《现代汉语词典》释义提示词“形容”的提示功能及使用建议

“形容”是语文辞书中十分重要的释义提示词。不过当前并没有关于“形容”使用的规范和标准,且“形容”在辞书的编纂、修订和使用中存在一些问题。研究发现,词目在释义时使用“形容”与否和音节数量关系不大。“形容”主要用于提示形容词性词目的词义,也可用于提示非形容词性词目的词义。在形容词性词目的释义中,使用“形容”提示词义,能够使释语与词目词性相匹配,或提示由词目特殊结构或词义派生带来的非字面义。在非形容词性词目的释义中,“形容”也存在两个提示功能,即提示拟声词词目的词义和提示拟声词以外的其他非形容词性词目的性质、状态义。今后在修订《现代汉语词典》时,不表形容义的非形容词不宜用“形容”提示词义,非形容性释语形容词、词目具有特殊结构的形容词以及拟声词词目则宜使用“形容”提示词义。此外,应将“用于形容”调整为“用来形容”。

《新华字典》“形容”类释义格式的调查与分析——兼谈语文辞书释义元句法研究

文章通过穷尽性的调查与统计,得出《新华字典》(第10版)三种"形容"类释义格式共使用241次,主要用来解释双音词、联绵词、重言词和形容词的结论。三种格式的功能强弱有别,分布散乱,在一些类别上有随意选用的倾向。用释义实例检验,结果相同。这些说明汉语语文辞书编纂有必要增强释义元语言意识,加强释义元句法研究。

“形容”一词的词义演变探析

战国时期,"形""容"同义联合成名词,初始义为事物的形态、形状;在战国后期,"形容"由此引申为"容貌、模样"义,并成为该词核心义位,沿用至民国;同一时期内,"形容"还存在另一义位———"盛德的体现",但该义位在元代基本消失;中唐开始,"形容"产生另一引申义,指"对事情的形象或性质加以描述",此义位沿用至今。本文通过遍查各时期文献,以探寻"形容"一词的词义演变过程。

名词性“小+形容词”结构的多重来源和认知机制

“小+形容词”结构存有同形异构现象。通过网络空间的语料分析发现,名词性“小+形容词”已经是半图式性的离心构式,其语义类型可以归结为特征类、事件类和生物类3种。从形式和语义的互动可知,名词性“小+形容词”结构来自古代汉语的词形保留、现代汉语的构式嬗变和接触语言的结构拷贝。以多重来源的演化为基础,结构语义功能的最终浮现依赖于隐喻与转喻两种认知机制。

Effects of Collocational Congruency,Frequency and L2 Proficiency on the Processing of English Adjective-Noun Collocations

The present study investigates the effects of congruency and frequency on adjective-noun collocational processing for Chinese learners of English at two proficiency levels based on the data obtained in an online acceptability judgment task.The subject pool of this research included 60 English majors studying at a university in China;30 were selected as a higher-proficiency group and 30 as a lower-proficiency group according to their Vocabulary Levels Test(Schmitt et al.,2001)scores and their self-reported proficiency in English.The experimental materials were programmed to E-prime 2.0 and included six types of collocations:(1)15 high-frequency congruent collocations,(2)15 low-frequency congruent collocations,(3)15 high-frequency incongruent collocations,(4)15 low-frequency incongruent collocations,(5)15 Chinese-only items,and(6)75 unrelated items for baseline data.The collected response times(RTs)and accuracy rates data were statistically analyzed by the use of an ANOVA test and pairwise comparisons through SPSS 16.0 software.The results revealed that:(1)the adjective-noun collocational processing of Chinese English learners is influenced by collocational frequency,congruency and L2 proficiency;(2)the processing time is affected by the interaction of congruency and frequency;and(3)the interactive effect of L2 proficiency in conjunction with congruency and frequency also influences the processing quality.

