“弱指”弹奏的作用及强化路径

钢琴弹奏中十指的独立灵活和均衡自如,是钢琴演奏技术的重要基本技能内容。然而,由于生理机制和习练程度等原因,四指和五指在弹奏中表现为软弱无力,故被称谓“弱指”。该文审视“弱指”的钢琴弹奏作用及其音乐表现意义,提出了强化“弱指”弹奏能力的方法路径,对钢琴演奏学习具有实际意义的指导价值。

Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Grape Yinhong Seedlings to Short-term Weaklight Stress

The plant growth and physiological and biochemical responses of root and leaves of grape Yinhong seedlings to the weak lights of 20 000,16 000,12 000,8 000 lx and the normal illumination of 25 000 lx（CK） respectively,were investigated.There was no significant dfference in growth indexes of root and leaves of grapevine seedlings between the light of 20 000 lx and CK,and the light of 16 000 lx and CK for 30 d.The chlorophyll contents,soluble protein contents,net photosynthetic rates,transpiration rates,stomatal conductance,water use efficiency and protective enzyme（CAT,POD,SOD） activities in the leaves under the lights of 20 000 lx and 16 000 lx for 30 d were all higher than those under the lights of 20 000 lx and 16 000 lx for 1 d.Under the light of 8 000 lx for 30 d,the growth indexes of root and leaves of grapevine seedlings were significantly lower than those of CK,and except for MDA content,most physiological and biochemical indexes of the leaves were significantly lower than those under the light of 8 000 lx for 1 d.Under12 000 lx,the values of most growth indexes in root and leaves and physiological and biochemical indexes in leaves were between the 16 000 lx and 8 000 lx.In conclusion,Yinhong could grow under the lights above 16 000 lx,and would be stunted by the weak light below 8 000 lx.

Assessing Vulnerability to Drought Based on Exposure,Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity:A Case Study in Middle Inner Mongolia of China

In this paper,we proposed a framework for evaluating the performance of ecosystem strategies prepared for enhancing vulnerability reduction in the face of hazards due to climate change.The framework highlights the positive effects of human activities in the coupled human and natural system(CHANS) by introducing adaptive capacity as an evaluation criterion.A built-in regional vulnerability to a certain hazard was generated based upon interaction of three dimensions of vulnerability:exposure,sensitivity and adaptive capacity.We illustrated the application of this framework in the temperate farming-grazing transitional zone in the middle Inner Mongolia of the northern China,where drought hazard is the key threat to the CHANS.Specific indices were produced to translate such climate variance and social-economic differences into specific indicators.The results showed that the most exposed regions are the inner land areas,while counties located in the eastern part are potentially the most adaptive ones.Ordos City and Bayannur City are most frequently influenced by multiple climate variances,showing highest sensitivity.Analysis also indicated that differences in the ability to adapt to changes are the main causes of spatial differences.After depiction of the spatial differentiations and analysis of the reasons,climate zones were divided to depict the differences in facing to the drought threats.The climate zones were shown to be similar to vulnerability zones based on the quantitative structure of indexes drafted by a triangular map.Further analysis of the composition of the vulnerability index showed that the evaluation criteria were effective in validating the spatial differentiation but potentially ineffective because of their limited time scope.This research will be a demonstration of how to combine the three dimensions by quantitative methods and will thus provide a guide for government to vulnerability reduction management.

Establishing the Basic Indicator for the Calculation of the Flood Vulnerability Index for River Basins in Vietnam

Along with the concept, the method of assessing the vulnerability is becoming more and more diversified in many directions and fields. In general, these methods can be classified into two groups： （i） direct-qualitative （survey methods, integrated map ...） and （ii） indirectly-quantitative （method index）. The set of indicator plays a very important role in the successful application to any method and brings reliable results. Each basin or area with different natural geography, economics and society and so on, requires a different set of indicator. However, assessing any river basin in Vietnam needs the basic indicator. This study will establish the basic indicator for the construction of flood vulnerability index in Vietnam.

