逐渐降低.2)到2020年,福建省新增建设用地空间的71.09%(约14.1万公顷)可来源于低丘缓坡地("山"),集中于中部和西部地区;28.51%(约5.6万公顷)来源于低效用地("原"),集中于东部沿海地区;0.39%(约0.087万公顷)来源于沿海滩涂("海"),主要为晋江市和东山县.建设用地"山-海-原"一体化优化配置方法可为多山多丘陵的地区合理配置建设用地开发空间.

Mapping the vegetation distribution of the permafrost zone on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

In this paper, an updated vegetation map of the permafrost zone in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau （QTP） was delineated. The vegetation map model was extracted from vegetation sampling with remote sensing （RS） datasets by decision tree method. The spatial resolution of the map is 1 km×1 kin, and in it the alpine swamp meadow is firstly distinguished in the high-altitude areas. The results showed that the total vegetated area in the permafrost zone of the QTP is 1,201,751 km2. In the vegetated region, 50,260 km2 is the areas of alpine swamp meadow, 583,909 km2 for alpine meadow, 332,754 km2 for alpine steppe, and 234,828 km2 for alpine desert. This updated vegetation map in permafrost zone of QTP could provide more details about the distribution of alpine vegetation types for studying the vegetation mechanisms in the land surface processes of highaltitude areas.

Effect of Snow-cover Duration on Plant Species Diversity of Alpine Meadows on the Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Although snow cover plays an important role in structuring plant diversity in the alpine zone, there are few studies on the relationship between snow cover and species diversity of alpine meadows on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. To assess the effect of snow cover on plant species diversity of alpine meadows, we used ten parallel transects of 60 m × 1 m for this study and described the changes in species diversity and composition associated with snow depth. With the division of snow depth into six classes, the highest species richness （S） and species diversity （H′） occurred with an intermediate snow depth, i.e., class Ⅲ and class Ⅳ, showing a unimodal curve with the increase in snow depth. The relationship between snow depth and plant diversity （both richness and Shannon index） could be depicted by quadratic equations. There was no evident relationship between diversity （both S and H′） and soil water content, which implied that other more important factors influenced species diversity. The patterns of diversity found in our study were largely attributed to freeze-thaw alteration, length of growing season and disturbances of livestock grazing. Furthermore, snow depth affected species composition, as evaluated by the Sorensen＇s index of similarity. In addition, almost all species limited to one snow depth class were found only in class Ⅲand class Ⅳ, indicating that intermediate snow depth was suitable for the survival and growth of many alpine species.

Effect of Alexandrium tamarense on three bloom-forming algae

We investigated the allelopathic properties of Alexandrium tamarense(Laboar) Balech on the growth of Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu,Chattonella marina(Subrahmanyan) Hara et Chihara and Heterosigma akashiwo(Hada) Hada in a laboratory experiment.We examined the growth of A.tamarense,C.marina,P.donghaiense and H.Akashiwo in co-cultures and the effect of filtrates from A.tamarense cultures in various growth phases,on the three harmful algal bloom(HAB)-forming algae.In co-cultures with A.tamarense,both C.marina and H.akashiwo were dramatically suppressed at high cell densities;in contrast,the growth of P.donghaiense varied in different inoculative ratios of A.tamarense and P.donghaiense.When the ratio was 1:1(P.donghaiense:A.tamarense),growth of P.donghaiense was inhibited considerably,while the growth of P.donghaiense was almost the same as that of the control when the ratio was 9:1.The growth difference of P.donghaiense,C.marina and H.akashiwo when co-cultured with A.tamarense indicated that the allelopathic effect may be one of the important factors in algal competition and phytoplankton succession involving A.tamarense.In addition,the filtrate from A.tamarense culture had negative impacts on these three HAB algae,and such inhibition varied with different growth phases of A.tamarense in parallel with reported values of PSP toxin content in Alexandrium cells.This implied that PSP toxin was possibly involved in allelopathy of A.tamarense.However,the rapid decomposition and inactivation of PSP toxin above pH7 weakened this possibility.Further studies on the allelochemicals responsible for the allelopathy of A.tamarense need to be carried out in future.

Effects of co-existing microalgae and grazers on the production of hemolytic toxins in Karenia mikimotoi