Laser processing effects on Ti−45Nb alloy surface,corrosive and biocompatible properties

The Ti−45Nb(wt.%)alloy properties were investigated in relation to its potential biomedical use.Laser surface modification was utilized to improve its performance in biological systems.As a result of the laser treatment,(Ti,Nb)O scale was formed and various morphological features appeared on the alloy surface.The electrochemical behavior of Ti−45Nb alloy in simulated body conditions was evaluated and showed that the alloy was highly resistant to corrosion deterioration regardless of additional laser surface modification treatment.Nevertheless,the improved corrosion resistance after laser treatment was evident(the corrosion current density of the alloy before laser irradiation was 2.84×10^(−8)A/cm^(2),while that after laser treatment with 5 mJ was 0.65×10^(−8)A/cm^(2))and ascribed to the rapid formation of a complex and passivating bi-modal surface oxide layer.Alloy cytotoxicity and effects of the Ti−45Nb alloy laser surface modification on the MRC-5 cell viability,morphology,and proliferation were also investigated.The Ti−45Nb alloy showed no cytotoxic effect.Moreover,cells showed improved viability and adherence to the alloy surface after the laser irradiation treatment.The highest average cell viability of 115.37%was attained for the alloy laser-irradiated with 15 mJ.Results showed that the laser surface modification can be successfully utilized to significantly improve alloy performance in a biological environment.

《现代汉语词典》第6版释义提示词修订的类型及特点

《现代汉语词典》第6版针对释义提示词的使用做出了修订,通过比较第6版《现代汉语词典》与第5版《现代汉语词典》,发现释义提示词的修订主要体现为三大类释义提示词——"指""形容""比喻"的修订上,包括它们的增加、删除和改变,这三大类释义提示词的修订呈现出以语法为支撑;深入、系统、细致的特点。

喀左方言特殊状态词研究

喀左方言"形容词+儿+的"是当地口语中使用频率较高且具有特殊表义特征的结构,其用法具有鲜明的地域色彩。在方言调查的基础上,通过与普通话进行比较,可以知道构成"形容词+儿+的"结构中形容词需要满足的条件;该结构在句子中主要充当谓语、定语、补语和状语时与普通话状态形容词的区别;相对于普通的状态形容词,这类状态形容词在表义上具有鲜明的描写性、高量性和褒义性特点。

MODELING OF SCG ROTOR DRIFT AND MEASURING SCHEME

Based on micro-displacement measurement principles of the spherical differential capacitance sensor, the relationship between the capacitance variation and the micro-displacement of each pair of detecting electrodes for the superconducting gyroscope （SCG） with eight detecting electrodes is analyzed. The model of the SCG rotor drift is established through dimensionless processing, linearization within micro-displacement and the least-square approach. Both the measurement scheme of the SCG rotor drift based on the model and its parameter relationship are presented. To guarantee the potential of the suspension rotor to be zero, the distributing scheme of four pairs of detecting electrodes is presented. The scheme can measure the magnitude and the direction of the rotor drift. The negative factors for affecting the measurement precision of .the SCG rotor drift and simulation results of the total effects are given. Simulation results show that the distributing capacitance of these differential capacitance sensors, the zero potential of the rotor and the model error are the major negative factors. The methods for eliminating those negative factors and the application range of the model are given. The model ensures the relationship between the output voltage and the rotor drift be linear.

Preparation of semisolid A356 alloy slurry with larger capacity cast by serpentine channel

The integral microstructure of semisolid A356 alloy slurry with larger capacity cast by serpentine channel was studied and the influence of cooling ability of serpentine channel on the microstructure was investigated. The results indicate that ideal slurry with larger capacity can be prepared through serpentine channel with good cooling ability. When the serpentine channel was continuously cooled, both the longitudinal and the radial microstructure of the slurry was composed of granular primary phase and the integral microstructure uniformity of the slurry was good. However, uncooled serpentine channel can only produce larger slurry with fine grains in positions adjacent to its centre and with a large number of dendrites in positions close to its edge, thus, the radial microstructure of larger slurry is nonuniform. The pouring temperature is set up to 680 °C and the solid shell inside the channel can be avoided at this pouring temperature.

Strategies of Teaching English Poetry

This paper deals with how to teach appreciation of English poetry in college by analyzing the following items： introduction of the concept, content and writing style, the realistic meaning, multi-media aided teaching and translating English poetry into Chinese.

