狼群战术的“异地化”

我非常赞同作者提出的狼群战术进入拐点期的观点，不过在这我还想补充一点，那就是狼群战术的“异地化”，这可能也是拐点期的一个特点。原来贵刊所提的狼群战术，一般都是在产地，比如汾酒在山西、禹王亭在德州、太白在陕西等都是这样。可能它们的品牌影响力只有在产地区域内才能发挥作用。其实在我个人看来，所谓的狼群战术必须有一个区域的问题，只有在一定的区域范围内才能体现出狼“群”的作用。而异地化就是在产地之外，也出现了狼群的现象。这种情况我可以举两个很显著的例子，一个是汾酒，一个是泸州老窖。2005年汾酒在河南初露苗头之后，大量的买断产品就蜂拥而至。

UL认证从“异地化”到“本土化”——访UL中国区域总经理钟正先生

从事电器制造业的专业人士对于“UL”认证标志已经比较熟悉了,就是普通消费者,目前对产品认证的含义也在逐渐知晓。UL认证历史已有100多年,影响面遍及全球。我国加入WTO以后,在保证进一步开放的前提下,承诺尊重国际市场的基本贸易规则,在此背景下,UL认证公司正式以资本入驻的形式进入中国市场,完成了从“异地化”到“本土化”的过渡。今年七月,UL与中国进出口商品检测实验室正式签署了建立合资检测实验公司的协议,对此,我们是否有必要对“UL”及其我们即将面对的新形势进行一下重新审视呢?就此本刊记者再次采访了UL中国区域总经理钟正先生。

Normalized edge detection, and the horizontal extent and depth of geophysical anomalies

Edge detection is an image processing technique for finding the boundaries of objects within images. It is typically used to interpret gravity and magnetic data, and find the horizontal boundaries of geological bodies. Large deviations between model and true edges are common because of the interference of depth and errors in computing the derivatives; thus, edge detection methods cannot provide information about the depth of the source. To simultaneously obtain the horizontal extent and depth of geophysical anomalies, we use normalized edge detection filters, which normalize the edge detection function at different depths, and the maxima that correspond to the location of the source. The errors between model and actual edges are minimized as the depth of the source decreases and the normalized edge detection method recognizes the extent of the source based on the maxima, allowing for reliable model results. We demonstrate the applicability of the normalized edge detection filters in defining the horizontal extent and depth using synthetic and actual aeromagnetic data.

Spatial Differentiation of Elements in Soils on Red-Earthy Hill Landscape of Central China

Samples of 21 soil profiles and 165 top soils from an area of approximate 1.5km^2 on red-earthy hill landscape were collected and analysed.The content of Ca,Mg,K,P,Fe,Mn,Zn and Cu in soils relate with the kind of parent material and the position of topography,however,there is great variation due to the local difference of the form of soil utilization.From the difference in spatial distribution of elements content,it is believed that eight kinds of elements are lost by chemical leaching and physical translocation,meanwhile some are added (such as Ca,P,K,Mg) and some mobilized (such as Fe,Mn,Zn,Cu and P) through cultivation,fertilization and irrigation in the soils on the landscape investigated.The sectional differentiation in abundance or deficiency of elements in top soils on the landscape investigated is distinct,which is important for carrying out agricultural management and reasonable fertilization according to local conditions.

Variability of Surface Sensible Heat Flux over Northwest China

The present study documents the variability of surface sensible heat flux over Northwest China using station observations for the period 1961 2000.It is found that the afternoon and nighttime sensible heat flux variations are remarkably different.The variability of the instant flux in the afternoon is much larger than in the nighttime.The afternoon and nighttime flux anomalies tend to be opposite.The diurnal and seasonal dependence of sensible heat flux variations is closely related to the diurnal cycle of mean land-air temperature difference.The relationship of sensible heat flux with land-air temperature difference based on the instant value differs from that based on the daily mean.The present study indicates the importance for the models to properly simulate mean land-air temperature difference and its diurnal and seasonal variations in order to capture surface sensible heat flux variability over Northwest China and predicts its plausible impacts on climate.

Translocalization and Social Rescaling:Case Studies of Linguistic Landscapes in Guangzhou

Languages and linguistic resources transport from one locality to another,adapting to the norms,customs,and regulations of a new locality.This process involves translocalization.Translocalization emphasizes the movement of linguistic resources against the backdrop of globalization and the combination or reframing of resources from different localities.This research explores the extent to which translocalization is reflected by the linguistic landscapes of three distinct commercial areas in Guangzhou,China.It goes on to discuss how translocalization works together with social rescaling to incur the movement of linguistic resources and to result in distinct linguistic landscapes of the three commercial areas.It concludes that some languages or linguistic resources,such as English,pinyin and traditional Chinese writing,are transported to local contexts for the purpose of rescaling,whereas other languages or dialects,like Cantonese,might gradually lose their function of rescaling and retain its function in indexing local identity and solidarity.This study calls for more attention to the local resources and contexts in linguistic landscape studies.It argues for the indexical function of linguistic resources in social rescaling and city planning.

