Working Condition Real-Time Monitoring Model of Lithium Ion Batteries Based on Distributed Parameter System and Single Particle Model

Lithium ion batteries are complicated distributed parameter systems that can be described preferably by partial differential equations and a field theory. To reduce the solution difficulty and the calculation amount, if a distributed parameter system is described by ordinary differential equations （ODE） during the analysis and the design of distributed parameter system, the reliability of the system description will be reduced, and the systemic errors will be introduced. Studies on working condition real-time monitoring can improve the security because the rechargeable LIBs are widely used in many electronic systems and electromechanical equipment. Single particle model （SPM） is the simplification of LIB under some approximations, and can estimate the working parameters of a LIB at the faster simulation speed. A LIB modelling algorithm based on PDEs and SPM is proposed to monitor the working condition of LIBs in real time. Although the lithium ion concentration is an unmeasurable distributed parameter in the anode of LIB, the working condition monitoring model can track the real time lithium ion concentration in the anode of LIB, and calculate the residual which is the difference between the ideal data and the measured data. A fault alarm can be triggered when the residual is beyond the preset threshold. A simulation example verifies that the effectiveness and the accuracy of the working condition real-time monitoring model of LIB based on PDEs and SPM.

A review of state-of-the-art processing operations in coal preparation

Coal preparation is an integral part of the coal commodity supply chain. This stage of post-mining, pre-utilization beneficiation uses low-cost separation technologies to remove unwanted mineral matter and moisture which hinder the value of the coal product. Coal preparation plants typically employ several parallel circuits of cleaning and dewatering operations, with each circuit designed to optimally treat a specific size range of coal. Recent innovations in coal preparation have increased the efficiency and capac- ity of individual unit operations while reinforcing the standard parallel cleaning approach. This article, which describes the historical influences and state-of-the-art design for the various coal preparation unit operations, is organized to distinguish between coarse/intermediate coal cleaning and fine/ultrafine coal cleaning. Size reduction, screening, classification, cleaning, dewatering, waste disposal unit operations are particularly highlighted, with a special focus on the LI.S. design philosophy. Notable differences between the U.S. and international operations are described as appropriate.

Scoping biology-inspired chemical engineering

Biology is a rich source of great ideas that can inspire us to find successful ways to solve the challenging problems in engineering practices including those in the chemical industry. Bio-inspired chemical engineering(Bio Ch E)may be recognized as a significant branch of chemical engineering. It may consist of, but not limited to, the following three aspects: 1) Chemical engineering principles and unit operations in biological systems; 2) Process engineering principles for producing existing or developing new chemical products through living ‘devices';and 3) Chemical engineering processes and equipment that are designed and constructed through mimicking(does not have to reproduce one hundred percent) the biological systems including their physical–chemical and mechanical structures to deliver uniquely beneficial performances. This may also include the bio-inspired sensors for process monitoring. In this paper, the above aspects are defined and discussed which establishes the scope of BioChE.

The decision-making dimension of the systems approach to management

Theoretically, a system is anything that is made up of various parts. Theses parts are known as subsystems. At every point in time, these parts should work in harmony so that objectives could be achieved successfully. A system could be inanimate or animate item. Examples of inanimate systems include vehicles, households, computer and institution. Examples of animate systems are human being, animal and insect. Both inanimate and animate systems are made up of various subsystems. Such subsystems are required to co-operate, collaborate and work together so that set objectives could be achieved successfully. From practical managerial point of view, business organizations are equally systems that are made up of subsystems which may take the form of departments, sections and/or units. It is supposed to be collaborations among the managers and other members in these departments, sections and/or units so that organizational objectives could be achieved. All the managers in various departments, sections and/or units are required to work together as a team to make the system coherent and closely-knit to make disintegration impossible. Closely related to the systems approach to management is managerial decision-making. Decision-making is a very important function of every manager＇s job. The success and failure stories of many organizations are the result of the quality of decisions made. Many organizations have survived turbulent conditions. Others have also collapsed in spite of favourable conditions. These varying conditions are the result of the quality of decisions made by managers at positions of authority and responsibility. Therefore the systems approach to management enjoins top managers in particular to be very circumspect and cautious in certain decision-making activities. This is because, the quality of decision a manager makes can go a long way to determine the success or failure story of an organization as exemplified in the case study in this paper.

