method of extracting astaxanthin from Phaffia rhodozyma with various solvents after acid washing was investigated. The extraction efficiency was distinctly increased after acid washing of P. rhodozyma cells. When the ...method of extracting astaxanthin from Phaffia rhodozyma with various solvents after acid washing was investigated. The extraction efficiency was distinctly increased after acid washing of P. rhodozyma cells. When the concentration of HCl was 0.4 mol.L^-1, the highest extraction efficiency of astaxanthin was achieved which was about three times higher than the control. Acetone or benzene as single polar or non-polar solvent was the most ef- fective solvent in our research. With a combination of isopropanol and n-hexane （volume ratio of 2 ： 1）, the maxi- mal extraction efficiency was achieved, approximately 60% higher than that obtained with a single solvent. The liquid-solid ratio and the extracting time were also optimized. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the extraction yield of astaxanthin exceeded 98%.展开更多
The pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is complex. However,it is believed that a susceptible individual,owing to his genetic background,sex and age,can develop the disease following exposure to an environmenta...The pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is complex. However,it is believed that a susceptible individual,owing to his genetic background,sex and age,can develop the disease following exposure to an environmental trigger. Autoimmune hepatitis does not follow a Mendelian pattern of inheritance; hence no single causative genetic locus has been identified. However,several genes,inside and outside the HLA locus,have been linked to an increased susceptibility to AIH. Epidemiological evidence also suggests that the sex and age of the patient plays a role in AIH pathogenesis as the disease onset occurs mainly in the two first decades of life and a higher disease incidence is observed in females. No environmental trigger has been identified,but several have been proposed,mainly viruses and xenobiotics. This article aims at reviewing the current knowledge on susceptibility factors leading to AIH and putative triggers,emphasizing fundamental mechanisms responsible for the break of liver immunological tolerance.展开更多
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a necroinflammatory liver disease of unknown etiology that occurs in children and adults of all ages. Characteristics are its autoimmune features,hyperglobulinemia (IgG),and the presence ...Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a necroinflammatory liver disease of unknown etiology that occurs in children and adults of all ages. Characteristics are its autoimmune features,hyperglobulinemia (IgG),and the presence of circulating autoantibodies,as well as a response to immunosuppressant drugs. Current treatment consists of prednisone and azathioprine and in most patients this disease has become very treatable. Over the past 2 years,a couple of new insights into the genetic aspects,clinical course and treatment of AIH have been reported,which will be the focus of this review. In particular,we concentrate on genome-wide microsatellite analysis,a novel mouse model of AIH,the evaluation of a large AIH cohort for overlap syndromes,suggested novel criteria for the diagnosis of AIH,and the latest studies on treatment of AIH with budenoside and mycophenolate mofetil.展开更多
We study the dynamic cavity method for dilute kinetic Ising models with synchronous update rules. For the parallel update rule we find for fully asymmetric models that the dynamic cavity equations reduce to a Markovia...We study the dynamic cavity method for dilute kinetic Ising models with synchronous update rules. For the parallel update rule we find for fully asymmetric models that the dynamic cavity equations reduce to a Markovian dynamics of the (time-dependent) marginal probabilities. For the random sequential update rule, also an instantiation of a synchronous update rule, we find on the other hand that the dynamic cavity equations do not reduce to a Markovian dynamics, unless an additional assumption of time factorization is introduced. For symmetric models we show that a fixed point of ordinary Belief propagation is also a fixed point of the dynamic cavity equations in the time factorized approximation. For clarity, the conclusions of the paper are formulated as three lemmas.展开更多
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic disease of unknown etiology that is characterized by the presence of circulatory autoantibodies and inflammatory histological changes in the liver. Although the pathogenesis of ...Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic disease of unknown etiology that is characterized by the presence of circulatory autoantibodies and inflammatory histological changes in the liver. Although the pathogenesis of AIH is not known, it is thought that, in a genetically predisposed individual, environmental factors such as viruses can trigger the autoimmune process. Herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, measles virus, and hepatitis viruses are thought to play a role in the etiology of AIH. Proteins belonging to these viruses may be similar to the amino acid chains of different autoantigens in the liver, this causes immune cross reactions and liver tissue damage. We report a case of severe AIH following varicella zoster infection in a 23-year-old man, and speculate that, based on the molecular mimicry hypothesis, the liver damage was caused by an immune cross reaction to the viral proteins. Varicella-zoster-induced AIH has not been reported previously.展开更多
In order to predict the levels of corona noise from high-voltage alternating current （AC） transmission lines, the mechanism of corona noise and the corresponding theoretical prediction model are investigated. On the...In order to predict the levels of corona noise from high-voltage alternating current （AC） transmission lines, the mechanism of corona noise and the corresponding theoretical prediction model are investigated. On the basis of Drnde model, the motion of positive and negative ions produced by high-voltage corona is analyzed, and the mechanism of corona noise is discovered. The theoretical prediction model is put forward by using Kirchhoff formula, which is verified by the well agreement between our result and others＇ , considering the case of three- phase single lines. Moreover, the calculation results show that for both single and bundled lines, the sound pres- sure level of the typical frequency, i.e. twice the power frequency, attenuates slowly and leads to an obviously in- terferential phenomenon near the transmission lines, but the level of the bundled lines is smaller than that of the single ones under the same transmission voltage. Based on the mechanism of corona noise and the prediction model, it is obvious that bundled lines and/or increased line radius can be adopted to reduce corona noise in the practical engineering applications effectively. This model can also provide a theoretical guidance for the high-volt- age AC transmission line design.展开更多
基金Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities （FRF-AS-10-001B） and the National Natural Science Foundation of China （11071013）.
