“投化客”与“平城体”书法——从《司马金龙墓屏风漆画题记》谈起

南北朝时期,由于连年战争不断,社会动荡,民户大迁徙是这一时期的重要历史特征。在迁移民活动中,“投化”是人口流动中重要的一种方式。着眼于北魏迁移民活动中的“投化”现象,以司马金龙墓出土的司马金龙墓漆器屏风墨迹题记为线索,通过对屏风墨迹书法风格由来加以分析,进而对“平城体”书法风格形成因素加以郄视。

“平城体”与魏碑源流

在至今为止的很长一段时间内,平城书法在书法史叙事中都是一个边缘化的存在。人们只是在谈到洛阳"龙门体"时才会附带论及它,它只是洛阳龙门魏碑的一个附庸,一个很容易被忽略的源头。而由于出土碑刻的稀少,更加剧了人们对平城魏碑的漠视。即使论及它,也并没有赋予它重要的书史地位。目前,随着平城魏碑、题记作品出土渐多,魏碑历史的真相日渐浮现。由此,对平城魏碑的认识与研究无疑将会得出与往常不同的书史评述与结论。

“平城体”“洛阳体”书风形成脉络探析——以迁都之前北魏平城石刻书法为中心

公元三九八年拓跋珪迁都平城,立国号为"魏",并于四三九年统一北方。北魏采取积极汉化的措施,在刻石书法方面对其影响最大的,应该是卫氏、崔氏、卢氏等汉族书学世家及四四二年控制凉州地区之后迁移的僧侣和工匠。崔卢旧法与凉州体墓志铭、写经和造像记等风格相融合,最终奠定了"平城体"的风格基调,初步形成了魏碑面目,并对早期"洛阳体"产生影响。

Optimal scenario balance of reduction in costs and greenhouse gas emissions for municipal solid waste management

To reduce carbon intensity, an improved management method balancing the reduction in costs and greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions is required for Tianjin's waste management system. Firstly, six objective functions, namely, cost minimization, GHG minimization, eco-efficiency minimization, cost maximization, GHG maximization and eco-efficiency maximization, are built and subjected to the same constraints with each objective function corresponding to one scenario. Secondly, GHG emissions and costs are derived from the waste flow of each scenario. Thirdly, the range of GHG emissions and costs of other potential scenarios are obtained and plotted through adjusting waste flow with infinitely possible step sizes according to the correlation among the above six scenarios. And the optimal scenario is determined based on this range. The results suggest the following conclusions. 1) The scenarios located on the border between scenario cost minimization and GHG minimization create an optimum curve, and scenario GHG minimization has the smallest eco-efficiency on the curve; 2) Simple pursuit of eco-efficiency minimization using fractional programming may be unreasonable; 3) Balancing GHG emissions from incineration and landfills benefits Tianjin's waste management system as it reduces GHG emissions and costs.

基于智力城镇化的特色小镇产业培育探索——以辽宁通远堡镇为例

我国城镇化正处于劣势的体力城镇化阶段,特色小镇作为新型城镇化的主力军,体力化威胁仍不可避免。为缓解特色小镇体力化困境,文章基于智力城镇化的相关理论,以辽宁通远堡镇为例,围绕特色产业展开智力化培育的探索。结合链式产业思维,以智力投入、智力主体、智力产出三大环节为基础,以智力要素创新性地打造智力链条,构建可持续的特色产业,带动城镇化转型升级,以期为辽宁省乃至全国特色小镇培育提供借鉴。