Dependence of Consumption Volume on the Labor-Force in One-Productive Models of Economic Dynamics

In the work one-productive model of economic dynamics the labor-force involved in production is investigated the case when or function with constant elasticity of substitution （CES） is studied. is considered. The dependence of the consumption volume on production function coincides with the Cobb-Douglas function

Case Studies of Heat Integration of Evaporation Systems

In this paper, through two case studies, evaporation systems are considered in the context of overall process, and then are optimized to obtain energy-saving effect. The possible evaporation schemes are given when integrated with the background process and how to optimize the evaporator is shown. From the case studies, it can be seen that sometimes incomplete integration and heat pump evaporation are better than complete integration so should be considered as candidate retrofit schemes.

Effect of single dead end entry inclination on DPM plume dispersion

Diesel particulate matter(DPM) is a by-product from operating diesel engines. Since diesel powers are one of the major sources of energy for mobile underground mining equipment, the adverse health effects of DPM are of a great concern. This paper used computational fluid dynamics(CFD) method to study the effect of entry inclination on DPM plume distribution in a dead end entry. An upward mining face and a downward mining face were built with a truck and a loader in loading operation close to the face area. A species transport model with incorporated buoyancy effect was used to examine the DPM dispersion pattern for the above steady-state scenarios. High DPM and temperature regions were identified for the two different faces. The model was used to assess the role of auxiliary ventilation in reducing DPM exposures of underground miners working in those entries. In this study, it is suggested to provide local ventilation at least three times of the diesel exhaust rate to be able to lower the average DPM level for the mining upward face. The requirement for local ventilation is much less for the mining downward face. This can provide guidelines for good working practices and selection of diesel emission reduction technologies underground.

A Study on Neutral Point Earthed Method of Power System

This paper mainly is study on power system working state with neutral point different grounded methods, when the power system is normal working and the single-phase grounding. And further analysis of the different operating modes of voltage and current relationships, expounds the different operation occasions and characteristics.

SS-SERA:An improved framework for architectural level soft error reliability analysis

Integrated with an improved architectural vulnerability factor （AVF） computing model, a new architectural level soft error reliability analysis framework, SS-SERA （soft error reliability analysis based on SimpleScalar）, was developed. SS-SERA was used to estimate the AVFs for various on-chip structures accurately. Experimental results show that the AVFs of issue queue （IQ）, register update units （RUU）, load store queue （LSQ） and functional unit （FU） are 38.11%, 22.17%, 23.05% and 24.43%, respectively. For address-based structures, i.e., levell data cache （LID）, DTLB, level2 unified cache （L2U）, levell instruction cache （LII） and ITLB, AVFs of their data arrays are 22.86%, 27.57%, 14.80%, 8.25% and 12.58%, lower than their tag arrays＇ AVFs which are 30.01%, 28.89%, 17.69%, 10.26% and 13.84%, respectively. Furthermore, using the AVF values obtained with SS-SERA, a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the AVF variation and predictability was performed for the structures studied. Experimental results show that the AVF exhibits significant variations across different structures and workloads, and is influenced by multiple microarchitectural metrics and their interactions. Besides, AVFs of SPEC2K floating point programs exhibit better predictability than SPEC2K integer programs.

