[Objective] This study aimed to optimize the extraction process parameters of Pu-erh tea polysaccharide. [Method] Single-factor experiment was carried out to analyze the influences of three main factors, including ext...[Objective] This study aimed to optimize the extraction process parameters of Pu-erh tea polysaccharide. [Method] Single-factor experiment was carried out to analyze the influences of three main factors, including extraction temperature, ex- traction duration and solid-liquid ratio, on the extraction yield of tea polysaccharide. Box-Behnken central composite design and response surface methodology were adopted to determine the optimal extraction process of Pu-erh tea polysaccharide. [Result] The results of response surface analysis showed that the optimal extraction process was solid-liquid ratio of 1：17, extraction temperature of 80 ℃ and extraction duration of 78.5 min, and the Pu-erh tea polysaccharide yield was 12.72%. [Conclu- sion] Using response surface methodology （RSM） is feasible for the optimization of Pu-erh tea polysaccharide extraction process, and the tea polysaccharide yield increased significantly.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the potential role of Active Chinese mistletoe lectin-55 (ACML-55) in tumor immune surveillance. METHODS: In this study, an experimental model was established by hypodermic inoculating the colon can...AIM:To investigate the potential role of Active Chinese mistletoe lectin-55 (ACML-55) in tumor immune surveillance. METHODS: In this study, an experimental model was established by hypodermic inoculating the colon cancer cell line CT26 (5 × 105 cells) into BALB/c mice. The experimental treatment was orally administered with ACML-55 or PBS, followed by the inoculation of colon cancer cell line CT26. Intracellular cytokine staining was used to detect IFN-γ production by tumor antigen specific CD8+ T cells. FACS analysis was employed to profi le composition and activation of CD4+, CD8+, γδ T and NK cells. RESULTS: Our results showed, compared to PBS treated mice, ACML-55 treatment signifi cantly delayed colon cancer development in colon cancer -bearingBalb/c mice in vivo. Treatment with ACML-55 enhanced both Ag specifi c activation and proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and increased the number of tumor Ag specific CD8+ T cells. It was more important to increase the frequency of tumor Ag specific IFN-γ producing-CD8+ T cells. Interestingly, ACML-55 treatment also showed increased cell number of NK, and γδT cells, indicating the role of ACML-55 in activation of innate lymphocytes. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that ACML-55 therapy can enhance function in immune surveillance in colon cancer-bearing mice through regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses.展开更多
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the application of the principle of proportionality based on a case relating to a Portuguese economic group operating in the transportation sector. The group applied for being t...The purpose of this paper is to discuss the application of the principle of proportionality based on a case relating to a Portuguese economic group operating in the transportation sector. The group applied for being taxed under the regime of the group relief, as established in the Portuguese Corporate Income Tax Code （CITC）, and the tax authorities approved the request in 2002. The group＇s accounts for 2003 were audited by tax inspectors in 2007. In 2008, the accounts from 2004 to 2006 were also under a tax auditing. Following such audits and basing on, in the author＇s view, some minor faults, the tax administration disallowed the use of group relief for four consecutive years （from 2003 to 2006）. The financial implication was that 12 million Euros in additional taxes were charged to the group. Such an increase in the income tax would wipe out profits for two consecutive years, thus, pushing the effective tax rate to 100%. Such an economic result fell outside what seemed to be a balanced application of the law, by disregarding financial consequences from minor tax faults, some of which were voluntarily corrected by the group展开更多
Depression is a chronic,recurring and potentially life-threatening illness that affects up to 20%of the population across the world.Despite its prevalence and considerable impact on human,little is known about its pat...Depression is a chronic,recurring and potentially life-threatening illness that affects up to 20%of the population across the world.Despite its prevalence and considerable impact on human,little is known about its pathogenesis.One of the major reasons is the restricted availability of validated animal models due to the absence of consensus on the pathology and etiology of depression.Besides,some core symptoms such as depressed mood,feeling of worthlessness,and recurring thoughts of death or suicide,are impossible to be modeled on laboratory animals.Currently,the criteria for identifying animal models of depression rely on either of the 2 principles：actions of known antidepressants and responses to stress.This review mainly focuses on the most widely used animal models of depression,including learned helplessness,chronic mild stress,and social defeat paradigms.Also,the behavioral tests for screening antidepressants,such as forced swimming test and tail suspension test,are also discussed.The advantages and major drawbacks of each model are evaluated.In prospective,new techniques that will be beneficial for developing novel animal models or detecting depression are discussed.展开更多