Mineralization-related geochemical anomalies derived from stream sediment geochemical data using multifractal analysis in Pangxidong area of Qinzhou-Hangzhou tectonic joint belt, Guangdong Province, China

Distinguishing geochemical anomalies from background is a basic task in exploratory geochemistry. The derivation of geochemical anomalies from stream sediment geochemical data and the decomposition of these anomalies into their component patterns were described. A set of stream sediment geochemical data was obtained for 1 880 km 2 of the Pangxidong area, which is in the southern part of the recently recognized Qinzhou-Hangzhou joint tectonic belt. This belt crosses southern China and tends to the northwest (NE) direction. The total number of collected samples was 7 236, and the concentrations of Ag, Au, Cu, As, Pb and Zn were measured for each sample. The spatial combination distribution law of geochemical elements and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to construct combination models for the identification of combinations of geochemical anomalies. Spectrum-area (S-A) fractal modeling was used to strengthen weak anomalies and separate them from the background. Composite anomaly modeling was combined with fractal filtering techniques to process and analyze the geochemical data. The raster maps of Au, Ag, Cu, As, Pb and Zn were obtained by the multifractal inverse distance weighted (MIDW) method. PCA was used to combine the Au, Ag, Cu, As, Pb, and Zn concentration values. The S-A fractal method was used to decompose the first component pattern achieved by the PCA. The results show that combination anomalies from a combination of variables coincide with the known mineralization of the study area. Although the combination anomalies cannot reflect local anomalies closely enough, high-anomaly areas indicate good sites for further exploration for unknown deposits. On this basis, anomaly and background separation from combination anomalies using fractal filtering techniques can provide guidance for later work.

Planation Surfaces on the Tibet Plateau,China

A planation hypothesis is proposed to explain landform evolution of the Tibet Plateau. A denudation threshold （T）, the maximum potential denudation rate for a certain type of rock, is introduced to explain the combined effects of lithology and tectonics on landform evolution. If the tectonic uplifting rate （U） is equal to or less than the threshold rate （U ≤ T）, the tectonic uplifting and terrain denudation are in dynamic equilibrium, and landforms are in a steady state. The end product should be planation surfaces whether the original landforms are flat plains or deeply dissected mountains. If U 〉 T, uplift and denudation are not able to reach a dynamic equilibrium state. The plateau surface is mostly underlain by soft rocks, such as the Mesozoic epimetamorphic argillites and Tertiary sedimentary rocks, while the mountain ranges comprise hard rocks, such as granite, gneiss and limestone. In soft rock regions, hills are low with a relative relief of mostly less than 100 m and the slopes are gentle at a gradient of 〈200. In contrast, hills can maintain steep slopes in hard rock regions. The Tibet Plateau has been under an equilibrium condition between tectonic uplifting and denudation except for the mountain ranges. The plateau might have reached the present altitudes before the Quaternary.

Sino-Western Regional Differences and Translation

Cultuare difference always exists in many aspects. Due to the national characters, regionalism, and times, translation can not be in a position when we try to translate without considering the language culture. Cultural difference between English and Chinese, determines the different features between English and Chinese.

Characteristics of Spatial and Temporal Variations of Monthly Mean Surface Air Temperature over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The recorded meteorological data of monthly mean surface air temperature from 72 meteorological stations over the Qinghal-Tibet Plateau in the period of 1960-2003 have been analyzed by using Empirical Orthogonal Function （EOF） method, to understand the detailed features of its temporal and spatial variations. The results show that there was a high consistency of the monthly mean surface air temperature, with a secondarily different variation between the north and the south of the plateau. Warming trend has existed at all stations since the 1960s, while the warming rates were different in various zones. The source regions of big rivers had intense warming tendency. June, November and December were the top three fast-warming months since the 1960s; while April, July and September presented dramatic warming tendency during the last decade.