A New Arrangement with Nonlinear Sidewalls for Tanker Ship Storage Panels

Sloshing phenomenon in a moving container is a complicated free surface flow problem. It has a wide range of engineering applications, especially in tanker ships and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) carriers. When the tank in these vehicles is partially filled, it is essential to be able to evaluate the fluid dynamic loads on tank perimeter. Different geometric shapes such as rectangular, cylindrical, elliptical, spherical and circular conical have been suggested for ship storage tanks by previous researchers. In this paper a numerical model is developed based on incompressible and inviscid fluid motion for the liquid sloshing phenomenon. The coupled BEM-FEM is used to solve the governing equations and nonlinear free surface boundary conditions. The results are validated for rectangular container using data obtained for a horizontal periodic sway motion. Using the results of this model a new arrangement of trapezoidal shapes with quadratic sidewalls is suggested for tanker ship storage panels. The suggested geometric shape not only has a maximum surrounded tank volume to the constant available volume, but also reduces the sloshing effects more efficiently than the existing geometric shapes.

The impact of tourism on soils in Zhangjiajie World Geopark

The soil hardness, soil water content and soil bulk density along the trails of six scenic spots in the Zhangjiajie World Geopark were measured and analyzed, and the integrated effects of tourism trampling on soils were evaluated for each scenic spots by calculating its soil impact indexes （SII） in the park. The results indicated that visitors＇ activities caused a serious influence on the soil in the park, especially in the two most used scenic spots-- Yellowstone Village and Gold Whip Stream. The impact of tourism on soil mainly occurred within 3 m along the trails. The impact shapes are classified into six type as single-sided node type, double-sided node type, cross node type, single-sided linkage type, double-sided linkage type and short-cut linkage type. Of six types of impact shapes, the single-sided node type and double-sided type were dominant. The average water contents of soil for six scenic spots at sample areas of 1 m, 2 m and 3 m from trial is 36.6%, 24.5% and 2.2% lower than that of the control area, respectively. The average soil hardness for six scenic spots at 1m, 2 m, and 3m from the trails tramped increased 167.9%, and 122.2%, and 15.8%, respectively, compared with the control area. Soil bulk density increased 26.5% at 1 m and 20.9% at 2 m from the trails. The main countermeasures for reducing the range and extent of tourism impact on soil are discussed.

Effect of different heat transfer fluids on discharging performance of phase change material included cylindrical container during forced convection

In the present work,effects of various heat transfer fluids on the discharging performance of a phase change material(PCM) included cylindrical container are numerically assessed during forced convection.The heat transfer fluid air,hydrogen,water and nanofluid with alumina particles are used and the the geometric variation of the PCM embedded region is also considered.The finite element method is used as the solver.Dynamic features of heat exchange with various phases are explored for different heat transfer fluid types,Reynolds number(between 100 and 300) and PCM embedded region geometric variation(h_(x)between 0.01 d_(1) and 0.65 d_(1),hybetween 0.1 h_(1) and 0.4 h_(1)).It is observed that discharging time is significantly influenced by the heat transfer fluid type while full phase transition time for air is obtained as more than 10 times when hydrogen is utilized as heat transfer fluid.The best performance is achieved with nanofluid.When the PCM integrated region size is reduced,discharging time is generally reduced while due to the form of the geometry,vortex formation is established in the PCM region.This results in performance degeneration at the highest radius and height of the inner cylinder.Discharging time increases by about 12% when radius of the inner cylinder is increased from h_(x)=0.35 d_(1) to h_(x)=0.45 d_(1).Dynamic features of PCM temperature and liquid fraction are affected with Reynolds number while discharging time is reduced by about 48% when configurations with the lowest and highest Reynolds number are compared.

A dosimetric evaluation of flattening filter-free volumetric modulated arc therapy for postoperative treatment of cervical cancer

Objective The aim of the study was to compare flattening filter-free(FFF) beams and conventional flattening filter(FF) beams in volumetric modulated arc therapy(VMAT) for cervical cancer after surgery, through a retrospective planning study.Methods VMAT plans of FFF beams and normal FF beams were designed for a cohort of 15 patients. The prescribed dose was 45 Gy to 1.8 Gy per fraction, and at least 95% of the planning target volume received this dose. Doses were computed with a commercially available treatment planning system using a Monte Carlo(MC) algorithm. Plans were compared according to dose-volume histogram analysis in terms of planning target volume homogeneity and conformity indices(HI and CI), as well as organs at risk(OAR) dose and volume parameters. Results FFF-VMAT was similar to FF-VMAT in terms of CI, but inferior to FF-VMAT considering HI. No statistically differences were observed between FFF-VMAT and FF-VMAT in following organ at risks including pelvic bone marrow, small bowel, bladder, rectum, and normal tissue(NT)..Conclusion For patients with cervical cancer after hysterectomy, the FFF beam achieved target and OAR dose distribution similar to that of the FF beam. Reduction of beam-on time in cervical cancer is beneficial.