Application of Livelihood Vulnerability Index to Assess Risks from Flood Vulnerability and Climate VariabilitymA Case Study in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

An Giang province in the Mekong Delta is the most vulnerable province the impact of flooding and climate variability. Thousand of households are at risk due to severe annual floods. This study applied the LVI （livelihood vulnerability index） to estimate flood vulnerability of Phu Huu and Ta Danh villages in An Giang province. Data on socio-demographics, livelihoods, health, social networks, physical, financial and natural resources, natural disasters and climate variability were collected from a survey of 120 households in each village. From these data the LVI of each village was calculated. Results show that the overall LV1 of Phu Huu village, located in the early flooded zone, is higher than that of Ta Danh village, located in the late flooded zone. The analysis also indicated that this practical method can be applied for other purposes such as to monitor vulnerability, evaluate development programs or policy effectiveness by incorporating with scenario comparison.

Relations Between Red Edge Characteristics and Agronomic Parameters of Crops

The hyperspectral reflectance of the canopy and the leaves on the main stemfor six varieties, two each of rice corn, and cotton crops, were measured at different growth stageswith an ASD FieldSpec Pro FR^(TM) to analyze red edge characteristics forleaf area indices (LAI),aboveground biomass, as well as the chlorophyll, carotenoid, and nitrogen content, emphasizingcomparative differences on the red edge parameters. The results showed a 'double peak' phenomenonfor the red edge of the canopy spectra but not for the leaves. There were 'increase' and 'decrease'change rules for the red edge position, lambda_r, the red edge slope, D lambda_r, and the red edgearea, S_r, of the canopy spectra for all 3 crops with a 'blue shift' for lambda_r of the leafspectra for all 3 crops as the development stages progressed. For rice, corn, and cotton the LAI andfresh leaf mass had highly significant correlations (P < 0.01) to the red edge parameters lambda_r,D lambda_r, and S_r of their canopy spectra. Additionally, for all crops the chlorophyll-a,chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid content of the leaves all had highly significant (P< 0.01) correlations to their lambda_r. For rice, the nitrogen content of the leaves in g kg^(-1)and phytomassfor a unit area of land in g m^(-2) also had a highly significant (P < 0.01)correlation to lambda_r, D lambda_r lambda_r, and S_r of the canopy spectra.

Auto-Aligned Sharing Fuzzy Fingerprint Vault

Recently, a cryptographic construct,called fuzzy vault, has been proposed for crypto-biometric systems, and some implementations for fingerprint have been reported to protect the stored fingerprint template by hiding the fingerprint features. However, all previous studies assumed that fingerprint features were pre-aligned, and automatic alignment in the fuzzy vault domain is a challenging issue.In this paper, an auto-aligned sharing fuzzy fingerprint vault based on a geometric hashing technique is proposed to address automatic alignment in the multiple-control fuzzy vault with a compartmented structure. The vulnerability analysis and experimental results indicate that, compared with original multiplecontrol fuzzy vault, the auto-aligned sharing fuzzy fingerprint vault can improve the security of the system.

Seismic Vulnerability of Building Construction Site

Building construction site plays an important role in the economic aspect of a region. So any disruption due to hazard event like earthquake can cause several direct and indirect damages. Direct damages can lead to the loss of equipments and qualified persons. Indirect damages can lead to inflation and loss of purchasing power. To deal with that situation, parameters that govern the vulnerability of building construction site have been identified. Using a MCDM （multiple criteria decision making） method, the priority order of these parameters has been set. Then a PVI （partial vulnerability index） and a GVI （global vulnerability index） are proposed. These indexes allow the classification of building construction sites according to their intrinsic vulnerability and seismic vulnerability respectively that is through the use of a given classification. Several Algerian building construction sites belonging to different seismic zones were considered in order to show the applicability of the method.

Development of Coastal Vulnerability Index for the Kingdom of Bahrain

The CVI （coastal vulnerability index） was developed and used to assess the vulnerability of the coastline of the Kingdom of Bahrain main islands to future SLR （sea level rise）. A total of 717 km of the coastline was evaluated. Six spatial factors acting on the coastal area： erosion/accretion patterns （shoreline change）, topography （elevation above mean sea level）, geology, geomorphology, slope, and mean sea level rise were incorporated and ranked to develop the CVI. This index was classified into four levels of vulnerability： low, moderate, high, and very high. Vulnerable hotspots are located along the central portions of the western and eastern coastlines. The vulnerability of these areas is mostly driven by their characteristically shallow coastal slopes, low elevations, and erosion-prone nature of the sandy soils presents, comprising about 54 km of the studied shoreline. Another 33 km of coastline were classified as highly vulnerable and located along the eastern coast. In addition, the western coast of the southern tip of the main island （Bahrain） was also classified as a highly vulnerable shoreline. Twenty-two km was classified as the moderate vulnerable. The remaining coastal areas were classified as low to moderately vulnerable comprising about 608 km of the total length of the coastline. Identifying those hotspots susceptible to SLR is essential for more effective coastal zone management and to help in reducing the impacts of SLR on both infrastructure and human beings.