文摘method of extracting astaxanthin from Phaffia rhodozyma with various solvents after acid washing was investigated. The extraction efficiency was distinctly increased after acid washing of P. rhodozyma cells. When the concentration of HCl was 0.4 mol.L^-1, the highest extraction efficiency of astaxanthin was achieved which was about three times higher than the control. Acetone or benzene as single polar or non-polar solvent was the most ef- fective solvent in our research. With a combination of isopropanol and n-hexane （volume ratio of 2 ： 1）, the maxi- mal extraction efficiency was achieved, approximately 60% higher than that obtained with a single solvent. The liquid-solid ratio and the extracting time were also optimized. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the extraction yield of astaxanthin exceeded 98%.
文摘The pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is complex. However,it is believed that a susceptible individual,owing to his genetic background,sex and age,can develop the disease following exposure to an environmental trigger. Autoimmune hepatitis does not follow a Mendelian pattern of inheritance; hence no single causative genetic locus has been identified. However,several genes,inside and outside the HLA locus,have been linked to an increased susceptibility to AIH. Epidemiological evidence also suggests that the sex and age of the patient plays a role in AIH pathogenesis as the disease onset occurs mainly in the two first decades of life and a higher disease incidence is observed in females. No environmental trigger has been identified,but several have been proposed,mainly viruses and xenobiotics. This article aims at reviewing the current knowledge on susceptibility factors leading to AIH and putative triggers,emphasizing fundamental mechanisms responsible for the break of liver immunological tolerance.
文摘Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a necroinflammatory liver disease of unknown etiology that occurs in children and adults of all ages. Characteristics are its autoimmune features,hyperglobulinemia (IgG),and the presence of circulating autoantibodies,as well as a response to immunosuppressant drugs. Current treatment consists of prednisone and azathioprine and in most patients this disease has become very treatable. Over the past 2 years,a couple of new insights into the genetic aspects,clinical course and treatment of AIH have been reported,which will be the focus of this review. In particular,we concentrate on genome-wide microsatellite analysis,a novel mouse model of AIH,the evaluation of a large AIH cohort for overlap syndromes,suggested novel criteria for the diagnosis of AIH,and the latest studies on treatment of AIH with budenoside and mycophenolate mofetil.
基金Supported by the Academy of Finland as part of Its Finland Distinguished Professor Program, Project 129024/Aurellin part by the Project of Knowledge Innovation Program (PKIP) of Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No. KJCX2.YW.W10
文摘We study the dynamic cavity method for dilute kinetic Ising models with synchronous update rules. For the parallel update rule we find for fully asymmetric models that the dynamic cavity equations reduce to a Markovian dynamics of the (time-dependent) marginal probabilities. For the random sequential update rule, also an instantiation of a synchronous update rule, we find on the other hand that the dynamic cavity equations do not reduce to a Markovian dynamics, unless an additional assumption of time factorization is introduced. For symmetric models we show that a fixed point of ordinary Belief propagation is also a fixed point of the dynamic cavity equations in the time factorized approximation. For clarity, the conclusions of the paper are formulated as three lemmas.
文摘Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic disease of unknown etiology that is characterized by the presence of circulatory autoantibodies and inflammatory histological changes in the liver. Although the pathogenesis of AIH is not known, it is thought that, in a genetically predisposed individual, environmental factors such as viruses can trigger the autoimmune process. Herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, measles virus, and hepatitis viruses are thought to play a role in the etiology of AIH. Proteins belonging to these viruses may be similar to the amino acid chains of different autoantigens in the liver, this causes immune cross reactions and liver tissue damage. We report a case of severe AIH following varicella zoster infection in a 23-year-old man, and speculate that, based on the molecular mimicry hypothesis, the liver damage was caused by an immune cross reaction to the viral proteins. Varicella-zoster-induced AIH has not been reported previously.
文摘In order to predict the levels of corona noise from high-voltage alternating current （AC） transmission lines, the mechanism of corona noise and the corresponding theoretical prediction model are investigated. On the basis of Drnde model, the motion of positive and negative ions produced by high-voltage corona is analyzed, and the mechanism of corona noise is discovered. The theoretical prediction model is put forward by using Kirchhoff formula, which is verified by the well agreement between our result and others＇ , considering the case of three- phase single lines. Moreover, the calculation results show that for both single and bundled lines, the sound pres- sure level of the typical frequency, i.e. twice the power frequency, attenuates slowly and leads to an obviously in- terferential phenomenon near the transmission lines, but the level of the bundled lines is smaller than that of the single ones under the same transmission voltage. Based on the mechanism of corona noise and the prediction model, it is obvious that bundled lines and/or increased line radius can be adopted to reduce corona noise in the practical engineering applications effectively. This model can also provide a theoretical guidance for the high-volt- age AC transmission line design.