Desert is the core concept of justice, and social desert is the core concept of distributive justice. Distributive justice involves not only the self-ownership of each person, but also the public resources people shar...Desert is the core concept of justice, and social desert is the core concept of distributive justice. Distributive justice involves not only the self-ownership of each person, but also the public resources people share and the social fights and economic interests they acquire from the state and society. Everyone has total self-ownership, which forms the basis of many of the rights they enjoy, but this is not the basis of their social desert. Social desert refers to the public value and shared resources that each person can acquire from society. Its basis is people＇s status as members of a community, a status determined by their position in the political, social and economic structure. Social justice means that everyone gets their just desert in the socioeconomic sphere. The theory of social desert is a theory of resource distribution concerned with social justice in the distribution and allocation of basic social resources. It advocates not only the protection of self-ownership and careful treatment of self-ownership transactions, modifications, and compensation, but also equal enjoyment of basic social resources. Announcing a return to the starting point of social justice, it provides a feasible path to easing social contradictions.展开更多
The Rydberg states of neutral atoms are strongly polarisable and possess long lifetimes because of high energies which can lead to strong and long range dipole-dipole interactions.The energy levels corresponding to th...The Rydberg states of neutral atoms are strongly polarisable and possess long lifetimes because of high energies which can lead to strong and long range dipole-dipole interactions.The energy levels corresponding to these states are shifted because of dipole-dipole interactions and can be used to block transitions of more than one excitation in the Rydberg regime.This reputed Rydberg blockade is obtained when the excitation is shifted out of resonance by these interactions.Electromagnetically induced transparency(EIT)is sensitive to a small detuning.At large distances,up to several micrometers,the interactions can interrupt the EIT consequence.Herein we investigate a novel scheme based on EIT and Rydberg blockade and performed a simulation of a controlled-NOT(C-NOT)quantum gate which is critical for quantum computation by using neutral atoms.展开更多
基金Supported by National Science and Technology Support Program of China (2007BAD58B03)~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to optimize the extraction process parameters of Pu-erh tea polysaccharide. [Method] Single-factor experiment was carried out to analyze the influences of three main factors, including extraction temperature, ex- traction duration and solid-liquid ratio, on the extraction yield of tea polysaccharide. Box-Behnken central composite design and response surface methodology were adopted to determine the optimal extraction process of Pu-erh tea polysaccharide. [Result] The results of response surface analysis showed that the optimal extraction process was solid-liquid ratio of 1：17, extraction temperature of 80 ℃ and extraction duration of 78.5 min, and the Pu-erh tea polysaccharide yield was 12.72%. [Conclu- sion] Using response surface methodology （RSM） is feasible for the optimization of Pu-erh tea polysaccharide extraction process, and the tea polysaccharide yield increased significantly.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.30471593 and No. 30670939the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project,No.T0206+1 种基金the Shanghai Commission of Science and Technology,No.07JC14033the Shanghai Institute of Immunology Project,No.07-A02
文摘AIM:To investigate the potential role of Active Chinese mistletoe lectin-55 (ACML-55) in tumor immune surveillance. METHODS: In this study, an experimental model was established by hypodermic inoculating the colon cancer cell line CT26 (5 × 105 cells) into BALB/c mice. The experimental treatment was orally administered with ACML-55 or PBS, followed by the inoculation of colon cancer cell line CT26. Intracellular cytokine staining was used to detect IFN-γ production by tumor antigen specific CD8+ T cells. FACS analysis was employed to profi le composition and activation of CD4+, CD8+, γδ T and NK cells. RESULTS: Our results showed, compared to PBS treated mice, ACML-55 treatment signifi cantly delayed colon cancer development in colon cancer -bearingBalb/c mice in vivo. Treatment with ACML-55 enhanced both Ag specifi c activation and proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and increased the number of tumor Ag specific CD8+ T cells. It was more important to increase the frequency of tumor Ag specific IFN-γ producing-CD8+ T cells. Interestingly, ACML-55 treatment also showed increased cell number of NK, and γδT cells, indicating the role of ACML-55 in activation of innate lymphocytes. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that ACML-55 therapy can enhance function in immune surveillance in colon cancer-bearing mice through regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses.