Vulnerability to Desertification in Lebanon Based on Geo-information and Socioeconomic Conditions

Desertification caused by land degradation and overexploitation of natural resources is threatening large parts of eastern and southern Mediterranean. The actual state of desertification sensitivity in Lebanon was spatially assessed using site specific environmental bio-physical indicators, demographic pressure and socioeconomic conditions. Bio-physical assessment included the aridity index derived from integrated assessment of the historical data for 48 climatic stations spread throughout the country, the new detailed soil map at 1：50,000 scale, and the updated land cover/use map at 1：20,000 derived from IKONOS 2005. The methodology also included livelihood conditions and poverty at local administrative ＂Caza＂ level. Results showed the integrated impact of local climate, soil and vegetation quality and socioeconomic conditions on sensitivity to desertification. A total of 78% of the territories have low and very low climate quality index preconditioning the sensitivity to desertification. Fourteen Cazas out of 26 in total, representing more than 66% of the country, have low socioeconomic satisfaction index. Furthermore, negative trends are alleviated by good quality relict soils and vegetation cover. The actual extent of desertification covers 40.48% of the national territory, much of which occurs under semi-arid climate, moderate or low soil and vegetation quality and poor living conditions. The outcome of this research adjusted the previous coarse estimates of desertification prone areas at the national level. Results allow for realistic, policy oriented local assessment for responsive land use planning and proactive sustainable, national and local land management in the context of the national action plan to combat desertification.

Exponential Stability of Weak Solutions to Linear Thernioviscoelastic Systems

This paper is concerned with the exponential stability of weak solutions to a linear one-dimensional thermoviscoelastic system with clamped boundary conditions. This system defines a C0-semigroup {S（t）}t≥0 on the space L^2（0, 1） × C^1 （0,1） × H^1（0, 1）, which processes the property of the exponential stability.

Overview of Ecological Restoration Technologies and Evaluation Systems

Ecological degradation is a global problem, and ecological restoration technologies have played and will continue to play an important role in its mitigation. However, the lack of systematic research and evaluations of ecological technologies has thus far affected their effective application in vulnerable ecological regions. This study therefore provides an overview of the main technologies for remediating soil and water erosion, desertification, and rock desertification in China and throughout the world. It addresses key issues and recommends approaches for evaluating ecological restoration technologies. Restoration technology emerged as early as 1800. Over the years such technology has changed from single objective applications to multi-purpose, multi-objective applications employing strategies that take into account ecosystem rehabilitation and integrated ecological and socioeconomic development. Along with this technological evolution, different countries have taken pertinent actions as part of their restoration initiatives. However, key issues remain, including the lack of location-specific restoration technologies and a methodological strategy to assess and prioritize existing technologies. This study proposes a four-level analytical hierarchical framework in conjunction with an indicator system that highlights the establishment and adaptation of associative indicators, while also recommending a three-phase evaluation method（The Mert）, targeting The Mert to qualitative（quick and extensive） and quantitative（detailed） evaluations in order to select the most appropriate restoration technologies available. This study can also be used as a basis for understanding the evaluation and prioritization of restoration technologies, while increasing the awareness of decision makers and the public on the role of technology in restoring degraded ecosystems.