Development of timer based on liquid level measurement system

This paper describes the design and development of the timer based on liquid level measurement system in which timer 555 is used in astable mode. The capacitor charging time i. e. the ON time pulse width of the timer output waveform which is measured using a digital storage oscillator （DSO）,is linearly proportional to the capacitance of a co-axial cylindrical capacitive transducer, and this capacitance once again linearly varies with the change in liquid level. Hence, we obtain a linear relationship between the liquid level and the capacitor charging time. The main advantages of this developed system are linear input-output relationship, small in size, easily portable, cost effective, and independent on the ambient temperature effect. The system can also be exploited to measure dielectric constant of liquid or solid in various process industries.

A Structural Analysis of the Writing Errors Committed by Foundation Students at Arab Open University, Oman

English is considered as Arab students＇ second language which is not used frequently in their daily conversations. Since writing in English is a challenging experience for Omani students, errors in grammar and sentence structures were identified in bridging language courses （foundation level 2） in the field of ESL （English as a Second Language}. Learners＇ errors were considered positively as the best sources to identify students＇ limitations in English writing. The present study investigates the structure errors of Omani students＇ writings in English in foundation level 2 at Arab Open University. The focal aim is to study the errors that Ornani students commit when they are using adjectives ＋ nouns, indefinite articles, and subordinate conjunction ＂because＂. Results show that Omani students committed the following common errors： misplacement of adjectives, omission of the indefinite articles, and wrong structure of the subordinate conjunction （because）. The prime aim of this study is to examine the students＇ aforementioned structural errors which are the result of the interference of their mother-tongue. In order to achieve these aims, students were asked to write two different topics. Finally, this research suggests further recommendations for further studies which might ameliorate students＇ learning by adopting appropriate strategies for teaching.

MR ASSESSMENT OF LUNG DEVELOPMENT IN FETAL ANOMALIES USING RATIO OF LUNG TO LIVER SIGNAL INTENSITIES

Objective To evaluate the monitoring and diagnostic potential of MR in fetal lung development using lung signal intensity changes in the fetus. Methods The lung-to-liver intensity ratio was calculated by means of region-of-interest analysis in all 35 fetuses including 7 bilateral urinary anomalies, 9 unilateral urinary anomalies, 5 pulmonary anomalies, and 14 others. Results All fetuses with urinary anomalies and pulmonary anomalies showed low ratio of lung-to-liver signal intensity. Conclusion Low ratio of lung-to-liver signal intensity on MR imaging indicates pulmonary hypoplasia after 22 weeks’ gestation.

The Framing of Cosmetic Surgery, 1914-1950

This research seeks to add to the body of scholarship on the history of cosmetic surgery and American journalism and is guided by the following two-part research questions： How did newspapers and magazines frame plastic surgery between 1914 and 1950 and did the frames vary by year or did they recur throughout the time period studied？ The purpose here is not to argue that the press had a direct effect on the way beauty was defined within the cultural landscape of the early 20th century, but to examine the way plastic surgery＇s frame in the popular press shifted from reconstructing war-maimed soldiers to beautifying ordinary citizens.

Numerical simulation of rock deformation during the mineralization of the Xiangshan uranium deposit, Jiangxi province, south China

The Xiangshan uranium deposit in Jiangxi province is one of the most important uranium deposits in China. The aim of our study is to obtain a better understanding of rock deformation and dilation associated with mineralization, to predict the most favorable locations of mineralization, and to assist with future mineral exploration in this deposit. On the basis of geological and structural data from previous studies, we have constructed a coupled deformation and fluid flow numerical model and simulated the faulting deformation and major mechanical factors controlling mineralization in the deposit. Particular attention has been paid to variations in regional stress, distributions of shear strain, volumetric strain and pore pressure. The relationship between the struc-tural/faulting movement and mineralization is obtained through analyzing the deformation state of fault zones. The results suggest that the mineralization is related to volumetric strain, shear strain and pore pressures. The locations displaying all these factors rep-resent the most favorable sites for mineralization. These model results are important for guiding the exploration of new uranium deposits in Xiangshan.