On Beijing Dialect Translation from the Perspective of Domestication and Foreignization --A Case Study of Shi Xiaojing＇ s English Version of Luotuo Xiangzi

In Lao She＇s works, the use of the Beijing dialect has a strong local characteristic, and readers can fully appreciate the essence of old Beijing＇ s flavor. His famous work Luotuo Xiangzi has embodied the characteristics of Beijing, that is why it is popular among both the public and mmslators. Threrfore, it is significant to study the English translation of Luotuo Xiangzi. Shi Xiaojing has the background of living abroad, and she has also been influenced by Chinese culture. So, her translation ofLuotuo Xiangzi is worth analyzing. This paper will analyze some examples of Beijing dialect in Shi Xiaojing＇s English Version of Luotuo Xiangzi by using the theory of domestication and foreignization to make a summary and to identify deficiencies.

Thoughts and effects for substituted resource prospecting in Laozuoshan gold deposit in Heilongjiang

According to the Geological settings and the distributed laws of ore bodies and previous research re- suits, combining with latest theories and new methods of geological prospecting, the authors proposed prospec- ting thoughts for substituted resources in Laozuoshan gold deposit. After ore prospecting in two years, nine new blind ore bodies were found, among which four ore bodies contain 4218. 1 kg inferred intrinsic economic re- sources （ 333 ）, and mitigate the crisis situation of mine reserves. At the same time, lots of significant geophysi- cal and geochemical anomalies were found in the peripheral, which provide a basis for further prospecting.

Analysis of Electroencephalogram Based on Wavelet Spectrum and Wavelet Entropy

Based on discrete wavelet transform, both relative wavelet energy （RWE） and segment wavelet entropy （SWE） of electroencephalogram （EEG） are defined in this paper. The RWE provides quantitatively the information about the relative energy associated with different frequency bands present in the EEG. The SWE carries information about the degree of order or disorder associated with different time segment of EEG evolution, which can determine the time-segment loealizations of abnormal dynamic processes of brain activity due to the localization characteristics of the wavelet transform. The experimental results show that the RWE and SWE are different between epileptic EEGs and normal EEGs, which demonstrate that the RWE and the SWE are helpful to analyze the dynamic behavior of different EEGs.

Application of geophysical-geochemical method in verification of stream sediment anomaly in Baoxinggou area of Heilongjiang

Baoxinggou area is located in northern Daxing'anling. In this area,comprehensive use of geophysical and geochemical exploration methods plays an important role in the prospecting,and has yielded some application results so far. Based on the 1 /100 000 stream sediment anomaly survey,the methods of 1 /20 000 soil geochemical measurement,trenching engineering on the earth's surface and 1 /10 000 IP intermediate gradient survey were all used to verify and decompose drainage anomalies,as well as to find and locate ore bodies. In this way,an effective,economical and quick prospecting method was concluded,which focuses on the middle and lower mountain forest swamp landscape in the northern part of Daxing'anling,and provides reference for the prospecting in the area.

Analysis of Fixed Site Leveling Abnormality at Hutubi Seismic Station

On the basis of the comparison data of Stage II of the tunnel site leveling project at Hutubi seismic station and the observation data of Stage IV of the site cross fault leveling project at Hutubi and the level observation data from the cross fault survey lines in Dafeng from 1987 to 2012,this paper analyses the variation rates of the tunnel site leveling observation results and the difference of annual change rates of the cross fault level observations at Hongshan seismic station in Hutubi. This paper concludes the reliability of the Ni004 optical level used by the station and puts forward a proposal based on the analysis. This paper also explores the cross fault leveling research on the ground deformation in the region concerned on the basis of the historical observation of the cross fault level at Dafeng and the comparison results of the tunnel site leveling observation in Hutubi.

Analysis of Small Earthquake Activities before Medium-strong Earthquakes in Northeast China

13 earthquakes with M 〉 5.0 have been recorded in the northeast region of China since 1970, among which eight medium-strong earthquakes are independent in space and time. Studies of seismicity before these eight medium-strong earthquakes show that small earthquake activity was enhanced before the occurrences. Though seismicity increase is a common phenomenon in the northeast China region, we have difficulty in predicting the medium-strong earthquakes by this phenomenon alone. In order to predict medium-strong earthquakes through se｜smicity increase, this paper tries to propose a new method that calculates small earthquake frequency through the changing pattern of small earthquake activities based on the characteristics of small earthquake activity in the northeast China region. The results show that we can get the obvious anomaly frequency of small earthquakes before medium-strong earthquakes through the new method, and can obtain a medium to short term anomaly index for the northeast China region.