Karenia mikimotoi （Miyake ＆ Kominami ex Oda） Hansen ＆ Moestrup is associated with harmful algal blooms in temperate and subtropical zones of the world. The hemolytic substances produced by K. mikimotoi are thought to cause mortality in fishes and invertebrates. We evaluated the composition of the hemolytic toxin produced by K. mikimotoi cultured in the laboratory using thin-layer chromatography. In addition, we evaluated the effect of co-occuring algae （Prorocentrum donghaiense and Alexandrium tamarense） and the cladoceran grazer Moina mongoliea on hemolytic toxin production in K. mikimotoi. The hemolytic toxins from K. mikimotoi were a mixture of 2 liposaccharides and 1 lipid. Waterborne clues from P. donghaiense and A. tamarense inhibited the growth of K. mikimotoi but increased the production of hemolytic toxins. Conversely, K. mikimotoi strongly inhibited the growth of caged P. donghaiense and A. tamarense. In addition, the ingestion of K. mikimotoi by M. mongolica induced the production of hemolytic toxins in K. mikimotoi. Taken together, our results suggest that the presence of other microalgae and grazers may be as important as environmental factors for controlling the production of hemolytic substances. K. mikimotoi secreted allelochemicals other than unstable fatty acids with hemolytic activity. The production of hemolytic toxins in dinofiagellates was not only dependent on resource availability, but also on the risk of predation. Hemolytic toxins likely play an important role as chemical deterrents secreted by K. mikimotoi.

Soil Quality Evaluation and Technology Research on Improving Land Capability——A Case Study on Huanghuaihai Plain in Shandong Province

Based on the geochemical data obtained from the national project about the prevention and control of soil contamination, this paper explored the properties of soil chemical elements in Huanghuaihai Plain, Shandong Province. The results showed that among the grade-one nutritive elements in soil, organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus were relatively deficient while potassium was rich. Meanwhile, as the grade-two nutritive elements, calcium oxide and magnesium oxide were relatively short and sulfur’s content was abundant. About the other beneficial and trace nutri-tive elements, iron oxide, manganese, molybdenum and boron were deficient, but the content of chlorine was high, hardly lack. The main barriers to improving land productivity were soil salinization and soil heavy metal contamination. The values of soil integrated fertility index that most of the soil in the study area is middle-lower fertilized. Specifical y, the low fertility area and lower fertility area are 6 1604 and 1 244 km2 respectively, occupying about 97.43% and 1.97% of the total area. The moderate fertility soil has an area of 172 km2, occupying about 0.27% of the total area. The higher fertility soil covers an area of 128 km2, while the high fertility area of only 76 km2. This article proposed scientific fertilization, elimination of soil obsta-cle, remediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soil and other effective measures to improve land productivity according to the basic investigation results, which provides a good technological support for the planning and development of good-quality and high-benefit agriculture.

Interactions between hotspots and the Southwest Indian Ridge during the last 90 Ma:Implications on the formation of oceanic plateaus and intra-plate seamounts

This study investigates the relationship between the hotspot-ridge interaction and the formation of oceanic plateaus and seamounts in the Southwest Indian Ocean.We first calculated the relative distance between the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) and relevant hotspots on the basis of models of plate reconstruction,and then calculated the corresponding excess magmatic anomalies of the hotspots on the basis of residual bathymetry and Airy isostasy.The results reveal that the activities of the Marion hotspot can be divided into three main phases:interaction with the paleo-Rodrigues triple junction (73.6-68.5 Ma),interaction with the SWIR (68.5-42.7 Ma),and intra-plate volcanism (42.7-0 Ma).These three phases correspond to the formation of the eastern,central,and western parts of the Del Cano Rise,respectively.The magnitude and apparent periodicity of the magmatic volume flux of the Marion hotspot appear to be dominated by the hotspot-ridge distance.The periodicity of the Marion hotspot is about 25 Ma,which is much longer than that of the Hawaii and Iceland hotspots (about 15 Ma).

Soil Phosphorus Composition and Phosphatase Activities along Altitudes of Alpine Tundra in Changbai Mountains,China

Alpine tundra ecosystems have specific vegetation and environmental conditions that may affect soil phosphorus （P） composition and phosphatase activities. However, these effects are poody understood. This study used NaOH-EDTA extraction and solution ^31P nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） spectroscopy to determine soil P composition and phosphatase activities, including acid phosphomonoesterase （AcP）, phosphodiesterase （PD） and inorganic pyrophosphatase （IPP）, in the alpine tundra of the Changbai Mountains at seven different altitudinal gradients （i.e., 2000 m, 2100 m, 2200 m, 2300 m, 2400 m, 2500 m, and 2600 m）. The results show that total P （TP）, organic P （OP）, OP/TP, NaOH-EDTA extracted P and AcP, PD, and IPP activities over the altitude range of 2500-2600 m are significantly lower than those below 2400 m. The dominant extracted form of P is OP （73%0-83%） with a large proportion of monoesters （65%0-72%）, whereas inorganic P is present in lower proportions （17%-27%）. The activity of AcP is significantly positively correlated with the contents of soil OP, total carbon （TC）, total nitrogen （TN）, and TP （P 〈 0.05）, indicating that the AcP is a more sensitive index for responding P nutrient storage than PD and IPP. Soil properties, P composition, and phosphatase activities decrease with increased altitude and soil pH. Our results indicate that the distribution of soil P composition and phosphatase activities along altitude and AcP may play an important role in P hydrolysis as well as have the potential to be an indicator of soil quality.

Medical mountain rescue in the Yushu Earthquake: Have lessons been learned?