Mapping paddy rice with multi-date moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data in China

The objective of this study was to obtain spatial distribution maps of paddy rice fields using multi-date moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) data in China.Paddy rice fields were extracted by identifying the unique char-acteristic of high soil moisture in the flooding and transplanting period with improved algorithms based on rice growth calendar regionalization.The characteristic could be reflected by the enhanced vegetation index(EVI) and the land surface water index(LSWI) derived from MODIS sensor data.Algorithms for single,early,and late rice identification were obtained from selected typical test sites.The algorithms could not only separate early rice and late rice planted in the same fields,but also reduce the uncertainties.The areal accuracy of the MODIS-derived results was validated by comparison with agricultural statistics,and the spatial matching was examined by ETM+(enhanced thematic mapper plus) images in a test region.Major factors that might cause errors,such as the coarse spatial resolution and noises in the MODIS data,were discussed.Although not suitable for monitoring the inter-annual variations due to some inevitable factors,the MODIS-derived results were useful for obtaining spatial distribution maps of paddy rice on a large scale,and they might provide reference for further studies.

A comprehensive assessment of urban vulnerability and its spatial differentiation in China

The urban vulnerability poses a serious challenge to achieving sustainable devel- opment. With the concentration of the population and the economy, cities must manage the higher frequencies and risks of various hazards and are becoming more vulnerable. Re- search on the assessment and regulatory control of urban vulnerability is of great significance for both urbanization quality improvement and sustainable development in China or other countries in the world. Because of the complexity of cities and vulnerability concepts, existing studies have focused on different aspects of urban vulnerability. And the research content of urban vulnerability is scattered and relatively independent, leading to a lack of comparability among the research data and resulting in tremendous difficulties in summarizing the conclu- sions through comparison of independent research data. Therefore the goal of this study was to construct urban vulnerability index （UV/） from the perspective of sustainable development that could assess urban vulnerability comprehensively. In this study, we selected 10 subin- dexes involving 36 specific parameters from four aspects （resources, eco-environmental sys- tems, economics, and social development） to construct a comprehensive index system. We also established the standard values of measurements. Then we take 288 prefecture-level cities in China as a study area and evaluate its overall urban vulnerability and its spatial differentiation. Results indicate that urban vulnerability of China has a remarkable spatial differentiation of both ＂gradient distribution＂ and ＂clustered distribution＂; the extent of urban vulnerability corresponds to city size, the bigger the city, the lower its vulnerability; re- source-based cities are more vulnerable than comprehensive cities; a city＇s economic growth rate does not reflect the extent of its urban vulnerability. Further, we offer a few suggestions to cope with urban vulnerability in China.

On Weakly δ-Semiprimary Ideals of Commutative Rings

Let R be a commutative ring with 1≠ 0. A proper ideal I of R is a semiprimary ideal of R if whenever a, b ∈ R and a b ∈ I, we have a ∈ √I or b ∈√I; and I is a weakly semiprimary ideal of R if whenever a, b ∈ R and 0 ≠ ab ∈ √I, we have a ∈√I or b ∈ √I. In this paper, we introduce a new class of ideals that is closely related to the class of （weakly） semiprimary ideals. Let I（R） be the set of all ideals of R and let δ ： I（R） → I（R） be a function. Then δ is called an expansion function of ideals of R if whenever L, I, J are ideals of R with J I, we have L δ（L） and δ（J） δ（I）. Let δ be an expansion function of ideals of R. Then a proper ideal I of R is called a δ-semiprimary （weakly δ-semiprimary） ideal of R if ab ∈ I （0 ≠ ab ∈ I） implies a ∈ δ（I） or b∈ δ（I）. A number of results concerning weakly δ-semiprimary ideals and examples of weakly δ-semiprimary ideals are given.

Matrix Rings over Reflexive Rings

The concept of reflexive property is introduced by Mason. This note concerns a ring-theoretic property of matrix rings over reflexive rings. We introduce the concept of weakly reflexive rings as a generalization of reflexive rings. From any ring, we can construct weakly reflexive rings but not reflexive, using its lower nilradical. We study various useful properties of such rings in relation with ideals in matrix rings, showing that this new property is Morita invariant. We also investigate the weakly reflexive property of several sorts of ring extensions which have roles in ring theory.

REGULARITY RESULTS FOR SOME QUASI-LINEAR ELLIPTIC SYSTEMS INVOLVING CRITICAL EXPONENTS

The authors show the regularity of weak solutions for some typical quasi-linear elliptic systems governed by two p-Laplacian operators. The weak solutions of the following problem with lack of compactness are proved to be regular when α(x) and α,β,p, q satisfy some conditions: where Ω (?) RN (N≥3) is a smooth bounded domain.