A Minireview of Marine Algal Virus-Coccolithoviruses

Coccolithophorid is unicellular marine microalgae with a global distribution in temperate and sub-temperate oceanic regions and has the ability to produce ＇the coccoliths＇. It is considered to be the second most productive calcifying organism on earth and becoming an important factor in the global carbonate cycle. Emiliania huxleyi is one of the only two bloom-forming coccolithophores and becomes a species crucial to the study of global biogeochemical cycles and climate modeling. Coccolithoviruse is a recently discovered group of viruses infecting the marine coceolithophorid E. huxleyi. They are a major cause of coceolithophore bloom termination, and DMSP concentration is increasing in the process of viral lysis. Phylogenetic evidences support that some genes are functional both in E. huxleyi and its virus （EhV）. Horizontal gene transfer （HGT） of multiple functionally coupled enzymes occurs in E. huxleyi and its DNA virus EhV has been confirmed, which contributes to the diversification and adaptation of plankton in the oceans and also critically regulates virus-host infection by allowing viruses to control host metabolic pathways for their repli- cation. Therefore, it is of particular interest to understand this host-virus interaction. On this issue, we have made a minireview of coeeolithoviruses focusing on the basic characteristics, phylogenesis, horizontal gene transfer and the interaction between the host and its viruses, as well as its important role in global biogeochemical cycling.

The Variability of the Snow and Ice Melt in Alpine Rivers in Northwestern China

The study of snow and ice melt （SIM） is important in water-scarce arid regions for the assessment of water supply and quality. These studies involve unique difficulties, especially in the calibration of hydro-models because there is no direct way to continuously measure the SIM at hydrostations. The recursive digital filter （RDF） and the isotopic hydro-geochemical method （IHM） were coupled to separate the SIM from eight observed series of alpine streamflows in northwestern China. Validation of the calibrated methods suggested a good capture of the SIM characteristics with fair accuracy in both space and time. Applications of the coupled methods in the upper reaches of the Hei River Basin （HRB） suggested a double peak curve of the SIM fraction to streamflow for the multi-component recharged （MCR） rivers, while a single peak curve was suggested for the rainfall-dominant recharged （RDR） rivers. Given inter-annual statistics of the separation, both types of the alpine rivers have experienced an obvious decrease of SIM since 196os. In the past 10 years, the SIM in the two types of rivers has risen to the levels of the 1970s, but has remained lower than the level of the 1960s. The study provided a considerable evidence to quantify the alpine SIMbased on the separation of observed data series at gauge stations. Application of the coupled method could be helpful in the calibration and validation of SIM-related hydro-models in alpine regions.

A Study on the Cultural Meanings of Qiang’s Traditional Dress and Adornment

Since 2008 when the Wenchuan earthquake occurred, media from different countries and regions across the world reported the earthquake so that a less well-known ethnic group of China, the Qiang ethnic minority, has attracted attention around the world. The Qiang ethnic minority could be dated back to the Shang Dynasty （ca. 1600-1046BC）. The long-standing Qiang culture is an important part of those brilliant Chinese cultures. The Qiang’s traditional dress and adornment is an integral part of the Qiang culture, appreciating unique ethnic characteristics and cultural meanings. Being against the backdrop of promoting cultural diversity nowadays, this paper makes a brief introduction to the Qiang’s traditional dress and adornment and gives an explanation of their rich unique cultural meanings so as to present the Qiang’s traditional dress and adornment to the world, facilitate their going out to the world and communication with other cultures in the world, and enrich the world’s ethnic cultures.

Evaluation of Gold Geochemical Anomalies in the Liaodong Paleorift

89 Au geochemical anomalies are delineated by using 1/200000 regional geochemical exploration data. By researching regional geochemical characteristics and the relationship with the geological background, the author points out that： the main factors causing high background of Au geochemical anomalies are Gaixian and Dashiqiao formation of Liaohe group, intrusions of Mesozoic intermediate-acid intrusive rocks. The elements combination types of typical anomalies are determined by using factorial analysis,cluster analysis and other mathematical methods with the combination of elements association in typical anomalies：the composite anomaly of Baiyun gold deposits is Au-As-Sb, Maoling gold deposit is Au-As- Bi-Mo, Wulong gold deposits is Au-As-Bi-W, Xiaotongjiapuzi gold deposit is Au-As-Bi-Mo-Sb. By using multivariate statistical analysis method,62 ore-caused anomaly are preferred in 89 Au geochemical anomalies delineated. On this basis, the 62 anomalies are divided into 4 kinds of anomaly types reference to elements combination types of typical anomalies,the classification results of ore-caused anomalies are： 4 geochemical anomalies of Baiyun type,36 geochemical anomalies of Maoling type,11 geochemical anomalies of Wulong type, 11 geochemical anomalies of Xiaotongjapuzi type. According to the results, the prospecting direction is provided for the futme of gold exploration.