On April 14,2010,an earthquake reaching Richter scale 7.1 struck Jiegu Town of Yushu,a mountain rescue operation promptly launched. All injurers had a direct assess to take medical care,and were immediately rescued and rapidly evacuated by air to Xining and Golmud at lower altitudes and admitted to advanced hospitals. Almost all of the injurers have been completely recovered. Yushu Earthquake was one of the highest earthquakes in the world,with a high incidence of acute altitude illness,which was observed in about 80 % of the lowland rescuers at an altitude of 4 000 m."Rescue the rescuers"became the major task of Qinghai-Tibetan rescue teams,all the severe patients were rapidly descended to Xining and treated promptly and effectively. The outcome was excellent,all patients survived. After the earthquake,it is a long and arduous task to reconstruct what has been destroyed. Medical teams continue to work in the Yushu Earthquake area because about 30 000 workers and carders are now here for rebuilding the earthquake center. Thus the prevention and treatment of altitude illness are still critical tasks for medical teams. Although all the fights are successful,there are more experiences and lessons we have learned from the medical mountain rescue during the earthquake and the reconstruction,and reports here are to sum up our experiences from the medical mountain rescue operation in Yushu Earthquake and draw the lessons that we should learn. With the increasing of earthquake probability occurring in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,we also should prepare against earthquake disasters and for further rescue training in the high mountains.

Ataxia,acute mountain sickness,and high altitude cerebral edema

Previous investigations suggest that ataxia is common and often one of the most reliable warning signs of high altitude cerebral edema(HACE). The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic role of ataxia in acute mountain sickness(AMS)and HACE among mountain rescuers on the quake areas,and in approaching the relation between AMS and HACE. After the earthquake on April 14,2010,approximately 24 080 lowland rescuers were rapidly transported from sea level or lowlands to the mountainous rescue sites at 3 750 ~ 4 568 m,and extremely hardly worked for an emergency treatment after arrival. Assessments of acute altitude illness on the quake areas were using the Lake Louise Scoring System. 73 % of the rescuers were found to be developed AMS. The incidence of high altitude pulmonary edema(HAPE)and HACE was 0.73 % and 0.26 %,respectively,on the second to third day at altitude. Ataxia sign was measured by simple tests of coordination including a modified Romberg test. The clinical features of 62 patients with HACE were analyzed. It was found that the most frequent,serious neurological symptoms and signs were altered mental status(50/62,80.6 %)and truncal ataxia(47/62,75.8 %). Mental status change was rated slightly higher than ataxia,but ataxia occurred earlier than mental status change and other symptoms. The earliest sign of ataxia was a vague unsteadiness of gait,which may be present alone in association with or without AMS. Advanced ataxia was correlated with the AMS scores,but mild ataxia did not correlate with AMS scores at altitudes of 3 750~4 568 m. Of them,14 patients were further examined by computerized tomographic scanning of the brain and cerebral magnetic resonance imagines were examined in another 15 cases. These imaging studies indicated that the presence of the cerebral edema was in 97 % of cases who were clinically diagnosed as HACE(28/29). Ataxia seems to be a reliable sign of advanced AMS or HACE,so does altered mental status.

Major Elements in Soils Along a 2.8-km Altitudinal Gradient on the Tibetan Plateau,China

There are a series of special mountain soils on the Tibetan Plateau of China in an alpine environment for the high altitude. However, very few studies have focused on major soil elements in relation to soil formation in this area. Aluminum （Al）, iron （Fe）, calcium （Ca）, sodium （Na）, potassium （K） and magnesium （Mg） contents of 237 topsoil samples covering a 2.8-km altitudinal gradient in uncultivated areas along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway of China were measured using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The spatial distribution of the elements and its relationship to the parent rocks and climatic parameters were analyzed. Soils along the gradient are derived from a range of parent materials, but most are less than 30 cm deep with little development （Cambisols）. Soil Al, Fe and Mg contents showed a decreasing trend from the start station （Xining Station） to end station （Lhasa Station） of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, whereas soil K and Na contents were relative stable from Xining Station to the Kunlun Mountains and then increased gradually. Soil Ca content was lower in the southern part of the Tanggula Mountains. The major soil element contents clearly reflected the parent rock and climatic influences. Soils with higher Ca content appeared in areas with Ca-Mg carbonate rocks, soils with higher Al were found in areas with silicate-rich and high-Al silicate clastic rocks and silicate-rich aluminosilicate loose sediments. Soils with higher K and Na contents appeared in areas with high-K, high-Na and silicate-rich aluminosilicate rocks. Soil Na and K contents were affected by temperature, whereas the contents of Mg, Fe, Ca and Al were more affected by precipitation. Soil Na and K contents increased with increasing temperatures, whereas the contents of Mg, Fe, Ca and Al decreased with increasing precipitation. This analysis provides a relationship between soil properties and rapidly changing environmental conditions. The data can be used to investigate the effect of the climate or land use change on soil properties.