A paradigm-based evolution of chemical engineering

A short presentation of chemical engineering evolution,as guided by its paradigms,is exposed.The first paradigm–unit operations–has emerged as a necessity of systematization due to the explosion of chemical industrial applications at the end of 19th century.The birth in the late 1950s of the second paradigm–transport phenomena–was the consequence of the need for a deep,scienti fic knowledge of the phenomena that explain what happens inside of unit operations.In the second part of 20th century,the importance of chemical product properties and qualities has become essentially in the market fights.Accordingly,it was required with additional and even new fundamental approaches,and product engineering was recognized as the third paradigm.Nowadays chemical industry,as a huge materials and energy consumer,and with a strong ecological impact,couldn't remain outside of sustainability requirements.The basics of the fourth paradigm–sustainable chemical engineering–are now formulated.

The Osgood Integral or the Cauchy-Osgood Integral？

Initially, Osgood used the integral ∫dr/f（r）for an unicity crite, rion to the differential equation y＇ = f（y）, f （0） = 0. The trivial solution is unique iff this integral goes to the infinite at the origin. Then he can prove the unicity of the trivial solution of y＇ = y Ln｜Y｜, although the second member is not lipschitzian. Later, Bernfeld [1] shows that all the solutions of y＇ = f（y） do not explose iffthe same integral goes to the infinite at the infinite. Finally, we can adapt a result from the Cauchy works as follows： the trivial solution is a singular solution iffthe same integral vanishes at the origin. Using non standard analysis, we present the proofs of the different criterions and show that the Osgood integral was used by Cauchy before in the similar purpose.

Improvement of Technological Solutions for Sheet Piling Walls Made of U-Shape Piles

As it is evident from the practice of construction and maintenance of thin retaining walls, the degree of developing of frictional forces in interlock connections of steel sheet U-shape piles essentially influences the realization of the values of geometric characteristics of the piles cross-section （the moment of inertia and the section modulus） reduced to the length unit of the construction. The article offers new and simple solutions for realization and economically effective technological approaches to provide joint work of the sheet piles being considered, which improve the adequacy of design and reliability of maintenance of thin retaining walls.

A discussion on the double wave theory and its applications to description of radiation atoms

The double wave theory (DWT), sometimes called the“non_statistical quantum mechanics” by its proposer, describes the state of each single particle in an ensemble with two wave functions which have a parameter corresponding to the particle. However the basic postulates of the DWT show that this theory can hardly describe any quantum rules of the microscopic world. In the double wave descriptions, the wave feature of the behavior of microscopic particles and the discontinuity characteristic of energy almost disappear. The discussions on several problems of the radiation atoms made by the DWT's proposer on the basis of this theory are either mathematically incorrect or inconsistent with experiments and the usual theory.

Design and implementation of a platform for configuring clinical dynamic safety checklist applications

In recent years, it has been demonstrated that checklists can improve patient safety significantly. To facilitate the effective use of checklists in daily practice, both the medical community and the informatics community propose to implement checklists in dynamic checklist applications that can be integrated into the clinical workflow and that is specific to the patient context. However, it is difficult to develop such applications because they are tightly intertwined with the content of specific checklists. We propose a platform that enables access to dynamic checklist applications by configuring the infrastructures provided in the platform. Then, the applications can be developed without time-consuming programming work. We define a number of design criteria regarding point of care and clinical processes by analyzing the existing checklist applications and the lessons learned from implementations.Then, by applying rule-based clinical decision support and workflow management technologies, we design technical mechanisms to satisfy the design criteria. A dynamic checklist application platform is designed based on these mechanisms. Finally, we build a platform in various design cycle iterations, driven by multiple clinical cases. By applying the platform, we develop nine comprehensive dynamic checklist applications with 242 dynamic checklists.The results demonstrate both the feasibility and the overall generic nature of the proposed approach. We propose a novel platform for configuring dynamic checklist applications. This platform satisfies the general requirements and can be easily configured to satisfy different scenarios in which safety checklists are used.