文摘The purpose of this paper is to discuss the application of the principle of proportionality based on a case relating to a Portuguese economic group operating in the transportation sector. The group applied for being taxed under the regime of the group relief, as established in the Portuguese Corporate Income Tax Code （CITC）, and the tax authorities approved the request in 2002. The group＇s accounts for 2003 were audited by tax inspectors in 2007. In 2008, the accounts from 2004 to 2006 were also under a tax auditing. Following such audits and basing on, in the author＇s view, some minor faults, the tax administration disallowed the use of group relief for four consecutive years （from 2003 to 2006）. The financial implication was that 12 million Euros in additional taxes were charged to the group. Such an increase in the income tax would wipe out profits for two consecutive years, thus, pushing the effective tax rate to 100%. Such an economic result fell outside what seemed to be a balanced application of the law, by disregarding financial consequences from minor tax faults, some of which were voluntarily corrected by the group
文摘Depression is a chronic,recurring and potentially life-threatening illness that affects up to 20%of the population across the world.Despite its prevalence and considerable impact on human,little is known about its pathogenesis.One of the major reasons is the restricted availability of validated animal models due to the absence of consensus on the pathology and etiology of depression.Besides,some core symptoms such as depressed mood,feeling of worthlessness,and recurring thoughts of death or suicide,are impossible to be modeled on laboratory animals.Currently,the criteria for identifying animal models of depression rely on either of the 2 principles：actions of known antidepressants and responses to stress.This review mainly focuses on the most widely used animal models of depression,including learned helplessness,chronic mild stress,and social defeat paradigms.Also,the behavioral tests for screening antidepressants,such as forced swimming test and tail suspension test,are also discussed.The advantages and major drawbacks of each model are evaluated.In prospective,new techniques that will be beneficial for developing novel animal models or detecting depression are discussed.
基金supported by grants from the Major Program of the National Social Science Fund of China"Research on Pragmatic Political Philosophy(13AZX016)and Research on Pragmatism"(14ZDB022)
文摘Desert is the core concept of justice, and social desert is the core concept of distributive justice. Distributive justice involves not only the self-ownership of each person, but also the public resources people share and the social fights and economic interests they acquire from the state and society. Everyone has total self-ownership, which forms the basis of many of the rights they enjoy, but this is not the basis of their social desert. Social desert refers to the public value and shared resources that each person can acquire from society. Its basis is people＇s status as members of a community, a status determined by their position in the political, social and economic structure. Social justice means that everyone gets their just desert in the socioeconomic sphere. The theory of social desert is a theory of resource distribution concerned with social justice in the distribution and allocation of basic social resources. It advocates not only the protection of self-ownership and careful treatment of self-ownership transactions, modifications, and compensation, but also equal enjoyment of basic social resources. Announcing a return to the starting point of social justice, it provides a feasible path to easing social contradictions.
基金the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan for providing financial support
文摘The Rydberg states of neutral atoms are strongly polarisable and possess long lifetimes because of high energies which can lead to strong and long range dipole-dipole interactions.The energy levels corresponding to these states are shifted because of dipole-dipole interactions and can be used to block transitions of more than one excitation in the Rydberg regime.This reputed Rydberg blockade is obtained when the excitation is shifted out of resonance by these interactions.Electromagnetically induced transparency(EIT)is sensitive to a small detuning.At large distances,up to several micrometers,the interactions can interrupt the EIT consequence.Herein we investigate a novel scheme based on EIT and Rydberg blockade and performed a simulation of a controlled-NOT(C-NOT)quantum gate which is critical for quantum computation by using neutral atoms.