Optimal thermoelectric figure of merit of Si/Ge core-shell nanowires

We investigate the thermoelectric energy conversion efficiency of Si and Ge nanowires, and in particular, that of Si/Ge core-shell nanowires. We show how the presence of a thin Ge shell on a Si core nanowire increases the overall figure of merit. We find the optimal thickness of the Ge shell to provide the largest figure of merit for the devices. We also consider Ge core/Si shell nanowires, and show that an optimal thickness of the Si shell does not exist, since the figure of merit is a monotonically decreasing function of the radius of the nanowire. Finally, we verify the empirical law relating the electron energy gap to the optimal working temperature that maximizes the efficiency of the device.

The Fall and Rise of Tuberculosis： How Institutional Change Affected Health Outcomes in Shanghai, 1927--2013

This paper examines the decline of tuberculosis and the faltering of TB in China. Specifically, I examine how institutional change--the construction and dismantling of the work-unit system--has affected TB control. The work-unit system was an employment system under which the vast majority of the population, in both urban and rural areas, had guaranteed employment and a host of benefits, including health insurance and access to the public health and health care systems. This system was created in the 1950s, which coincided with the decline of TB mortality and morbidity. The 1990s dismantling of the work-unit system has coincided with resurgent TB. This comparative historical sociological work examines TB control in Shanghai at three critical junctures： before the work-unit system was constructed, while it was in place, and since it has been dismantled. I examine both Shanghai＇s urban districts and rural counties, based on data gathered from archival sources and in-depth interviews during 17 months of field research. I argue that the work-unit system provided an effective basic-level infrastructure for the provision of public health and health care services that reached the entire population. This infrastructure was critical to the success of TB control efforts during the work-unit era, and its dismantling has been a key cause of the faltering of TB control in recent years.

The Abbreviated Symbol of Living Forms, Unit and Growth

This essay is written in the form of a mosaic. It intersperses simple language, primary and secondary quotes within text, footnotes and epigraphs from classical thinkers and cutting-edge researchers. It invites readers, be they casual or experienced, to a certain play of irony and fantasy in their reflection on the main thrust of the argument. The essay is divided into two parts. The first seeks to introduce the readers to some of the main concerns of frontier science and the Philosophy of Science at the beginning of this millennium： the Universe Models proposed by scientists from fields related to Physics and Mathematics in their eagerness to explain more and more discoveries and to lay out a solid new scientific paradigm. We are convinced that the leap between sidelines and insides--when confronting straightforward style with systematic contrast--does not lessen the rigor of research, and serves to lighten the density of the topic by projecting nuances and resonance onto the logos and its concatenation. It may also serve to vivify field and figure, in order to recreate the fertile delight that generally comes from a good reading of deep intertext.In the second part, we attempt to subtly demonstrate a fortunate discovery： the validity and solidity of the laws of Nature, upheld on the basis of their abstract mathematical expression （the Number Phi （φ）, the goldennumber or golden section）, which despite having faded into oblivion, buried under centuries of disuse in the fields of Aesthetics and Art, has proven to be useful as a critical instrument and a template for concrete solutions that we wish to share. We believe that this Model may serve not only to answer some of the scientific issues that we have referred to, but to redirect the discussion itself, and break the logjam of many frontier forums that place conditions on the application of the Models pro- duced over the last century. Having glimpsed those realms where analysis and common sense come together for addressing one of the most salient issues of our time, we chose to close the essay by offering practical, concrete findings on the topic of Models, which not only specialists in the field may find useful, but also any reader, especially educators, who are charged with sharing these findings with the present and future generations.

Stable single-photon detection based on Si-avalanche photodiode in a large temperature variation range

In this paper, we present a stable single-photon detection method based on Si-avalanche photodiode(Si-APD) operating in Geiger mode with a large temperature variation range. By accurate temperature sensing and direct current(DC) bias voltage compensation, the single-photon detector can work stably in Geiger mode from-40 °C to 35 °C with an almost constant avalanche gain. It provides a solution for single-photon detection at outdoor operation in all-weather conditions.